7 # Very old versions of warnings.pm load Carp. This can go wrong due
8 # to the circular dependency. If warnings is invoked before Carp,
9 # then warnings starts by loading Carp, then Carp (above) tries to
10 # invoke warnings, and gets nothing because warnings is in the process
11 # of loading and hasn't defined its import method yet. If we were
12 # only turning on warnings ("use warnings" above) this wouldn't be too
13 # bad, because Carp would just gets the state of the -w switch and so
14 # might not get some warnings that it wanted. The real problem is
15 # that we then want to turn off Unicode warnings, but "no warnings
16 # 'utf8'" won't be effective if we're in this circular-dependency
17 # situation. So, if warnings.pm is an affected version, we turn
18 # off all warnings ourselves by directly setting ${^WARNING_BITS}.
19 # On unaffected versions, we turn off just Unicode warnings, via
21 if(!defined($warnings::VERSION) || eval($warnings::VERSION) < 1.06) {
22 ${^WARNING_BITS} = "";
24 "warnings"->unimport("utf8");
28 sub _fetch_sub { # fetch sub without autovivifying
31 # only works with top-level packages
32 return unless exists($::{$pack});
34 return unless ref \$_ eq 'GLOB' && *$_{HASH} && exists $$_{$sub};
36 return ref \$_ eq 'GLOB' ? *$_{CODE} : undef
41 # UTF8_REGEXP_PROBLEM is a compile-time constant indicating whether Carp
42 # must avoid applying a regular expression to an upgraded (is_utf8)
43 # string. There are multiple problems, on different Perl versions,
44 # that require this to be avoided. All versions prior to 5.13.8 will
45 # load utf8_heavy.pl for the swash system, even if the regexp doesn't
46 # use character classes. Perl 5.6 and Perls [5.11.2, 5.13.11) exhibit
47 # specific problems when Carp is being invoked in the aftermath of a
51 *UTF8_REGEXP_PROBLEM = sub () { 1 };
53 *UTF8_REGEXP_PROBLEM = sub () { 0 };
57 # is_utf8() is essentially the utf8::is_utf8() function, which indicates
58 # whether a string is represented in the upgraded form (using UTF-8
59 # internally). As utf8::is_utf8() is only available from Perl 5.8
60 # onwards, extra effort is required here to make it work on Perl 5.6.
62 if(defined(my $sub = _fetch_sub utf8 => 'is_utf8')) {
65 # black magic for perl 5.6
66 *is_utf8 = sub { unpack("C", "\xaa".$_[0]) != 170 };
70 # The downgrade() function defined here is to be used for attempts to
71 # downgrade where it is acceptable to fail. It must be called with a
72 # second argument that is a true value.
74 if(defined(my $sub = _fetch_sub utf8 => 'downgrade')) {
75 *downgrade = \&{"utf8::downgrade"};
79 my $l = length($_[0]);
80 for(my $i = 0; $i != $l; $i++) {
81 my $o = ord(substr($_[0], $i, 1));
90 our $VERSION = '1.32';
95 our $MaxArgLen = 64; # How much of each argument to print. 0 = all.
96 our $MaxArgNums = 8; # How many arguments to print. 0 = all.
97 our $RefArgFormatter = undef; # allow caller to format reference arguments
100 our @ISA = ('Exporter');
101 our @EXPORT = qw(confess croak carp);
102 our @EXPORT_OK = qw(cluck verbose longmess shortmess);
103 our @EXPORT_FAIL = qw(verbose); # hook to enable verbose mode
105 # The members of %Internal are packages that are internal to perl.
106 # Carp will not report errors from within these packages if it
107 # can. The members of %CarpInternal are internal to Perl's warning
108 # system. Carp will not report errors from within these packages
109 # either, and will not report calls *to* these packages for carp and
110 # croak. They replace $CarpLevel, which is deprecated. The
111 # $Max(EvalLen|(Arg(Len|Nums)) variables are used to specify how the eval
112 # text and function arguments should be formatted when printed.
117 # disable these by default, so they can live w/o require Carp
118 $CarpInternal{Carp}++;
119 $CarpInternal{warnings}++;
120 $Internal{Exporter}++;
121 $Internal{'Exporter::Heavy'}++;
123 # if the caller specifies verbose usage ("perl -MCarp=verbose script.pl")
124 # then the following method will be called by the Exporter which knows
125 # to do this thanks to @EXPORT_FAIL, above. $_[1] will contain the word
128 sub export_fail { shift; $Verbose = shift if $_[0] eq 'verbose'; @_ }
132 return \&{"CORE::GLOBAL::caller"} if defined &{"CORE::GLOBAL::caller"};
137 # Icky backwards compatibility wrapper. :-(
139 # The story is that the original implementation hard-coded the
140 # number of call levels to go back, so calls to longmess were off
141 # by one. Other code began calling longmess and expecting this
142 # behaviour, so the replacement has to emulate that behaviour.
144 my $call_pack = $cgc ? $cgc->() : caller();
145 if ( $Internal{$call_pack} or $CarpInternal{$call_pack} ) {
146 return longmess_heavy(@_);
149 local $CarpLevel = $CarpLevel + 1;
150 return longmess_heavy(@_);
159 # Icky backwards compatibility wrapper. :-(
160 local @CARP_NOT = $cgc ? $cgc->() : caller();
164 sub croak { die shortmess @_ }
165 sub confess { die longmess @_ }
166 sub carp { warn shortmess @_ }
167 sub cluck { warn longmess @_ }
170 if("$]" >= 5.015002 || ("$]" >= 5.014002 && "$]" < 5.015) ||
171 ("$]" >= 5.012005 && "$]" < 5.013)) {
172 *CALLER_OVERRIDE_CHECK_OK = sub () { 1 };
174 *CALLER_OVERRIDE_CHECK_OK = sub () { 0 };
179 my $i = shift(@_) + 1;
183 # Some things override caller() but forget to implement the
184 # @DB::args part of it, which we need. We check for this by
185 # pre-populating @DB::args with a sentinel which no-one else
186 # has the address of, so that we can detect whether @DB::args
187 # has been properly populated. However, on earlier versions
188 # of perl this check tickles a bug in CORE::caller() which
189 # leaks memory. So we only check on fixed perls.
190 @DB::args = \$i if CALLER_OVERRIDE_CHECK_OK;
193 qw(pack file line sub has_args wantarray evaltext is_require) }
194 = $cgc ? $cgc->($i) : caller($i);
197 unless ( defined $call_info{file} ) {
201 my $sub_name = Carp::get_subname( \%call_info );
202 if ( $call_info{has_args} ) {
204 if (CALLER_OVERRIDE_CHECK_OK && @DB::args == 1
205 && ref $DB::args[0] eq ref \$i
206 && $DB::args[0] == \$i ) {
207 @DB::args = (); # Don't let anyone see the address of $i
210 my $func = $cgc or return '';
212 (_fetch_sub B => 'svref_2object' or return '')
214 my $package = $gv->STASH->NAME;
215 my $subname = $gv->NAME;
216 return unless defined $package && defined $subname;
218 # returning CORE::GLOBAL::caller isn't useful for tracing the cause:
219 return if $package eq 'CORE::GLOBAL' && $subname eq 'caller';
220 " in &${package}::$subname";
223 = "** Incomplete caller override detected$where; \@DB::args were not set **";
228 if ( $MaxArgNums and @args > $MaxArgNums )
229 { # More than we want to show?
230 $#args = $MaxArgNums;
234 @args = map { Carp::format_arg($_) } @args;
241 # Push the args onto the subroutine
242 $sub_name .= '(' . join( ', ', @args ) . ')';
244 $call_info{sub_name} = $sub_name;
245 return wantarray() ? %call_info : \%call_info;
248 # Transform an argument to a function into a string.
254 # legitimate, let's not leak it.
258 local $in_recurse = 1;
259 local $SIG{__DIE__} = sub{};
260 eval {$arg->can('CARP_TRACE') }
263 return $arg->CARP_TRACE();
265 elsif (!$in_recurse &&
266 defined($RefArgFormatter) &&
269 local $in_recurse = 1;
270 local $SIG{__DIE__} = sub{};
271 eval {$arg = $RefArgFormatter->($arg); 1}
278 my $sub = _fetch_sub(overload => 'StrVal');
279 return $sub ? &$sub($arg) : "$arg";
282 return "undef" if !defined($arg);
284 return $arg if !(UTF8_REGEXP_PROBLEM && is_utf8($arg)) &&
285 $arg =~ /\A-?[0-9]+(?:\.[0-9]*)?(?:[eE][-+]?[0-9]+)?\z/;
287 if ( 2 < $MaxArgLen and $MaxArgLen < length($arg) ) {
288 substr ( $arg, $MaxArgLen - 3 ) = "";
291 if(UTF8_REGEXP_PROBLEM && is_utf8($arg)) {
292 for(my $i = length($arg); $i--; ) {
293 my $c = substr($arg, $i, 1);
294 my $x = substr($arg, 0, 0); # work around bug on Perl 5.8.{1,2}
295 if($c eq "\"" || $c eq "\\" || $c eq "\$" || $c eq "\@") {
296 substr $arg, $i, 0, "\\";
300 substr $arg, $i, 1, sprintf("\\x{%x}", $o)
301 if $o < 0x20 || $o > 0x7f;
304 $arg =~ s/([\"\\\$\@])/\\$1/g;
305 $arg =~ s/([^ -~])/sprintf("\\x{%x}",ord($1))/eg;
308 return "\"".$arg."\"".$suffix;
311 # Takes an inheritance cache and a package and returns
312 # an anon hash of known inheritances and anon array of
313 # inheritances which consequences have not been figured
318 $cache->{$pkg} ||= [ { $pkg => $pkg }, [ trusts_directly($pkg) ] ];
319 return @{ $cache->{$pkg} };
322 # Takes the info from caller() and figures out the name of
323 # the sub/require/eval
326 if ( defined( $info->{evaltext} ) ) {
327 my $eval = $info->{evaltext};
328 if ( $info->{is_require} ) {
329 return "require $eval";
332 $eval =~ s/([\\\'])/\\$1/g;
333 return "eval '" . str_len_trim( $eval, $MaxEvalLen ) . "'";
337 # this can happen on older perls when the sub (or the stash containing it)
339 if ( !defined( $info->{sub} ) ) {
340 return '__ANON__::__ANON__';
343 return ( $info->{sub} eq '(eval)' ) ? 'eval {...}' : $info->{sub};
346 # Figures out what call (from the point of view of the caller)
347 # the long error backtrace should start at.
350 my $lvl = $CarpLevel;
354 my @caller = $cgc ? $cgc->($i) : caller($i);
355 my $pkg = $caller[0];
356 unless ( defined($pkg) ) {
358 # This *shouldn't* happen.
361 $i = long_error_loc();
364 elsif (defined $caller[2]) {
365 # this can happen when the stash has been deleted
366 # in that case, just assume that it's a reasonable place to
367 # stop (the file and line data will still be intact in any
368 # case) - the only issue is that we can't detect if the
369 # deleted package was internal (so don't do that then)
371 redo unless 0 > --$lvl;
378 redo if $CarpInternal{$pkg};
379 redo unless 0 > --$lvl;
380 redo if $Internal{$pkg};
386 return @_ if ref( $_[0] ); # don't break references as exceptions
387 my $i = long_error_loc();
388 return ret_backtrace( $i, @_ );
391 # Returns a full stack backtrace starting from where it is
394 my ( $i, @error ) = @_;
396 my $err = join '', @error;
400 if ( defined &threads::tid ) {
401 my $tid = threads->tid;
402 $tid_msg = " thread $tid" if $tid;
405 my %i = caller_info($i);
406 $mess = "$err at $i{file} line $i{line}$tid_msg";
413 if($@ =~ /^Died at .*(, <.*?> line \d+).$/ ) {
419 while ( my %i = caller_info( ++$i ) ) {
420 $mess .= "\t$i{sub_name} called at $i{file} line $i{line}$tid_msg\n";
427 my ( $i, @error ) = @_;
428 my $err = join '', @error;
432 if ( defined &threads::tid ) {
433 my $tid = threads->tid;
434 $tid_msg = " thread $tid" if $tid;
437 my %i = caller_info($i);
438 return "$err at $i{file} line $i{line}$tid_msg\.\n";
441 sub short_error_loc {
442 # You have to create your (hash)ref out here, rather than defaulting it
443 # inside trusts *on a lexical*, as you want it to persist across calls.
444 # (You can default it on $_[2], but that gets messy)
447 my $lvl = $CarpLevel;
450 my $called = $cgc ? $cgc->($i) : caller($i);
452 my $caller = $cgc ? $cgc->($i) : caller($i);
454 if (!defined($caller)) {
455 my @caller = $cgc ? $cgc->($i) : caller($i);
457 # if there's no package but there is other caller info, then
458 # the package has been deleted - treat this as a valid package
460 redo if defined($called) && $CarpInternal{$called};
461 redo unless 0 > --$lvl;
468 redo if $Internal{$caller};
469 redo if $CarpInternal{$caller};
470 redo if $CarpInternal{$called};
471 redo if trusts( $called, $caller, $cache );
472 redo if trusts( $caller, $called, $cache );
473 redo unless 0 > --$lvl;
478 sub shortmess_heavy {
479 return longmess_heavy(@_) if $Verbose;
480 return @_ if ref( $_[0] ); # don't break references as exceptions
481 my $i = short_error_loc();
483 ret_summary( $i, @_ );
490 # If a string is too long, trims it with ...
493 my $max = shift || 0;
494 if ( 2 < $max and $max < length($str) ) {
495 substr( $str, $max - 3 ) = '...';
500 # Takes two packages and an optional cache. Says whether the
501 # first inherits from the second.
503 # Recursive versions of this have to work to avoid certain
504 # possible endless loops, and when following long chains of
505 # inheritance are less efficient.
510 my ( $known, $partial ) = get_status( $cache, $child );
512 # Figure out consequences until we have an answer
513 while ( @$partial and not exists $known->{$parent} ) {
514 my $anc = shift @$partial;
515 next if exists $known->{$anc};
517 my ( $anc_knows, $anc_partial ) = get_status( $cache, $anc );
518 my @found = keys %$anc_knows;
519 @$known{@found} = ();
520 push @$partial, @$anc_partial;
522 return exists $known->{$parent};
525 # Takes a package and gives a list of those trusted directly
526 sub trusts_directly {
529 my $stash = \%{"$class\::"};
530 for my $var (qw/ CARP_NOT ISA /) {
531 # Don't try using the variable until we know it exists,
532 # to avoid polluting the caller's namespace.
533 if ( $stash->{$var} && *{$stash->{$var}}{ARRAY} && @{$stash->{$var}} ) {
534 return @{$stash->{$var}}
540 if(!defined($warnings::VERSION) ||
541 do { no warnings "numeric"; $warnings::VERSION < 1.03 }) {
542 # Very old versions of warnings.pm import from Carp. This can go
543 # wrong due to the circular dependency. If Carp is invoked before
544 # warnings, then Carp starts by loading warnings, then warnings
545 # tries to import from Carp, and gets nothing because Carp is in
546 # the process of loading and hasn't defined its import method yet.
547 # So we work around that by manually exporting to warnings here.
549 *{"warnings::$_"} = \&$_ foreach @EXPORT;
558 Carp - alternative warn and die for modules
564 # warn user (from perspective of caller)
565 carp "string trimmed to 80 chars";
567 # die of errors (from perspective of caller)
568 croak "We're outta here!";
570 # die of errors with stack backtrace
571 confess "not implemented";
573 # cluck, longmess and shortmess not exported by default
574 use Carp qw(cluck longmess shortmess);
575 cluck "This is how we got here!";
576 $long_message = longmess( "message from cluck() or confess()" );
577 $short_message = shortmess( "message from carp() or croak()" );
581 The Carp routines are useful in your own modules because
582 they act like C<die()> or C<warn()>, but with a message which is more
583 likely to be useful to a user of your module. In the case of
584 C<cluck()> and C<confess()>, that context is a summary of every
585 call in the call-stack; C<longmess()> returns the contents of the error
588 For a shorter message you can use C<carp()> or C<croak()> which report the
589 error as being from where your module was called. C<shortmess()> returns the
590 contents of this error message. There is no guarantee that that is where the
591 error was, but it is a good educated guess.
593 You can also alter the way the output and logic of C<Carp> works, by
594 changing some global variables in the C<Carp> namespace. See the
595 section on C<GLOBAL VARIABLES> below.
597 Here is a more complete description of how C<carp> and C<croak> work.
598 What they do is search the call-stack for a function call stack where
599 they have not been told that there shouldn't be an error. If every
600 call is marked safe, they give up and give a full stack backtrace
601 instead. In other words they presume that the first likely looking
602 potential suspect is guilty. Their rules for telling whether
603 a call shouldn't generate errors work as follows:
609 Any call from a package to itself is safe.
613 Packages claim that there won't be errors on calls to or from
614 packages explicitly marked as safe by inclusion in C<@CARP_NOT>, or
615 (if that array is empty) C<@ISA>. The ability to override what
616 @ISA says is new in 5.8.
620 The trust in item 2 is transitive. If A trusts B, and B
621 trusts C, then A trusts C. So if you do not override C<@ISA>
622 with C<@CARP_NOT>, then this trust relationship is identical to,
627 Any call from an internal Perl module is safe. (Nothing keeps
628 user modules from marking themselves as internal to Perl, but
629 this practice is discouraged.)
633 Any call to Perl's warning system (eg Carp itself) is safe.
634 (This rule is what keeps it from reporting the error at the
635 point where you call C<carp> or C<croak>.)
639 C<$Carp::CarpLevel> can be set to skip a fixed number of additional
640 call levels. Using this is not recommended because it is very
641 difficult to get it to behave correctly.
645 =head2 Forcing a Stack Trace
647 As a debugging aid, you can force Carp to treat a croak as a confess
648 and a carp as a cluck across I<all> modules. In other words, force a
649 detailed stack trace to be given. This can be very helpful when trying
650 to understand why, or from where, a warning or error is being generated.
652 This feature is enabled by 'importing' the non-existent symbol
653 'verbose'. You would typically enable it by saying
655 perl -MCarp=verbose script.pl
657 or by including the string C<-MCarp=verbose> in the PERL5OPT
658 environment variable.
660 Alternately, you can set the global variable C<$Carp::Verbose> to true.
661 See the C<GLOBAL VARIABLES> section below.
663 =head2 Stack Trace formatting
665 At each stack level, the subroutine's name is displayed along with
666 its parameters. For simple scalars, this is sufficient. For complex
667 data types, such as objects and other references, this can simply
668 display C<'HASH(0x1ab36d8)'>.
670 Carp gives two ways to control this.
676 For objects, a method, C<CARP_TRACE>, will be called, if it exists. If
677 this method doesn't exist, or it recurses into C<Carp>, or it otherwise
678 throws an exception, this is skipped, and Carp moves on to the next option,
679 otherwise checking stops and the string returned is used. It is recommended
680 that the object's type is part of the string to make debugging easier.
684 For any type of reference, C<$Carp::RefArgFormatter> is checked (see below).
685 This variable is expected to be a code reference, and the current parameter
686 is passed in. If this function doesn't exist (the variable is undef), or
687 it recurses into C<Carp>, or it otherwise throws an exception, this is
688 skipped, and Carp moves on to the next option, otherwise checking stops
689 and the string returned is used.
693 Otherwise, if neither C<CARP_TRACE> nor C<$Carp::RefArgFormatter> is
694 available, stringify the value ignoring any overloading.
698 =head1 GLOBAL VARIABLES
700 =head2 $Carp::MaxEvalLen
702 This variable determines how many characters of a string-eval are to
703 be shown in the output. Use a value of C<0> to show all text.
707 =head2 $Carp::MaxArgLen
709 This variable determines how many characters of each argument to a
710 function to print. Use a value of C<0> to show the full length of the
715 =head2 $Carp::MaxArgNums
717 This variable determines how many arguments to each function to show.
718 Use a value of C<0> to show all arguments to a function call.
722 =head2 $Carp::Verbose
724 This variable makes C<carp()> and C<croak()> generate stack backtraces
725 just like C<cluck()> and C<confess()>. This is how C<use Carp 'verbose'>
726 is implemented internally.
730 =head2 $Carp::RefArgFormatter
732 This variable sets a general argument formatter to display references.
733 Plain scalars and objects that implement C<CARP_TRACE> will not go through
734 this formatter. Calling C<Carp> from within this function is not supported.
736 local $Carp::RefArgFormatter = sub {
737 require Data::Dumper;
738 Data::Dumper::Dump($_[0]); # not necessarily safe
743 This variable, I<in your package>, says which packages are I<not> to be
744 considered as the location of an error. The C<carp()> and C<cluck()>
745 functions will skip over callers when reporting where an error occurred.
747 NB: This variable must be in the package's symbol table, thus:
750 our @CARP_NOT; # file scope
751 use vars qw(@CARP_NOT); # package scope
752 @My::Package::CARP_NOT = ... ; # explicit package variable
755 sub xyz { ... @CARP_NOT = ... } # w/o declarations above
756 my @CARP_NOT; # even at top-level
760 package My::Carping::Package;
763 sub bar { .... or _error('Wrong input') }
765 # temporary control of where'ness, __PACKAGE__ is implicit
766 local @CARP_NOT = qw(My::Friendly::Caller);
770 This would make C<Carp> report the error as coming from a caller not
771 in C<My::Carping::Package>, nor from C<My::Friendly::Caller>.
773 Also read the L</DESCRIPTION> section above, about how C<Carp> decides
774 where the error is reported from.
776 Use C<@CARP_NOT>, instead of C<$Carp::CarpLevel>.
778 Overrides C<Carp>'s use of C<@ISA>.
780 =head2 %Carp::Internal
782 This says what packages are internal to Perl. C<Carp> will never
783 report an error as being from a line in a package that is internal to
786 $Carp::Internal{ (__PACKAGE__) }++;
788 sub foo { ... or confess("whatever") };
790 would give a full stack backtrace starting from the first caller
791 outside of __PACKAGE__. (Unless that package was also internal to
794 =head2 %Carp::CarpInternal
796 This says which packages are internal to Perl's warning system. For
797 generating a full stack backtrace this is the same as being internal
798 to Perl, the stack backtrace will not start inside packages that are
799 listed in C<%Carp::CarpInternal>. But it is slightly different for
800 the summary message generated by C<carp> or C<croak>. There errors
801 will not be reported on any lines that are calling packages in
802 C<%Carp::CarpInternal>.
804 For example C<Carp> itself is listed in C<%Carp::CarpInternal>.
805 Therefore the full stack backtrace from C<confess> will not start
806 inside of C<Carp>, and the short message from calling C<croak> is
807 not placed on the line where C<croak> was called.
809 =head2 $Carp::CarpLevel
811 This variable determines how many additional call frames are to be
812 skipped that would not otherwise be when reporting where an error
813 occurred on a call to one of C<Carp>'s functions. It is fairly easy
814 to count these call frames on calls that generate a full stack
815 backtrace. However it is much harder to do this accounting for calls
816 that generate a short message. Usually people skip too many call
817 frames. If they are lucky they skip enough that C<Carp> goes all of
818 the way through the call stack, realizes that something is wrong, and
819 then generates a full stack backtrace. If they are unlucky then the
820 error is reported from somewhere misleading very high in the call
823 Therefore it is best to avoid C<$Carp::CarpLevel>. Instead use
824 C<@CARP_NOT>, C<%Carp::Internal> and C<%Carp::CarpInternal>.
830 The Carp routines don't handle exception objects currently.
831 If called with a first argument that is a reference, they simply
832 call die() or warn(), as appropriate.
834 If a subroutine argument in a stack trace is a reference to a regexp
835 object, the manner in which it is shown in the stack trace depends on
836 whether the L<overload> module has been loaded. This happens because
837 regexp objects effectively have overloaded stringification behaviour
838 without using the L<overload> module. As a workaround, deliberately
839 loading the L<overload> module will mean that Carp consistently provides
840 the intended behaviour (of bypassing the overloading).
842 Some of the Carp code assumes that Perl's basic character encoding is
843 ASCII, and will go wrong on an EBCDIC platform.
852 The Carp module first appeared in Larry Wall's perl 5.000 distribution.
853 Since then it has been modified by several of the perl 5 porters.
854 Andrew Main (Zefram) <zefram@fysh.org> divested Carp into an independent
859 Copyright (C) 1994-2013 Larry Wall
861 Copyright (C) 2011, 2012, 2013 Andrew Main (Zefram) <zefram@fysh.org>
865 This module is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
866 under the same terms as Perl itself.