12 # can't say 'opendir my $dh, $dirname'
13 # need to initialise $dh
19 use vars qw($VERSION @ISA @EXPORT @EXPORT_OK);
22 @EXPORT = qw(mkpath rmtree);
23 @EXPORT_OK = qw(make_path remove_tree);
25 my $Is_VMS = $^O eq 'VMS';
26 my $Is_MacOS = $^O eq 'MacOS';
28 # These OSes complain if you want to remove a file that you have no
29 # write permission to:
30 my $Force_Writeable = grep {$^O eq $_} qw(amigaos dos epoc MSWin32 MacOS os2);
32 # Unix-like systems need to stat each directory in order to detect
33 # race condition. MS-Windows is immune to this particular attack.
34 my $Need_Stat_Check = !($^O eq 'MSWin32');
52 $object = '' unless defined $object;
53 $message .= ": $!" if $!;
54 push @{${$arg->{error}}}, {$object => $message};
57 _carp(defined($object) ? "$message for $object: $!" : "$message: $!");
62 push @_, {} unless @_ and UNIVERSAL::isa($_[-1],'HASH');
67 my $old_style = !(@_ and UNIVERSAL::isa($_[-1],'HASH'));
74 ($paths, $verbose, $mode) = @_;
75 $paths = [$paths] unless UNIVERSAL::isa($paths,'ARRAY');
76 $arg->{verbose} = $verbose;
77 $arg->{mode} = defined $mode ? $mode : 0777;
81 $arg->{mode} = delete $arg->{mask} if exists $arg->{mask};
82 $arg->{mode} = 0777 unless exists $arg->{mode};
83 ${$arg->{error}} = [] if exists $arg->{error};
84 $arg->{owner} = delete $arg->{user} if exists $arg->{user};
85 $arg->{owner} = delete $arg->{uid} if exists $arg->{uid};
86 if (exists $arg->{owner} and $arg->{owner} =~ /\D/) {
87 my $uid = (getpwnam $arg->{owner})[2];
92 _error($arg, "unable to map $arg->{owner} to a uid, ownership not changed");
96 if (exists $arg->{group} and $arg->{group} =~ /\D/) {
97 my $gid = (getgrnam $arg->{group})[2];
102 _error($arg, "unable to map $arg->{group} to a gid, group ownership not changed");
103 delete $arg->{group};
106 if (exists $arg->{owner} and not exists $arg->{group}) {
107 $arg->{group} = -1; # chown will leave group unchanged
109 if (exists $arg->{group} and not exists $arg->{owner}) {
110 $arg->{owner} = -1; # chown will leave owner unchanged
114 return _mkpath($arg, $paths);
122 foreach $path (@$paths) {
123 next unless defined($path) and length($path);
124 $path .= '/' if $^O eq 'os2' and $path =~ /^\w:\z/s; # feature of CRT
125 # Logic wants Unix paths, so go with the flow.
127 next if $path eq '/';
128 $path = VMS::Filespec::unixify($path);
131 my $parent = File::Basename::dirname($path);
132 unless (-d $parent or $path eq $parent) {
133 push(@created,_mkpath($arg, [$parent]));
135 print "mkdir $path\n" if $arg->{verbose};
136 if (mkdir($path,$arg->{mode})) {
137 push(@created, $path);
138 if (exists $arg->{owner}) {
139 # NB: $arg->{group} guaranteed to be set during initialisation
140 if (!chown $arg->{owner}, $arg->{group}, $path) {
141 _error($arg, "Cannot change ownership of $path to $arg->{owner}:$arg->{group}");
147 my ($e, $e1) = ($save_bang, $^E);
148 $e .= "; $e1" if $e ne $e1;
149 # allow for another process to have created it meanwhile
153 push @{${$arg->{error}}}, {$path => $e};
156 _croak("mkdir $path: $e");
165 push @_, {} unless @_ and UNIVERSAL::isa($_[-1],'HASH');
170 my($dir, $test) = @_;
172 my($dv, $dd) = File::Spec->splitpath($dir, 1);
173 my($tv, $td) = File::Spec->splitpath($test, 1);
176 return 0 if $dv ne $tv;
178 my @d = File::Spec->splitdir($dd);
179 my @t = File::Spec->splitdir($td);
181 # @t can't be a subdir if it's shorter than @d
184 return join('/', @d) eq join('/', splice @t, 0, +@d);
188 my $old_style = !(@_ and UNIVERSAL::isa($_[-1],'HASH'));
194 my ($verbose, $safe);
195 ($paths, $verbose, $safe) = @_;
196 $arg->{verbose} = $verbose;
197 $arg->{safe} = defined $safe ? $safe : 0;
199 if (defined($paths) and length($paths)) {
200 $paths = [$paths] unless UNIVERSAL::isa($paths,'ARRAY');
203 _carp ("No root path(s) specified\n");
209 ${$arg->{error}} = [] if exists $arg->{error};
210 ${$arg->{result}} = [] if exists $arg->{result};
218 $arg->{cwd} = getcwd() or do {
219 _error($arg, "cannot fetch initial working directory");
222 for ($arg->{cwd}) { /\A(.*)\Z/; $_ = $1 } # untaint
224 for my $p (@$paths) {
225 # need to fixup case and map \ to / on Windows
226 my $ortho_root = $^O eq 'MSWin32' ? _slash_lc($p) : $p;
227 my $ortho_cwd = $^O eq 'MSWin32' ? _slash_lc($arg->{cwd}) : $arg->{cwd};
228 my $ortho_root_length = length($ortho_root);
229 $ortho_root_length-- if $^O eq 'VMS'; # don't compare '.' with ']'
230 if ($ortho_root_length && _is_subdir($ortho_root, $ortho_cwd)) {
232 _error($arg, "cannot remove path when cwd is $arg->{cwd}", $p);
237 $p = ":$p" unless $p =~ /:/;
238 $p .= ":" unless $p =~ /:\z/;
240 elsif ($^O eq 'MSWin32') {
246 push @clean_path, $p;
249 @{$arg}{qw(device inode perm)} = (lstat $arg->{cwd})[0,1] or do {
250 _error($arg, "cannot stat initial working directory", $arg->{cwd});
254 return _rmtree($arg, \@clean_path);
262 my $curdir = File::Spec->curdir();
263 my $updir = File::Spec->updir();
267 foreach $root (@$paths) {
268 # since we chdir into each directory, it may not be obvious
269 # to figure out where we are if we generate a message about
270 # a file name. We therefore construct a semi-canonical
271 # filename, anchored from the directory being unlinked (as
272 # opposed to being truly canonical, anchored from the root (/).
274 my $canon = $arg->{prefix}
275 ? File::Spec->catfile($arg->{prefix}, $root)
279 my ($ldev, $lino, $perm) = (lstat $root)[0,1,2] or next ROOT_DIR;
282 $root = VMS::Filespec::vmspath(VMS::Filespec::pathify($root)) if $Is_VMS;
285 # see if we can escalate privileges to get in
286 # (e.g. funny protection mask such as -w- instead of rwx)
288 my $nperm = $perm | 0700;
289 if (!($arg->{safe} or $nperm == $perm or chmod($nperm, $root))) {
290 _error($arg, "cannot make child directory read-write-exec", $canon);
293 elsif (!chdir($root)) {
294 _error($arg, "cannot chdir to child", $canon);
299 my ($cur_dev, $cur_inode, $perm) = (stat $curdir)[0,1,2] or do {
300 _error($arg, "cannot stat current working directory", $canon);
304 if ($Need_Stat_Check) {
305 ($ldev eq $cur_dev and $lino eq $cur_inode)
306 or _croak("directory $canon changed before chdir, expected dev=$ldev ino=$lino, actual dev=$cur_dev ino=$cur_inode, aborting.");
309 $perm &= 07777; # don't forget setuid, setgid, sticky bits
310 my $nperm = $perm | 0700;
312 # notabene: 0700 is for making readable in the first place,
313 # it's also intended to change it to writable in case we have
314 # to recurse in which case we are better than rm -rf for
315 # subtrees with strange permissions
317 if (!($arg->{safe} or $nperm == $perm or chmod($nperm, $curdir))) {
318 _error($arg, "cannot make directory read+writeable", $canon);
323 $d = gensym() if $] < 5.006;
324 if (!opendir $d, $curdir) {
325 _error($arg, "cannot opendir", $canon);
330 if (!defined ${"\cTAINT"} or ${"\cTAINT"}) {
331 # Blindly untaint dir names if taint mode is
332 # active, or any perl < 5.006
333 @files = map { /\A(.*)\z/s; $1 } readdir $d;
342 # Deleting large numbers of files from VMS Files-11
343 # filesystems is faster if done in reverse ASCIIbetical order.
344 # include '.' to '.;' from blead patch #31775
345 @files = map {$_ eq '.' ? '.;' : $_} reverse @files;
348 @files = grep {$_ ne $updir and $_ ne $curdir} @files;
351 # remove the contained files before the directory itself
353 @{$narg}{qw(device inode cwd prefix depth)}
354 = ($cur_dev, $cur_inode, $updir, $canon, $arg->{depth}+1);
355 $count += _rmtree($narg, \@files);
358 # restore directory permissions of required now (in case the rmdir
359 # below fails), while we are still in the directory and may do so
360 # without a race via '.'
361 if ($nperm != $perm and not chmod($perm, $curdir)) {
362 _error($arg, "cannot reset chmod", $canon);
365 # don't leave the client code in an unexpected directory
367 or _croak("cannot chdir to $arg->{cwd} from $canon: $!, aborting.");
369 # ensure that a chdir upwards didn't take us somewhere other
370 # than we expected (see CVE-2002-0435)
371 ($cur_dev, $cur_inode) = (stat $curdir)[0,1]
372 or _croak("cannot stat prior working directory $arg->{cwd}: $!, aborting.");
374 if ($Need_Stat_Check) {
375 ($arg->{device} eq $cur_dev and $arg->{inode} eq $cur_inode)
376 or _croak("previous directory $arg->{cwd} changed before entering $canon, expected dev=$ldev ino=$lino, actual dev=$cur_dev ino=$cur_inode, aborting.");
379 if ($arg->{depth} or !$arg->{keep_root}) {
381 ($Is_VMS ? !&VMS::Filespec::candelete($root) : !-w $root)) {
382 print "skipped $root\n" if $arg->{verbose};
385 if ($Force_Writeable and !chmod $perm | 0700, $root) {
386 _error($arg, "cannot make directory writeable", $canon);
388 print "rmdir $root\n" if $arg->{verbose};
390 push @{${$arg->{result}}}, $root if $arg->{result};
394 _error($arg, "cannot remove directory", $canon);
395 if ($Force_Writeable && !chmod($perm, ($Is_VMS ? VMS::Filespec::fileify($root) : $root))
397 _error($arg, sprintf("cannot restore permissions to 0%o",$perm), $canon);
404 $root = VMS::Filespec::vmsify("./$root")
406 && !File::Spec->file_name_is_absolute($root)
407 && ($root !~ m/(?<!\^)[\]>]+/); # not already in VMS syntax
410 ($Is_VMS ? !&VMS::Filespec::candelete($root)
411 : !(-l $root || -w $root)))
413 print "skipped $root\n" if $arg->{verbose};
417 my $nperm = $perm & 07777 | 0600;
418 if ($Force_Writeable and $nperm != $perm and not chmod $nperm, $root) {
419 _error($arg, "cannot make file writeable", $canon);
421 print "unlink $canon\n" if $arg->{verbose};
422 # delete all versions under VMS
425 push @{${$arg->{result}}}, $root if $arg->{result};
428 _error($arg, "cannot unlink file", $canon);
429 $Force_Writeable and chmod($perm, $root) or
430 _error($arg, sprintf("cannot restore permissions to 0%o",$perm), $canon);
434 last unless $Is_VMS && lstat $root;
442 # fix up slashes and case on MSWin32 so that we can determine that
443 # c:\path\to\dir is underneath C:/Path/To
454 File::Path - Create or remove directory trees
458 This document describes version 2.08 of File::Path, released
463 use File::Path qw(make_path remove_tree);
465 make_path('foo/bar/baz', '/zug/zwang');
466 make_path('foo/bar/baz', '/zug/zwang', {
471 remove_tree('foo/bar/baz', '/zug/zwang');
472 remove_tree('foo/bar/baz', '/zug/zwang', {
474 error => \my $err_list,
477 # legacy (interface promoted before v2.00)
478 mkpath('/foo/bar/baz');
479 mkpath('/foo/bar/baz', 1, 0711);
480 mkpath(['/foo/bar/baz', 'blurfl/quux'], 1, 0711);
481 rmtree('foo/bar/baz', 1, 1);
482 rmtree(['foo/bar/baz', 'blurfl/quux'], 1, 1);
484 # legacy (interface promoted before v2.06)
485 mkpath('foo/bar/baz', '/zug/zwang', { verbose => 1, mode => 0711 });
486 rmtree('foo/bar/baz', '/zug/zwang', { verbose => 1, mode => 0711 });
490 This module provide a convenient way to create directories of
491 arbitrary depth and to delete an entire directory subtree from the
494 The following functions are provided:
498 =item make_path( $dir1, $dir2, .... )
500 =item make_path( $dir1, $dir2, ...., \%opts )
502 The C<make_path> function creates the given directories if they don't
503 exists before, much like the Unix command C<mkdir -p>.
505 The function accepts a list of directories to be created. Its
506 behaviour may be tuned by an optional hashref appearing as the last
507 parameter on the call.
509 The function returns the list of directories actually created during
510 the call; in scalar context the number of directories created.
512 The following keys are recognised in the option hash:
518 The numeric permissions mode to apply to each created directory
519 (defaults to 0777), to be modified by the current C<umask>. If the
520 directory already exists (and thus does not need to be created),
521 the permissions will not be modified.
523 C<mask> is recognised as an alias for this parameter.
525 =item verbose => $bool
527 If present, will cause C<make_path> to print the name of each directory
528 as it is created. By default nothing is printed.
532 If present, it should be a reference to a scalar.
533 This scalar will be made to reference an array, which will
534 be used to store any errors that are encountered. See the L</"ERROR
535 HANDLING"> section for more information.
537 If this parameter is not used, certain error conditions may raise
538 a fatal error that will cause the program will halt, unless trapped
541 =item owner => $owner
547 If present, will cause any created directory to be owned by C<$owner>.
548 If the value is numeric, it will be interpreted as a uid, otherwise
549 as username is assumed. An error will be issued if the username cannot be
550 mapped to a uid, or the uid does not exist, or the process lacks the
551 privileges to change ownership.
553 Ownwership of directories that already exist will not be changed.
555 C<user> and C<uid> are aliases of C<owner>.
557 =item group => $group
559 If present, will cause any created directory to be owned by the group C<$group>.
560 If the value is numeric, it will be interpreted as a gid, otherwise
561 as group name is assumed. An error will be issued if the group name cannot be
562 mapped to a gid, or the gid does not exist, or the process lacks the
563 privileges to change group ownership.
565 Group ownwership of directories that already exist will not be changed.
567 make_path '/var/tmp/webcache', {owner=>'nobody', group=>'nogroup'};
573 =item mkpath( $dir, $verbose, $mode )
575 =item mkpath( [$dir1, $dir2,...], $verbose, $mode )
577 =item mkpath( $dir1, $dir2,..., \%opt )
579 The mkpath() function provide the legacy interface of make_path() with
580 a different interpretation of the arguments passed. The behaviour and
581 return value of the function is otherwise identical to make_path().
583 =item remove_tree( $dir1, $dir2, .... )
585 =item remove_tree( $dir1, $dir2, ...., \%opts )
587 The C<remove_tree> function deletes the given directories and any
588 files and subdirectories they might contain, much like the Unix
589 command C<rm -r> or C<del /s> on Windows.
591 The function accepts a list of directories to be
592 removed. Its behaviour may be tuned by an optional hashref
593 appearing as the last parameter on the call.
595 The functions returns the number of files successfully deleted.
597 The following keys are recognised in the option hash:
601 =item verbose => $bool
603 If present, will cause C<remove_tree> to print the name of each file as
604 it is unlinked. By default nothing is printed.
608 When set to a true value, will cause C<remove_tree> to skip the files
609 for which the process lacks the required privileges needed to delete
610 files, such as delete privileges on VMS. In other words, the code
611 will make no attempt to alter file permissions. Thus, if the process
612 is interrupted, no filesystem object will be left in a more
615 =item keep_root => $bool
617 When set to a true value, will cause all files and subdirectories
618 to be removed, except the initially specified directories. This comes
619 in handy when cleaning out an application's scratch directory.
621 remove_tree( '/tmp', {keep_root => 1} );
623 =item result => \$res
625 If present, it should be a reference to a scalar.
626 This scalar will be made to reference an array, which will
627 be used to store all files and directories unlinked
628 during the call. If nothing is unlinked, the array will be empty.
630 remove_tree( '/tmp', {result => \my $list} );
631 print "unlinked $_\n" for @$list;
633 This is a useful alternative to the C<verbose> key.
637 If present, it should be a reference to a scalar.
638 This scalar will be made to reference an array, which will
639 be used to store any errors that are encountered. See the L</"ERROR
640 HANDLING"> section for more information.
642 Removing things is a much more dangerous proposition than
643 creating things. As such, there are certain conditions that
644 C<remove_tree> may encounter that are so dangerous that the only
645 sane action left is to kill the program.
647 Use C<error> to trap all that is reasonable (problems with
648 permissions and the like), and let it die if things get out
649 of hand. This is the safest course of action.
655 =item rmtree( $dir, $verbose, $safe )
657 =item rmtree( [$dir1, $dir2,...], $verbose, $safe )
659 =item rmtree( $dir1, $dir2,..., \%opt )
661 The rmtree() function provide the legacy interface of remove_tree()
662 with a different interpretation of the arguments passed. The behaviour
663 and return value of the function is otherwise identical to
668 =head2 ERROR HANDLING
674 The following error handling mechanism is considered
675 experimental and is subject to change pending feedback from
680 If C<make_path> or C<remove_tree> encounter an error, a diagnostic
681 message will be printed to C<STDERR> via C<carp> (for non-fatal
682 errors), or via C<croak> (for fatal errors).
684 If this behaviour is not desirable, the C<error> attribute may be
685 used to hold a reference to a variable, which will be used to store
686 the diagnostics. The variable is made a reference to an array of hash
687 references. Each hash contain a single key/value pair where the key
688 is the name of the file, and the value is the error message (including
689 the contents of C<$!> when appropriate). If a general error is
690 encountered the diagnostic key will be empty.
692 An example usage looks like:
694 remove_tree( 'foo/bar', 'bar/rat', {error => \my $err} );
696 for my $diag (@$err) {
697 my ($file, $message) = %$diag;
699 print "general error: $message\n";
702 print "problem unlinking $file: $message\n";
707 print "No error encountered\n";
710 Note that if no errors are encountered, C<$err> will reference an
711 empty array. This means that C<$err> will always end up TRUE; so you
712 need to test C<@$err> to determine if errors occured.
716 C<File::Path> blindly exports C<mkpath> and C<rmtree> into the
717 current namespace. These days, this is considered bad style, but
718 to change it now would break too much code. Nonetheless, you are
719 invited to specify what it is you are expecting to use:
721 use File::Path 'rmtree';
723 The routines C<make_path> and C<remove_tree> are B<not> exported
724 by default. You must specify which ones you want to use.
726 use File::Path 'remove_tree';
728 Note that a side-effect of the above is that C<mkpath> and C<rmtree>
729 are no longer exported at all. This is due to the way the C<Exporter>
730 module works. If you are migrating a codebase to use the new
731 interface, you will have to list everything explicitly. But that's
732 just good practice anyway.
734 use File::Path qw(remove_tree rmtree);
738 The API was changed in the 2.0 branch. For a time, C<mkpath> and
739 C<rmtree> tried, unsuccessfully, to deal with the two different
740 calling mechanisms. This approach was considered a failure.
742 The new semantics are now only available with C<make_path> and
743 C<remove_tree>. The old semantics are only available through
744 C<mkpath> and C<rmtree>. Users are strongly encouraged to upgrade
745 to at least 2.08 in order to avoid surprises.
747 =head3 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
749 There were race conditions 1.x implementations of File::Path's
750 C<rmtree> function (although sometimes patched depending on the OS
751 distribution or platform). The 2.0 version contains code to avoid the
752 problem mentioned in CVE-2002-0435.
754 See the following pages for more information:
756 http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=286905
757 http://www.nntp.perl.org/group/perl.perl5.porters/2005/01/msg97623.html
758 http://www.debian.org/security/2005/dsa-696
760 Additionally, unless the C<safe> parameter is set (or the
761 third parameter in the traditional interface is TRUE), should a
762 C<remove_tree> be interrupted, files that were originally in read-only
763 mode may now have their permissions set to a read-write (or "delete
768 FATAL errors will cause the program to halt (C<croak>), since the
769 problem is so severe that it would be dangerous to continue. (This
770 can always be trapped with C<eval>, but it's not a good idea. Under
771 the circumstances, dying is the best thing to do).
773 SEVERE errors may be trapped using the modern interface. If the
774 they are not trapped, or the old interface is used, such an error
775 will cause the program will halt.
777 All other errors may be trapped using the modern interface, otherwise
778 they will be C<carp>ed about. Program execution will not be halted.
782 =item mkdir [path]: [errmsg] (SEVERE)
784 C<make_path> was unable to create the path. Probably some sort of
785 permissions error at the point of departure, or insufficient resources
786 (such as free inodes on Unix).
788 =item No root path(s) specified
790 C<make_path> was not given any paths to create. This message is only
791 emitted if the routine is called with the traditional interface.
792 The modern interface will remain silent if given nothing to do.
794 =item No such file or directory
796 On Windows, if C<make_path> gives you this warning, it may mean that
797 you have exceeded your filesystem's maximum path length.
799 =item cannot fetch initial working directory: [errmsg]
801 C<remove_tree> attempted to determine the initial directory by calling
802 C<Cwd::getcwd>, but the call failed for some reason. No attempt
803 will be made to delete anything.
805 =item cannot stat initial working directory: [errmsg]
807 C<remove_tree> attempted to stat the initial directory (after having
808 successfully obtained its name via C<getcwd>), however, the call
809 failed for some reason. No attempt will be made to delete anything.
811 =item cannot chdir to [dir]: [errmsg]
813 C<remove_tree> attempted to set the working directory in order to
814 begin deleting the objects therein, but was unsuccessful. This is
815 usually a permissions issue. The routine will continue to delete
816 other things, but this directory will be left intact.
818 =item directory [dir] changed before chdir, expected dev=[n] ino=[n], actual dev=[n] ino=[n], aborting. (FATAL)
820 C<remove_tree> recorded the device and inode of a directory, and then
821 moved into it. It then performed a C<stat> on the current directory
822 and detected that the device and inode were no longer the same. As
823 this is at the heart of the race condition problem, the program
824 will die at this point.
826 =item cannot make directory [dir] read+writeable: [errmsg]
828 C<remove_tree> attempted to change the permissions on the current directory
829 to ensure that subsequent unlinkings would not run into problems,
830 but was unable to do so. The permissions remain as they were, and
831 the program will carry on, doing the best it can.
833 =item cannot read [dir]: [errmsg]
835 C<remove_tree> tried to read the contents of the directory in order
836 to acquire the names of the directory entries to be unlinked, but
837 was unsuccessful. This is usually a permissions issue. The
838 program will continue, but the files in this directory will remain
841 =item cannot reset chmod [dir]: [errmsg]
843 C<remove_tree>, after having deleted everything in a directory, attempted
844 to restore its permissions to the original state but failed. The
845 directory may wind up being left behind.
847 =item cannot remove [dir] when cwd is [dir]
849 The current working directory of the program is F</some/path/to/here>
850 and you are attempting to remove an ancestor, such as F</some/path>.
851 The directory tree is left untouched.
853 The solution is to C<chdir> out of the child directory to a place
854 outside the directory tree to be removed.
856 =item cannot chdir to [parent-dir] from [child-dir]: [errmsg], aborting. (FATAL)
858 C<remove_tree>, after having deleted everything and restored the permissions
859 of a directory, was unable to chdir back to the parent. The program
860 halts to avoid a race condition from occurring.
862 =item cannot stat prior working directory [dir]: [errmsg], aborting. (FATAL)
864 C<remove_tree> was unable to stat the parent directory after have returned
865 from the child. Since there is no way of knowing if we returned to
866 where we think we should be (by comparing device and inode) the only
867 way out is to C<croak>.
869 =item previous directory [parent-dir] changed before entering [child-dir], expected dev=[n] ino=[n], actual dev=[n] ino=[n], aborting. (FATAL)
871 When C<remove_tree> returned from deleting files in a child directory, a
872 check revealed that the parent directory it returned to wasn't the one
873 it started out from. This is considered a sign of malicious activity.
875 =item cannot make directory [dir] writeable: [errmsg]
877 Just before removing a directory (after having successfully removed
878 everything it contained), C<remove_tree> attempted to set the permissions
879 on the directory to ensure it could be removed and failed. Program
880 execution continues, but the directory may possibly not be deleted.
882 =item cannot remove directory [dir]: [errmsg]
884 C<remove_tree> attempted to remove a directory, but failed. This may because
885 some objects that were unable to be removed remain in the directory, or
886 a permissions issue. The directory will be left behind.
888 =item cannot restore permissions of [dir] to [0nnn]: [errmsg]
890 After having failed to remove a directory, C<remove_tree> was unable to
891 restore its permissions from a permissive state back to a possibly
892 more restrictive setting. (Permissions given in octal).
894 =item cannot make file [file] writeable: [errmsg]
896 C<remove_tree> attempted to force the permissions of a file to ensure it
897 could be deleted, but failed to do so. It will, however, still attempt
900 =item cannot unlink file [file]: [errmsg]
902 C<remove_tree> failed to remove a file. Probably a permissions issue.
904 =item cannot restore permissions of [file] to [0nnn]: [errmsg]
906 After having failed to remove a file, C<remove_tree> was also unable
907 to restore the permissions on the file to a possibly less permissive
908 setting. (Permissions given in octal).
910 =item unable to map [owner] to a uid, ownership not changed");
912 C<make_path> was instructed to give the ownership of created
913 directories to the symbolic name [owner], but C<getpwnam> did
914 not return the corresponding numeric uid. The directory will
915 be created, but ownership will not be changed.
917 =item unable to map [group] to a gid, group ownership not changed
919 C<make_path> was instructed to give the group ownership of created
920 directories to the symbolic name [group], but C<getgrnam> did
921 not return the corresponding numeric gid. The directory will
922 be created, but group ownership will not be changed.
934 Allows files and directories to be moved to the Trashcan/Recycle
935 Bin (where they may later be restored if necessary) if the operating
936 system supports such functionality. This feature may one day be
937 made available directly in C<File::Path>.
943 When removing directory trees, if you want to examine each file to
944 decide whether to delete it (and possibly leaving large swathes
945 alone), F<File::Find::Rule> offers a convenient and flexible approach
946 to examining directory trees.
952 Please report all bugs on the RT queue:
954 L<http://rt.cpan.org/NoAuth/Bugs.html?Dist=File-Path>
956 =head1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
958 Paul Szabo identified the race condition originally, and Brendan
959 O'Dea wrote an implementation for Debian that addressed the problem.
960 That code was used as a basis for the current code. Their efforts
961 are greatly appreciated.
963 Gisle Aas made a number of improvements to the documentation for
964 2.07 and his advice and assistance is also greatly appreciated.
968 Tim Bunce and Charles Bailey. Currently maintained by David Landgren
969 <F<david@landgren.net>>.
973 This module is copyright (C) Charles Bailey, Tim Bunce and
974 David Landgren 1995-2009. All rights reserved.
978 This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
979 it under the same terms as Perl itself.