2 # Copyright (C) 2000-2003 Stephen McCamant. All rights reserved.
3 # This program is free software; you can redistribute and/or modify it
4 # under the same terms as Perl itself.
6 # Note: we need to keep track of how many use declarations/BEGIN
7 # blocks this module uses, so we can avoid printing them when user
8 # asks for the BEGIN blocks in her program. Update the comments and
9 # the count in concise_specials if you add or delete one. The
10 # -MO=Concise counts as use #1.
13 use warnings; # uses #3 and #4, since warnings uses Carp
15 use Exporter (); # use #5
17 our $VERSION = "0.99";
18 our @ISA = qw(Exporter);
19 our @EXPORT_OK = qw( set_style set_style_standard add_callback
20 concise_subref concise_cv concise_main
21 add_style walk_output compile reset_sequence );
23 ( io => [qw( walk_output compile reset_sequence )],
24 style => [qw( add_style set_style_standard )],
25 cb => [qw( add_callback )],
26 mech => [qw( concise_subref concise_cv concise_main )], );
29 use B qw(class ppname main_start main_root main_cv cstring svref_2object
30 SVf_IOK SVf_NOK SVf_POK SVf_IVisUV SVf_FAKE OPf_KIDS OPf_SPECIAL
31 CVf_ANON PAD_FAKELEX_ANON PAD_FAKELEX_MULTI SVf_ROK);
35 ["(?(#label =>\n)?)(*( )*)#class (#addr) #name (?([#targ])?) "
36 . "#svclass~(?((#svaddr))?)~#svval~(?(label \"#coplabel\")?)\n",
37 "(*( )*)goto #class (#addr)\n",
40 ["#hyphseq2 (*( (x( ;)x))*)<#classsym> #exname#arg(?([#targarglife])?)"
41 . "~#flags(?(/#private)?)(?(:#hints)?)(x(;~->#next)x)\n"
42 , " (*( )*) goto #seq\n",
43 "(?(<#seq>)?)#exname#arg(?([#targarglife])?)"],
45 ["(x(;(*( )*))x)#noise#arg(?([#targarg])?)(x( ;\n)x)",
47 "(?(#seq)?)#noise#arg(?([#targarg])?)"],
49 ["#class (#addr)\n\top_next\t\t#nextaddr\n\top_sibling\t#sibaddr\n\t"
50 . "op_ppaddr\tPL_ppaddr[OP_#NAME]\n\top_type\t\t#typenum\n"
51 . "\top_flags\t#flagval\n\top_private\t#privval\t#hintsval\n"
52 . "(?(\top_first\t#firstaddr\n)?)(?(\top_last\t\t#lastaddr\n)?)"
53 . "(?(\top_sv\t\t#svaddr\n)?)",
56 "env" => [$ENV{B_CONCISE_FORMAT}, $ENV{B_CONCISE_GOTO_FORMAT},
57 $ENV{B_CONCISE_TREE_FORMAT}],
60 # Renderings, ie how Concise prints, is controlled by these vars
62 our $stylename; # selects current style from %style
63 my $order = "basic"; # how optree is walked & printed: basic, exec, tree
65 # rendering mechanics:
66 # these 'formats' are the line-rendering templates
67 # they're updated from %style when $stylename changes
68 my ($format, $gotofmt, $treefmt);
71 my $base = 36; # how <sequence#> is displayed
72 my $big_endian = 1; # more <sequence#> display
73 my $tree_style = 0; # tree-order details
74 my $banner = 1; # print banner before optree is traversed
75 my $do_main = 0; # force printing of main routine
76 my $show_src; # show source code
78 # another factor: can affect all styles!
79 our @callbacks; # allow external management
81 set_style_standard("concise");
87 ($format, $gotofmt, $treefmt) = @_;
88 #warn "set_style: deprecated, use set_style_standard instead\n"; # someday
89 die "expecting 3 style-format args\n" unless @_ == 3;
93 my ($newstyle,@args) = @_;
94 die "style '$newstyle' already exists, choose a new name\n"
95 if exists $style{$newstyle};
96 die "expecting 3 style-format args\n" unless @args == 3;
97 $style{$newstyle} = [@args];
98 $stylename = $newstyle; # update rendering state
101 sub set_style_standard {
102 ($stylename) = @_; # update rendering state
103 die "err: style '$stylename' unknown\n" unless exists $style{$stylename};
104 set_style(@{$style{$stylename}});
111 # output handle, used with all Concise-output printing
112 our $walkHandle; # public for your convenience
113 BEGIN { $walkHandle = \*STDOUT }
115 sub walk_output { # updates $walkHandle
117 return $walkHandle unless $handle; # allow use as accessor
119 if (ref $handle eq 'SCALAR') {
121 die "no perlio in this build, can't call walk_output (\\\$scalar)\n"
122 unless $Config::Config{useperlio};
123 # in 5.8+, open(FILEHANDLE,MODE,REFERENCE) writes to string
124 open my $tmp, '>', $handle; # but cant re-set existing STDOUT
125 $walkHandle = $tmp; # so use my $tmp as intermediate var
128 my $iotype = ref $handle;
129 die "expecting argument/object that can print\n"
130 unless $iotype eq 'GLOB' or $iotype and $handle->can('print');
131 $walkHandle = $handle;
135 my($order, $coderef, $name) = @_;
136 my $codeobj = svref_2object($coderef);
138 return concise_stashref(@_)
139 unless ref($codeobj) =~ '^B::(?:CV|FM)\z';
140 concise_cv_obj($order, $codeobj, $name);
143 sub concise_stashref {
146 foreach my $k (sort keys %$h) {
147 next unless defined $h->{$k};
149 my $coderef = *s{CODE} or next;
151 print "FUNC: ", *s, "\n";
152 my $codeobj = svref_2object($coderef);
153 next unless ref $codeobj eq 'B::CV';
154 eval { concise_cv_obj($order, $codeobj, $k) };
155 warn "err $@ on $codeobj" if $@;
159 # This should have been called concise_subref, but it was exported
160 # under this name in versions before 0.56
161 *concise_cv = \&concise_subref;
164 my ($order, $cv, $name) = @_;
165 # name is either a string, or a CODE ref (copy of $cv arg??)
169 if (ref($cv->XSUBANY) =~ /B::(\w+)/) {
170 print $walkHandle "$name is a constant sub, optimized to a $1\n";
174 print $walkHandle "$name is XS code\n";
177 if (class($cv->START) eq "NULL") {
179 if (ref $name eq 'CODE') {
180 print $walkHandle "coderef $name has no START\n";
182 elsif (exists &$name) {
183 print $walkHandle "$name exists in stash, but has no START\n";
186 print $walkHandle "$name not in symbol table\n";
190 sequence($cv->START);
191 if ($order eq "exec") {
192 walk_exec($cv->START);
194 elsif ($order eq "basic") {
195 # walk_topdown($cv->ROOT, sub { $_[0]->concise($_[1]) }, 0);
196 my $root = $cv->ROOT;
197 unless (ref $root eq 'B::NULL') {
198 walk_topdown($root, sub { $_[0]->concise($_[1]) }, 0);
200 print $walkHandle "B::NULL encountered doing ROOT on $cv. avoiding disaster\n";
203 print $walkHandle tree($cv->ROOT, 0);
209 sequence(main_start);
211 if ($order eq "exec") {
212 return if class(main_start) eq "NULL";
213 walk_exec(main_start);
214 } elsif ($order eq "tree") {
215 return if class(main_root) eq "NULL";
216 print $walkHandle tree(main_root, 0);
217 } elsif ($order eq "basic") {
218 return if class(main_root) eq "NULL";
219 walk_topdown(main_root,
220 sub { $_[0]->concise($_[1]) }, 0);
224 sub concise_specials {
225 my($name, $order, @cv_s) = @_;
227 if ($name eq "BEGIN") {
228 splice(@cv_s, 0, 8); # skip 7 BEGIN blocks in this file. NOW 8 ??
229 } elsif ($name eq "CHECK") {
230 pop @cv_s; # skip the CHECK block that calls us
233 print $walkHandle "$name $i:\n";
235 concise_cv_obj($order, $cv, $name);
239 my $start_sym = "\e(0"; # "\cN" sometimes also works
240 my $end_sym = "\e(B"; # "\cO" respectively
242 my @tree_decorations =
243 ([" ", "--", "+-", "|-", "| ", "`-", "-", 1],
244 [" ", "-", "+", "+", "|", "`", "", 0],
245 [" ", map("$start_sym$_$end_sym", "qq", "wq", "tq", "x ", "mq", "q"), 1],
246 [" ", map("$start_sym$_$end_sym", "q", "w", "t", "x", "m"), "", 0],
249 my @render_packs; # collect -stash=<packages>
252 # set rendering state from options and args
255 @options = grep(/^-/, @_);
256 @args = grep(!/^-/, @_);
258 for my $o (@options) {
260 if ($o eq "-basic") {
262 } elsif ($o eq "-exec") {
264 } elsif ($o eq "-tree") {
268 elsif ($o eq "-compact") {
270 } elsif ($o eq "-loose") {
272 } elsif ($o eq "-vt") {
274 } elsif ($o eq "-ascii") {
278 elsif ($o =~ /^-base(\d+)$/) {
280 } elsif ($o eq "-bigendian") {
282 } elsif ($o eq "-littleendian") {
285 # miscellaneous, presentation
286 elsif ($o eq "-nobanner") {
288 } elsif ($o eq "-banner") {
291 elsif ($o eq "-main") {
293 } elsif ($o eq "-nomain") {
295 } elsif ($o eq "-src") {
298 elsif ($o =~ /^-stash=(.*)/) {
301 if (! %{$pkg.'::'}) {
305 if (!$Config::Config{usedl}
306 && keys %{$pkg.'::'} == 1
307 && $pkg->can('bootstrap')) {
308 # It is something that we're statically linked to, but hasn't
313 push @render_packs, $pkg;
316 elsif (exists $style{substr($o, 1)}) {
317 $stylename = substr($o, 1);
318 set_style_standard($stylename);
320 warn "Option $o unrecognized";
327 my (@args) = compileOpts(@_);
329 my @newargs = compileOpts(@_); # accept new rendering options
330 warn "disregarding non-options: @newargs\n" if @newargs;
332 for my $objname (@args) {
333 next unless $objname; # skip null args to avoid noisy responses
335 if ($objname eq "BEGIN") {
336 concise_specials("BEGIN", $order,
337 B::begin_av->isa("B::AV") ?
338 B::begin_av->ARRAY : ());
339 } elsif ($objname eq "INIT") {
340 concise_specials("INIT", $order,
341 B::init_av->isa("B::AV") ?
342 B::init_av->ARRAY : ());
343 } elsif ($objname eq "CHECK") {
344 concise_specials("CHECK", $order,
345 B::check_av->isa("B::AV") ?
346 B::check_av->ARRAY : ());
347 } elsif ($objname eq "UNITCHECK") {
348 concise_specials("UNITCHECK", $order,
349 B::unitcheck_av->isa("B::AV") ?
350 B::unitcheck_av->ARRAY : ());
351 } elsif ($objname eq "END") {
352 concise_specials("END", $order,
353 B::end_av->isa("B::AV") ?
354 B::end_av->ARRAY : ());
357 # convert function names to subrefs
359 print $walkHandle "B::Concise::compile($objname)\n"
361 concise_subref($order, ($objname)x2);
364 $objname = "main::" . $objname unless $objname =~ /::/;
366 my $glob = \*$objname;
367 unless (*$glob{CODE} || *$glob{FORMAT}) {
368 print $walkHandle "$objname:\n" if $banner;
369 print $walkHandle "err: unknown function ($objname)\n";
372 if (my $objref = *$glob{CODE}) {
373 print $walkHandle "$objname:\n" if $banner;
374 concise_subref($order, $objref, $objname);
376 if (my $objref = *$glob{FORMAT}) {
377 print $walkHandle "$objname (FORMAT):\n"
379 concise_subref($order, $objref, $objname);
384 for my $pkg (@render_packs) {
386 concise_stashref($order, \%{$pkg.'::'});
389 if (!@args or $do_main or @render_packs) {
390 print $walkHandle "main program:\n" if $do_main;
391 concise_main($order);
393 return @args; # something
398 my $lastnext; # remembers op-chain, used to insert gotos
400 my %opclass = ('OP' => "0", 'UNOP' => "1", 'BINOP' => "2", 'LOGOP' => "|",
401 'LISTOP' => "@", 'PMOP' => "/", 'SVOP' => "\$", 'GVOP' => "*",
402 'PVOP' => '"', 'LOOP' => "{", 'COP' => ";", 'PADOP' => "#");
404 no warnings 'qw'; # "Possible attempt to put comments..."; use #7
406 qw'# () sc ( @? 1 $* gv *{ m$ m@ m% m? p/ *$ $ $# & a& pt \\ s\\ rf bl
407 ` *? <> ?? ?/ r/ c/ // qr s/ /c y/ = @= C sC Cp sp df un BM po +1 +I
408 -1 -I 1+ I+ 1- I- ** * i* / i/ %$ i% x + i+ - i- . " << >> < i<
409 > i> <= i, >= i. == i= != i! <? i? s< s> s, s. s= s! s? b& b^ b| -0 -i
410 ! ~ a2 si cs rd sr e^ lg sq in %x %o ab le ss ve ix ri sf FL od ch cy
411 uf lf uc lc qm @ [f [ @[ eh vl ky dl ex % ${ @{ uk pk st jn ) )[ a@
412 a% sl +] -] [- [+ so rv GS GW MS MW .. f. .f && || ^^ ?: &= |= -> s{ s}
413 v} ca wa di rs ;; ; ;d }{ { } {} f{ it {l l} rt }l }n }r dm }g }e ^o
414 ^c ^| ^# um bm t~ u~ ~d DB db ^s se ^g ^r {w }w pf pr ^O ^K ^R ^W ^d ^v
415 ^e ^t ^k t. fc ic fl .s .p .b .c .l .a .h g1 s1 g2 s2 ?. l? -R -W -X -r
416 -w -x -e -o -O -z -s -M -A -C -S -c -b -f -d -p -l -u -g -k -t -T -B cd
417 co cr u. cm ut r. l@ s@ r@ mD uD oD rD tD sD wD cD f$ w$ p$ sh e$ k$ g3
418 g4 s4 g5 s5 T@ C@ L@ G@ A@ S@ Hg Hc Hr Hw Mg Mc Ms Mr Sg Sc So rq do {e
419 e} {t t} g6 G6 6e g7 G7 7e g8 G8 8e g9 G9 9e 6s 7s 8s 9s 6E 7E 8E 9E Pn
420 Pu GP SP EP Gn Gg GG SG EG g0 c$ lk t$ ;s n> // /= CO';
422 my $chars = "0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ";
424 sub op_flags { # common flags (see BASOP.op_flags in op.h)
427 push @v, "v" if ($x & 3) == 1;
428 push @v, "s" if ($x & 3) == 2;
429 push @v, "l" if ($x & 3) == 3;
430 push @v, "K" if $x & 4;
431 push @v, "P" if $x & 8;
432 push @v, "R" if $x & 16;
433 push @v, "M" if $x & 32;
434 push @v, "S" if $x & 64;
435 push @v, "*" if $x & 128;
441 return "-" . base_n(-$x) if $x < 0;
443 do { $str .= substr($chars, $x % $base, 1) } while $x = int($x / $base);
444 $str = reverse $str if $big_endian;
460 return "-" if not exists $sequence_num{$$op};
461 return base_n($sequence_num{$$op});
465 my($op, $sub, $level) = @_;
467 if ($op->flags & OPf_KIDS) {
468 for (my $kid = $op->first; $$kid; $kid = $kid->sibling) {
469 walk_topdown($kid, $sub, $level + 1);
472 if (class($op) eq "PMOP") {
473 my $maybe_root = $op->pmreplroot;
474 if (ref($maybe_root) and $maybe_root->isa("B::OP")) {
475 # It really is the root of the replacement, not something
476 # else stored here for lack of space elsewhere
477 walk_topdown($maybe_root, $sub, $level + 1);
483 my($ar, $level) = @_;
485 if (ref($l) eq "ARRAY") {
486 walklines($l, $level + 1);
494 my($top, $level) = @_;
497 my @todo = ([$top, \@lines]);
498 while (@todo and my($op, $targ) = @{shift @todo}) {
499 for (; $$op; $op = $op->next) {
500 last if $opsseen{$$op}++;
502 my $name = $op->name;
503 if (class($op) eq "LOGOP") {
506 push @todo, [$op->other, $ar];
507 } elsif ($name eq "subst" and $ {$op->pmreplstart}) {
510 push @todo, [$op->pmreplstart, $ar];
511 } elsif ($name =~ /^enter(loop|iter)$/) {
512 $labels{${$op->nextop}} = "NEXT";
513 $labels{${$op->lastop}} = "LAST";
514 $labels{${$op->redoop}} = "REDO";
518 walklines(\@lines, 0);
521 # The structure of this routine is purposely modeled after op.c's peep()
525 return if class($op) eq "NULL" or exists $sequence_num{$$op};
526 for (; $$op; $op = $op->next) {
527 last if exists $sequence_num{$$op};
528 my $name = $op->name;
529 if ($name =~ /^(null|scalar|lineseq|scope)$/) {
530 next if $oldop and $ {$op->next};
532 $sequence_num{$$op} = $seq_max++;
533 if (class($op) eq "LOGOP") {
534 my $other = $op->other;
535 $other = $other->next while $other->name eq "null";
537 } elsif (class($op) eq "LOOP") {
538 my $redoop = $op->redoop;
539 $redoop = $redoop->next while $redoop->name eq "null";
541 my $nextop = $op->nextop;
542 $nextop = $nextop->next while $nextop->name eq "null";
544 my $lastop = $op->lastop;
545 $lastop = $lastop->next while $lastop->name eq "null";
547 } elsif ($name eq "subst" and $ {$op->pmreplstart}) {
548 my $replstart = $op->pmreplstart;
549 $replstart = $replstart->next while $replstart->name eq "null";
550 sequence($replstart);
557 sub fmt_line { # generate text-line for op.
558 my($hr, $op, $text, $level) = @_;
560 $_->($hr, $op, \$text, \$level, $stylename) for @callbacks;
562 return '' if $hr->{SKIP}; # suppress line if a callback said so
563 return '' if $hr->{goto} and $hr->{goto} eq '-'; # no goto nowhere
565 # spec: (?(text1#varText2)?)
566 $text =~ s/\(\?\(([^\#]*?)\#(\w+)([^\#]*?)\)\?\)/
567 $hr->{$2} ? $1.$hr->{$2}.$3 : ""/eg;
569 # spec: (x(exec_text;basic_text)x)
570 $text =~ s/\(x\((.*?);(.*?)\)x\)/$order eq "exec" ? $1 : $2/egs;
573 $text =~ s/\(\*\(([^;]*?)\)\*\)/$1 x $level/egs;
575 # spec: (*(text1;text2)*)
576 $text =~ s/\(\*\((.*?);(.*?)\)\*\)/$1 x ($level - 1) . $2 x ($level>0)/egs;
578 # convert #Var to tag=>val form: Var\t#var
579 $text =~ s/\#([A-Z][a-z]+)(\d+)?/\t\u$1\t\L#$1$2/gs;
582 $text =~ s/\#([a-zA-Z]+)(\d+)/sprintf("%-$2s", $hr->{$1})/eg;
584 $text =~ s/\#([a-zA-Z]+)/$hr->{$1}/eg; # populate #var's
585 $text =~ s/[ \t]*~+[ \t]*/ /g; # squeeze tildes
587 $text = "# $hr->{src}\n$text" if $show_src and $hr->{src};
590 return "$text\n" if $text ne "" and $order ne "tree";
591 return $text; # suppress empty lines
594 our %priv; # used to display each opcode's BASEOP.op_private values
596 $priv{$_}{128} = "LVINTRO"
597 for qw(pos substr vec threadsv gvsv rv2sv rv2hv rv2gv rv2av rv2arylen
598 aelem helem aslice hslice padsv padav padhv enteriter entersub
600 $priv{$_}{64} = "REFC" for qw(leave leavesub leavesublv leavewrite);
601 @{$priv{aassign}}{32,64} = qw(STATE COMMON);
602 @{$priv{sassign}}{32,64,128} = qw(STATE BKWARD CV2GV);
603 $priv{$_}{64} = "RTIME" for qw(match subst substcont qr);
604 @{$priv{$_}}{1,2,4,8,16,64} = qw(<UTF >UTF IDENT SQUASH DEL COMPL GROWS)
605 for qw(trans transr);
606 $priv{repeat}{64} = "DOLIST";
607 $priv{leaveloop}{64} = "CONT";
608 $priv{$_}{4} = "DREFed" for qw(rv2sv rv2av rv2hv);
609 @{$priv{$_}}{32,64,96} = qw(DREFAV DREFHV DREFSV)
610 for qw(rv2gv rv2sv padsv aelem helem);
611 $priv{$_}{16} = "STATE" for qw(padav padhv padsv);
612 @{$priv{rv2gv}}{4,16} = qw(NOINIT FAKE);
613 @{$priv{entersub}}{1,4,16,32,64} = qw(INARGS TARG DBG DEREF);
614 @{$priv{rv2cv}}{1,8,128} = qw(CONST AMPER NO());
615 $priv{gv}{32} = "EARLYCV";
616 $priv{$_}{16} = "LVDEFER" for qw(aelem helem);
617 $priv{$_}{16} = "OURINTR" for qw(gvsv rv2sv rv2av rv2hv r2gv enteriter);
618 $priv{$_}{8} = "LVSUB"
619 for qw(rv2av rv2gv rv2hv padav padhv aelem helem aslice hslice
620 av2arylen keys rkeys substr pos vec);
621 $priv{$_}{4} = "SLICEWARN"
622 for qw(rv2hv rv2av kvhslice kvaslice padav padhv hslice aslice);
623 @{$priv{$_}}{32,64} = qw(BOOL BOOL?) for qw(rv2hv padhv);
624 $priv{substr}{16} = "REPL1ST";
625 $priv{$_}{16} = "TARGMY"
626 for map(($_,"s$_"), qw(chop chomp)),
627 map(($_,"i_$_"), qw(postinc postdec multiply divide modulo add
629 qw(pow concat stringify left_shift right_shift bit_and bit_xor
630 bit_or complement atan2 sin cos rand exp log sqrt int hex oct
631 abs length index rindex sprintf ord chr crypt quotemeta join
632 push unshift flock chdir chown chroot unlink chmod utime rename
633 link symlink mkdir rmdir wait waitpid system exec kill getppid
634 getpgrp setpgrp getpriority setpriority time sleep);
635 $priv{$_}{4} = "REVERSED" for qw(enteriter iter);
636 @{$priv{const}}{2,4,8,16,64,128} = qw(NOVER SHORT STRICT ENTERED BARE FOLD);
637 $priv{$_}{64} = "LINENUM" for qw(flip flop);
638 $priv{list}{64} = "GUESSED";
639 $priv{delete}{64} = "SLICE";
640 $priv{exists}{64} = "SUB";
641 @{$priv{sort}}{1,2,4,8,16,32,64} = qw(NUM INT REV INPLACE DESC QSORT STABLE);
642 $priv{reverse}{8} = "INPLACE";
643 $priv{threadsv}{64} = "SVREFd";
644 @{$priv{$_}}{16,32,64,128} = qw(INBIN INCR OUTBIN OUTCR)
645 for qw(open backtick);
646 $priv{exit}{128} = "VMS";
647 $priv{$_}{2} = "FTACCESS"
648 for qw(ftrread ftrwrite ftrexec fteread ftewrite fteexec);
649 @{$priv{entereval}}{2,4,8,16} = qw(HAS_HH UNI BYTES COPHH);
650 @{$priv{$_}}{4,8,16} = qw(FTSTACKED FTSTACKING FTAFTERt)
651 for qw(ftrread ftrwrite ftrexec fteread ftewrite fteexec ftis fteowned
652 ftrowned ftzero ftsize ftmtime ftatime ftctime ftsock ftchr
653 ftblk ftfile ftdir ftpipe ftlink ftsuid ftsgid ftsvtx fttty
655 $priv{$_}{2} = "GREPLEX"
656 for qw(mapwhile mapstart grepwhile grepstart);
657 $priv{$_}{128} = "+1" for qw(caller wantarray runcv);
658 @{$priv{coreargs}}{1,2,64,128} = qw(DREF1 DREF2 $MOD MARK);
659 $priv{$_}{128} = "UTF" for qw(last redo next goto dump);
660 $priv{split}{128} = "IMPLIM";
662 our %hints; # used to display each COP's op_hints values
664 # strict refs, subs, vars
665 @hints{2,512,1024,32,64,128} = ('$', '&', '*', 'x$', 'x&', 'x*');
666 # integers, locale, bytes
667 @hints{1,4,8,16} = ('i', 'l', 'b');
668 # block scope, localise %^H, $^OPEN (in), $^OPEN (out)
669 @hints{256,131072,262144,524288} = ('{','%','<','>');
670 # overload new integer, float, binary, string, re
671 @hints{4096,8192,16384,32768,65536} = ('I', 'F', 'B', 'S', 'R');
673 @hints{1048576,2097152} = ('T', 'E');
674 # filetest access, UTF-8
675 @hints{4194304,8388608} = ('X', 'U');
680 for my $flag (sort {$b <=> $a} keys %$hash) {
681 if ($hash->{$flag} and $x & $flag and $x >= $flag) {
683 push @s, $hash->{$flag};
687 return join(",", @s);
692 _flags($priv{$name}, $x);
701 my($sv, $hr, $preferpv) = @_;
702 $hr->{svclass} = class($sv);
703 $hr->{svclass} = "UV"
704 if $hr->{svclass} eq "IV" and $sv->FLAGS & SVf_IVisUV;
705 Carp::cluck("bad concise_sv: $sv") unless $sv and $$sv;
706 $hr->{svaddr} = sprintf("%#x", $$sv);
707 if ($hr->{svclass} eq "GV" && $sv->isGV_with_GP()) {
709 my $stash = $gv->STASH;
710 if (class($stash) eq "SPECIAL") {
714 $stash = $stash->NAME;
716 if ($stash eq "main") {
719 $stash = $stash . "::";
721 $hr->{svval} = "*$stash" . $gv->SAFENAME;
722 return "*$stash" . $gv->SAFENAME;
725 while (class($sv) eq "IV" && $sv->FLAGS & SVf_ROK) {
726 $hr->{svval} .= "\\";
730 while (class($sv) eq "RV") {
731 $hr->{svval} .= "\\";
735 if (class($sv) eq "SPECIAL") {
736 $hr->{svval} .= ["Null", "sv_undef", "sv_yes", "sv_no"]->[$$sv];
738 && ($sv->FLAGS & SVf_POK || class($sv) eq "REGEXP")) {
739 $hr->{svval} .= cstring($sv->PV);
740 } elsif ($sv->FLAGS & SVf_NOK) {
741 $hr->{svval} .= $sv->NV;
742 } elsif ($sv->FLAGS & SVf_IOK) {
743 $hr->{svval} .= $sv->int_value;
744 } elsif ($sv->FLAGS & SVf_POK || class($sv) eq "REGEXP") {
745 $hr->{svval} .= cstring($sv->PV);
746 } elsif (class($sv) eq "HV") {
747 $hr->{svval} .= 'HASH';
750 $hr->{svval} = 'undef' unless defined $hr->{svval};
751 my $out = $hr->{svclass};
752 return $out .= " $hr->{svval}" ;
760 if ($fullnm eq '-e') {
761 $srclines{$fullnm} = [ $fullnm, "-src not supported for -e" ];
764 open (my $fh, '<', $fullnm)
765 or warn "# $fullnm: $!, (chdirs not supported by this feature yet)\n"
769 unshift @l, $fullnm; # like @{_<$fullnm} in debug, array starts at 1
770 $srclines{$fullnm} = \@l;
774 my ($op, $level, $format) = @_;
776 $h{exname} = $h{name} = $op->name;
777 $h{NAME} = uc $h{name};
778 $h{class} = class($op);
779 $h{extarg} = $h{targ} = $op->targ;
780 $h{extarg} = "" unless $h{extarg};
781 if ($h{name} eq "null" and $h{targ}) {
782 # targ holds the old type
783 $h{exname} = "ex-" . substr(ppname($h{targ}), 3);
785 } elsif ($op->name =~ /^leave(sub(lv)?|write)?$/) {
786 # targ potentially holds a reference count
787 if ($op->private & 64) {
788 my $refs = "ref" . ($h{targ} != 1 ? "s" : "");
789 $h{targarglife} = $h{targarg} = "$h{targ} $refs";
792 my $count = $h{name} eq 'padrange' ? ($op->private & 127) : 1;
793 my (@targarg, @targarglife);
794 for my $i (0..$count-1) {
795 my ($targarg, $targarglife);
796 my $padname = (($curcv->PADLIST->ARRAY)[0]->ARRAY)[$h{targ}+$i];
797 if (defined $padname and class($padname) ne "SPECIAL") {
798 $targarg = $padname->PVX;
799 if ($padname->FLAGS & SVf_FAKE) {
800 # These changes relate to the jumbo closure fix.
801 # See changes 19939 and 20005
804 if $padname->PARENT_FAKELEX_FLAGS & PAD_FAKELEX_ANON;
806 if $padname->PARENT_FAKELEX_FLAGS & PAD_FAKELEX_MULTI;
807 $fake .= ':' . $padname->PARENT_PAD_INDEX
808 if $curcv->CvFLAGS & CVf_ANON;
809 $targarglife = "$targarg:FAKE:$fake";
812 my $intro = $padname->COP_SEQ_RANGE_LOW - $cop_seq_base;
813 my $finish = int($padname->COP_SEQ_RANGE_HIGH) - $cop_seq_base;
814 $finish = "end" if $finish == 999999999 - $cop_seq_base;
815 $targarglife = "$targarg:$intro,$finish";
818 $targarglife = $targarg = "t" . ($h{targ}+$i);
820 push @targarg, $targarg;
821 push @targarglife, $targarglife;
823 $h{targarg} = join '; ', @targarg;
824 $h{targarglife} = join '; ', @targarglife;
827 $h{svclass} = $h{svaddr} = $h{svval} = "";
828 if ($h{class} eq "PMOP") {
830 my $precomp = $op->precomp;
831 if (defined $precomp) {
832 $precomp = cstring($precomp); # Escape literal control sequences
833 $precomp = "/$precomp/";
837 if ($op->name eq 'subst') {
838 if (class($op->pmreplstart) ne "NULL") {
840 $extra = " replstart->" . seq($op->pmreplstart);
843 elsif ($op->name eq 'pushre') {
844 # with C<@stash_array = split(/pat/, str);>,
845 # *stash_array is stored in /pat/'s pmreplroot.
846 my $gv = $op->pmreplroot;
848 # threaded: the value is actually a pad offset for where
849 # the GV is kept (op_pmtargetoff)
851 $gv = (($curcv->PADLIST->ARRAY)[1]->ARRAY)[$gv]->NAME;
855 # unthreaded: its a GV (if it exists)
856 $gv = (ref($gv) eq "B::GV") ? $gv->NAME : undef;
858 $extra = " => \@$gv" if $gv;
860 $h{arg} = "($precomp$extra)";
861 } elsif ($h{class} eq "PVOP" and $h{name} !~ '^transr?\z') {
862 $h{arg} = '("' . $op->pv . '")';
863 $h{svval} = '"' . $op->pv . '"';
864 } elsif ($h{class} eq "COP") {
865 my $label = $op->label;
866 $h{coplabel} = $label;
867 $label = $label ? "$label: " : "";
873 my($stash, $cseq) = ($op->stash->NAME, $op->cop_seq - $cop_seq_base);
874 $h{arg} = "($label$stash $cseq $loc)";
876 fill_srclines($pathnm) unless exists $srclines{$pathnm};
877 # Would love to retain Jim's use of // but this code needs to be
879 my $line = $srclines{$pathnm}[$ln];
880 $line = "-src unavailable under -e" unless defined $line;
881 $h{src} = "$ln: $line";
883 } elsif ($h{class} eq "LOOP") {
884 $h{arg} = "(next->" . seq($op->nextop) . " last->" . seq($op->lastop)
885 . " redo->" . seq($op->redoop) . ")";
886 } elsif ($h{class} eq "LOGOP") {
888 $h{arg} = "(other->" . seq($op->other) . ")";
890 elsif ($h{class} eq "SVOP" or $h{class} eq "PADOP") {
891 unless ($h{name} eq 'aelemfast' and $op->flags & OPf_SPECIAL) {
892 my $idx = ($h{class} eq "SVOP") ? $op->targ : $op->padix;
893 my $preferpv = $h{name} eq "method_named";
894 if ($h{class} eq "PADOP" or !${$op->sv}) {
895 my $sv = (($curcv->PADLIST->ARRAY)[1]->ARRAY)[$idx];
896 $h{arg} = "[" . concise_sv($sv, \%h, $preferpv) . "]";
897 $h{targarglife} = $h{targarg} = "";
899 $h{arg} = "(" . concise_sv($op->sv, \%h, $preferpv) . ")";
903 $h{seq} = $h{hyphseq} = seq($op);
904 $h{seq} = "" if $h{seq} eq "-";
906 $h{label} = $labels{$$op};
907 $h{next} = $op->next;
908 $h{next} = (class($h{next}) eq "NULL") ? "(end)" : seq($h{next});
909 $h{nextaddr} = sprintf("%#x", $ {$op->next});
910 $h{sibaddr} = sprintf("%#x", $ {$op->sibling});
911 $h{firstaddr} = sprintf("%#x", $ {$op->first}) if $op->can("first");
912 $h{lastaddr} = sprintf("%#x", $ {$op->last}) if $op->can("last");
914 $h{classsym} = $opclass{$h{class}};
915 $h{flagval} = $op->flags;
916 $h{flags} = op_flags($op->flags);
917 $h{privval} = $op->private;
918 $h{private} = private_flags($h{name}, $op->private);
919 if ($op->can("hints")) {
920 $h{hintsval} = $op->hints;
921 $h{hints} = hints_flags($h{hintsval});
923 $h{hintsval} = $h{hints} = '';
925 $h{addr} = sprintf("%#x", $$op);
926 $h{typenum} = $op->type;
927 $h{noise} = $linenoise[$op->type];
929 return fmt_line(\%h, $op, $format, $level);
933 my($op, $level) = @_;
934 if ($order eq "exec" and $lastnext and $$lastnext != $$op) {
935 # insert a 'goto' line
936 my $synth = {"seq" => seq($lastnext), "class" => class($lastnext),
937 "addr" => sprintf("%#x", $$lastnext),
938 "goto" => seq($lastnext), # simplify goto '-' removal
940 print $walkHandle fmt_line($synth, $op, $gotofmt, $level+1);
942 $lastnext = $op->next;
943 print $walkHandle concise_op($op, $level, $format);
946 # B::OP::terse (see Terse.pm) now just calls this
948 my($op, $level) = @_;
950 # This isn't necessarily right, but there's no easy way to get
951 # from an OP to the right CV. This is a limitation of the
952 # ->terse() interface style, and there isn't much to do about
953 # it. In particular, we can die in concise_op if the main pad
954 # isn't long enough, or has the wrong kind of entries, compared to
955 # the pad a sub was compiled with. The fix for that would be to
956 # make a backwards compatible "terse" format that never even
957 # looked at the pad, just like the old B::Terse. I don't think
958 # that's worth the effort, though.
959 $curcv = main_cv unless $curcv;
961 if ($order eq "exec" and $lastnext and $$lastnext != $$op) {
963 my $h = {"seq" => seq($lastnext), "class" => class($lastnext),
964 "addr" => sprintf("%#x", $$lastnext)};
966 fmt_line($h, $op, $style{"terse"}[1], $level+1);
968 $lastnext = $op->next;
970 concise_op($op, $level, $style{"terse"}[0]);
976 my $style = $tree_decorations[$tree_style];
977 my($space, $single, $kids, $kid, $nokid, $last, $lead, $size) = @$style;
978 my $name = concise_op($op, $level, $treefmt);
979 if (not $op->flags & OPf_KIDS) {
983 for (my $kid = $op->first; $$kid; $kid = $kid->sibling) {
984 push @lines, tree($kid, $level+1);
987 for ($i = $#lines; substr($lines[$i], 0, 1) eq " "; $i--) {
988 $lines[$i] = $space . $lines[$i];
991 $lines[$i] = $last . $lines[$i];
993 if (substr($lines[$i], 0, 1) eq " ") {
994 $lines[$i] = $nokid . $lines[$i];
996 $lines[$i] = $kid . $lines[$i];
999 $lines[$i] = $kids . $lines[$i];
1001 $lines[0] = $single . $lines[0];
1003 return("$name$lead" . shift @lines,
1004 map(" " x (length($name)+$size) . $_, @lines));
1007 # *** Warning: fragile kludge ahead ***
1008 # Because the B::* modules run in the same interpreter as the code
1009 # they're compiling, their presence tends to distort the view we have of
1010 # the code we're looking at. In particular, perl gives sequence numbers
1011 # to COPs. If the program we're looking at were run on its own, this
1012 # would start at 1. Because all of B::Concise and all the modules it
1013 # uses are compiled first, though, by the time we get to the user's
1014 # program the sequence number is already pretty high, which could be
1015 # distracting if you're trying to tell OPs apart. Therefore we'd like to
1016 # subtract an offset from all the sequence numbers we display, to
1017 # restore the simpler view of the world. The trick is to know what that
1018 # offset will be, when we're still compiling B::Concise! If we
1019 # hardcoded a value, it would have to change every time B::Concise or
1020 # other modules we use do. To help a little, what we do here is compile
1021 # a little code at the end of the module, and compute the base sequence
1022 # number for the user's program as being a small offset later, so all we
1023 # have to worry about are changes in the offset.
1025 # [For 5.8.x and earlier perl is generating sequence numbers for all ops,
1026 # and using them to reference labels]
1029 # When you say "perl -MO=Concise -e '$a'", the output should look like:
1031 # 4 <@> leave[t1] vKP/REFC ->(end)
1033 #^ smallest OP sequence number should be 1
1034 # 2 <;> nextstate(main 1 -e:1) v ->3
1035 # ^ smallest COP sequence number should be 1
1036 # - <1> ex-rv2sv vK/1 ->4
1037 # 3 <$> gvsv(*a) s ->4
1039 # If the second of the marked numbers there isn't 1, it means you need
1040 # to update the corresponding magic number in the next line.
1041 # Remember, this needs to stay the last things in the module.
1043 # Why is this different for MacOS? Does it matter?
1044 my $cop_seq_mnum = $^O eq 'MacOS' ? 12 : 11;
1045 $cop_seq_base = svref_2object(eval 'sub{0;}')->START->cop_seq + $cop_seq_mnum;
1053 B::Concise - Walk Perl syntax tree, printing concise info about ops
1057 perl -MO=Concise[,OPTIONS] foo.pl
1059 use B::Concise qw(set_style add_callback);
1063 This compiler backend prints the internal OPs of a Perl program's syntax
1064 tree in one of several space-efficient text formats suitable for debugging
1065 the inner workings of perl or other compiler backends. It can print OPs in
1066 the order they appear in the OP tree, in the order they will execute, or
1067 in a text approximation to their tree structure, and the format of the
1068 information displayed is customizable. Its function is similar to that of
1069 perl's B<-Dx> debugging flag or the B<B::Terse> module, but it is more
1070 sophisticated and flexible.
1074 Here's two outputs (or 'renderings'), using the -exec and -basic
1075 (i.e. default) formatting conventions on the same code snippet.
1077 % perl -MO=Concise,-exec -e '$a = $b + 42'
1079 2 <;> nextstate(main 1 -e:1) v
1081 4 <$> const[IV 42] s
1082 * 5 <2> add[t3] sK/2
1085 8 <@> leave[1 ref] vKP/REFC
1087 In this -exec rendering, each opcode is executed in the order shown.
1088 The add opcode, marked with '*', is discussed in more detail.
1090 The 1st column is the op's sequence number, starting at 1, and is
1091 displayed in base 36 by default. Here they're purely linear; the
1092 sequences are very helpful when looking at code with loops and
1095 The symbol between angle brackets indicates the op's type, for
1096 example; <2> is a BINOP, <@> a LISTOP, and <#> is a PADOP, which is
1097 used in threaded perls. (see L</"OP class abbreviations">).
1099 The opname, as in B<'add[t1]'>, may be followed by op-specific
1100 information in parentheses or brackets (ex B<'[t1]'>).
1102 The op-flags (ex B<'sK/2'>) are described in (L</"OP flags
1105 % perl -MO=Concise -e '$a = $b + 42'
1106 8 <@> leave[1 ref] vKP/REFC ->(end)
1108 2 <;> nextstate(main 1 -e:1) v ->3
1109 7 <2> sassign vKS/2 ->8
1110 * 5 <2> add[t1] sK/2 ->6
1111 - <1> ex-rv2sv sK/1 ->4
1112 3 <$> gvsv(*b) s ->4
1113 4 <$> const(IV 42) s ->5
1114 - <1> ex-rv2sv sKRM*/1 ->7
1115 6 <$> gvsv(*a) s ->7
1117 The default rendering is top-down, so they're not in execution order.
1118 This form reflects the way the stack is used to parse and evaluate
1119 expressions; the add operates on the two terms below it in the tree.
1121 Nullops appear as C<ex-opname>, where I<opname> is an op that has been
1122 optimized away by perl. They're displayed with a sequence-number of
1123 '-', because they are not executed (they don't appear in previous
1124 example), they're printed here because they reflect the parse.
1126 The arrow points to the sequence number of the next op; they're not
1127 displayed in -exec mode, for obvious reasons.
1129 Note that because this rendering was done on a non-threaded perl, the
1130 PADOPs in the previous examples are now SVOPs, and some (but not all)
1131 of the square brackets have been replaced by round ones. This is a
1132 subtle feature to provide some visual distinction between renderings
1133 on threaded and un-threaded perls.
1138 Arguments that don't start with a hyphen are taken to be the names of
1139 subroutines or formats to render; if no
1140 such functions are specified, the main
1141 body of the program (outside any subroutines, and not including use'd
1142 or require'd files) is rendered. Passing C<BEGIN>, C<UNITCHECK>,
1143 C<CHECK>, C<INIT>, or C<END> will cause all of the corresponding
1144 special blocks to be printed. Arguments must follow options.
1146 Options affect how things are rendered (ie printed). They're presented
1147 here by their visual effect, 1st being strongest. They're grouped
1148 according to how they interrelate; within each group the options are
1149 mutually exclusive (unless otherwise stated).
1151 =head2 Options for Opcode Ordering
1153 These options control the 'vertical display' of opcodes. The display
1154 'order' is also called 'mode' elsewhere in this document.
1160 Print OPs in the order they appear in the OP tree (a preorder
1161 traversal, starting at the root). The indentation of each OP shows its
1162 level in the tree, and the '->' at the end of the line indicates the
1163 next opcode in execution order. This mode is the default, so the flag
1164 is included simply for completeness.
1168 Print OPs in the order they would normally execute (for the majority
1169 of constructs this is a postorder traversal of the tree, ending at the
1170 root). In most cases the OP that usually follows a given OP will
1171 appear directly below it; alternate paths are shown by indentation. In
1172 cases like loops when control jumps out of a linear path, a 'goto'
1177 Print OPs in a text approximation of a tree, with the root of the tree
1178 at the left and 'left-to-right' order of children transformed into
1179 'top-to-bottom'. Because this mode grows both to the right and down,
1180 it isn't suitable for large programs (unless you have a very wide
1185 =head2 Options for Line-Style
1187 These options select the line-style (or just style) used to render
1188 each opcode, and dictates what info is actually printed into each line.
1194 Use the author's favorite set of formatting conventions. This is the
1199 Use formatting conventions that emulate the output of B<B::Terse>. The
1200 basic mode is almost indistinguishable from the real B<B::Terse>, and the
1201 exec mode looks very similar, but is in a more logical order and lacks
1202 curly brackets. B<B::Terse> doesn't have a tree mode, so the tree mode
1203 is only vaguely reminiscent of B<B::Terse>.
1207 Use formatting conventions in which the name of each OP, rather than being
1208 written out in full, is represented by a one- or two-character abbreviation.
1209 This is mainly a joke.
1213 Use formatting conventions reminiscent of B<B::Debug>; these aren't
1214 very concise at all.
1218 Use formatting conventions read from the environment variables
1219 C<B_CONCISE_FORMAT>, C<B_CONCISE_GOTO_FORMAT>, and C<B_CONCISE_TREE_FORMAT>.
1223 =head2 Options for tree-specific formatting
1229 Use a tree format in which the minimum amount of space is used for the
1230 lines connecting nodes (one character in most cases). This squeezes out
1231 a few precious columns of screen real estate.
1235 Use a tree format that uses longer edges to separate OP nodes. This format
1236 tends to look better than the compact one, especially in ASCII, and is
1241 Use tree connecting characters drawn from the VT100 line-drawing set.
1242 This looks better if your terminal supports it.
1246 Draw the tree with standard ASCII characters like C<+> and C<|>. These don't
1247 look as clean as the VT100 characters, but they'll work with almost any
1248 terminal (or the horizontal scrolling mode of less(1)) and are suitable
1249 for text documentation or email. This is the default.
1253 These are pairwise exclusive, i.e. compact or loose, vt or ascii.
1255 =head2 Options controlling sequence numbering
1261 Print OP sequence numbers in base I<n>. If I<n> is greater than 10, the
1262 digit for 11 will be 'a', and so on. If I<n> is greater than 36, the digit
1263 for 37 will be 'A', and so on until 62. Values greater than 62 are not
1264 currently supported. The default is 36.
1268 Print sequence numbers with the most significant digit first. This is the
1269 usual convention for Arabic numerals, and the default.
1271 =item B<-littleendian>
1273 Print sequence numbers with the least significant digit first. This is
1274 obviously mutually exclusive with bigendian.
1278 =head2 Other options
1284 With this option, the rendering of each statement (starting with the
1285 nextstate OP) will be preceded by the 1st line of source code that
1286 generates it. For example:
1290 2 <;> nextstate(main 1 junk.pl:1) v:{
1291 3 <0> padsv[$i:1,10] vM/LVINTRO
1292 # 3: for $i (0..9) {
1293 4 <;> nextstate(main 3 junk.pl:3) v:{
1297 8 <{> enteriter(next->j last->m redo->9)[$i:1,10] lKS
1299 l <|> and(other->9) vK/1
1301 9 <;> nextstate(main 2 junk.pl:4) v
1303 b <$> const[PV "line "] s
1308 =item B<-stash="somepackage">
1310 With this, "somepackage" will be required, then the stash is
1311 inspected, and each function is rendered.
1315 The following options are pairwise exclusive.
1321 Include the main program in the output, even if subroutines were also
1322 specified. This rendering is normally suppressed when a subroutine
1323 name or reference is given.
1327 This restores the default behavior after you've changed it with '-main'
1328 (it's not normally needed). If no subroutine name/ref is given, main is
1329 rendered, regardless of this flag.
1333 Renderings usually include a banner line identifying the function name
1334 or stringified subref. This suppresses the printing of the banner.
1336 TBC: Remove the stringified coderef; while it provides a 'cookie' for
1337 each function rendered, the cookies used should be 1,2,3.. not a
1338 random hex-address. It also complicates string comparison of two
1343 restores default banner behavior.
1345 =item B<-banneris> => subref
1347 TBC: a hookpoint (and an option to set it) for a user-supplied
1348 function to produce a banner appropriate for users needs. It's not
1349 ideal, because the rendering-state variables, which are a natural
1350 candidate for use in concise.t, are unavailable to the user.
1354 =head2 Option Stickiness
1356 If you invoke Concise more than once in a program, you should know that
1357 the options are 'sticky'. This means that the options you provide in
1358 the first call will be remembered for the 2nd call, unless you
1359 re-specify or change them.
1361 =head1 ABBREVIATIONS
1363 The concise style uses symbols to convey maximum info with minimal
1364 clutter (like hex addresses). With just a little practice, you can
1365 start to see the flowers, not just the branches, in the trees.
1367 =head2 OP class abbreviations
1369 These symbols appear before the op-name, and indicate the
1370 B:: namespace that represents the ops in your Perl code.
1372 0 OP (aka BASEOP) An OP with no children
1373 1 UNOP An OP with one child
1374 2 BINOP An OP with two children
1375 | LOGOP A control branch OP
1376 @ LISTOP An OP that could have lots of children
1377 / PMOP An OP with a regular expression
1378 $ SVOP An OP with an SV
1379 " PVOP An OP with a string
1380 { LOOP An OP that holds pointers for a loop
1381 ; COP An OP that marks the start of a statement
1382 # PADOP An OP with a GV on the pad
1384 =head2 OP flags abbreviations
1386 OP flags are either public or private. The public flags alter the
1387 behavior of each opcode in consistent ways, and are represented by 0
1388 or more single characters.
1390 v OPf_WANT_VOID Want nothing (void context)
1391 s OPf_WANT_SCALAR Want single value (scalar context)
1392 l OPf_WANT_LIST Want list of any length (list context)
1394 K OPf_KIDS There is a firstborn child.
1395 P OPf_PARENS This operator was parenthesized.
1396 (Or block needs explicit scope entry.)
1397 R OPf_REF Certified reference.
1398 (Return container, not containee).
1399 M OPf_MOD Will modify (lvalue).
1400 S OPf_STACKED Some arg is arriving on the stack.
1401 * OPf_SPECIAL Do something weird for this op (see op.h)
1403 Private flags, if any are set for an opcode, are displayed after a '/'
1405 8 <@> leave[1 ref] vKP/REFC ->(end)
1406 7 <2> sassign vKS/2 ->8
1408 They're opcode specific, and occur less often than the public ones, so
1409 they're represented by short mnemonics instead of single-chars; see
1410 F<op.h> for gory details, or try this quick 2-liner:
1412 $> perl -MB::Concise -de 1
1413 DB<1> |x \%B::Concise::priv
1415 =head1 FORMATTING SPECIFICATIONS
1417 For each line-style ('concise', 'terse', 'linenoise', etc.) there are
1418 3 format-specs which control how OPs are rendered.
1420 The first is the 'default' format, which is used in both basic and exec
1421 modes to print all opcodes. The 2nd, goto-format, is used in exec
1422 mode when branches are encountered. They're not real opcodes, and are
1423 inserted to look like a closing curly brace. The tree-format is tree
1426 When a line is rendered, the correct format-spec is copied and scanned
1427 for the following items; data is substituted in, and other
1428 manipulations like basic indenting are done, for each opcode rendered.
1430 There are 3 kinds of items that may be populated; special patterns,
1431 #vars, and literal text, which is copied verbatim. (Yes, it's a set
1434 =head2 Special Patterns
1436 These items are the primitives used to perform indenting, and to
1437 select text from amongst alternatives.
1441 =item B<(x(>I<exec_text>B<;>I<basic_text>B<)x)>
1443 Generates I<exec_text> in exec mode, or I<basic_text> in basic mode.
1445 =item B<(*(>I<text>B<)*)>
1447 Generates one copy of I<text> for each indentation level.
1449 =item B<(*(>I<text1>B<;>I<text2>B<)*)>
1451 Generates one fewer copies of I<text1> than the indentation level, followed
1452 by one copy of I<text2> if the indentation level is more than 0.
1454 =item B<(?(>I<text1>B<#>I<var>I<Text2>B<)?)>
1456 If the value of I<var> is true (not empty or zero), generates the
1457 value of I<var> surrounded by I<text1> and I<Text2>, otherwise
1462 Any number of tildes and surrounding whitespace will be collapsed to
1469 These #vars represent opcode properties that you may want as part of
1470 your rendering. The '#' is intended as a private sigil; a #var's
1471 value is interpolated into the style-line, much like "read $this".
1473 These vars take 3 forms:
1479 A property named 'var' is assumed to exist for the opcodes, and is
1480 interpolated into the rendering.
1482 =item B<#>I<var>I<N>
1484 Generates the value of I<var>, left justified to fill I<N> spaces.
1485 Note that this means while you can have properties 'foo' and 'foo2',
1486 you cannot render 'foo2', but you could with 'foo2a'. You would be
1487 wise not to rely on this behavior going forward ;-)
1491 This ucfirst form of #var generates a tag-value form of itself for
1492 display; it converts '#Var' into a 'Var => #var' style, which is then
1493 handled as described above. (Imp-note: #Vars cannot be used for
1494 conditional-fills, because the => #var transform is done after the check
1499 The following variables are 'defined' by B::Concise; when they are
1500 used in a style, their respective values are plugged into the
1501 rendering of each opcode.
1503 Only some of these are used by the standard styles, the others are
1504 provided for you to delve into optree mechanics, should you wish to
1505 add a new style (see L</add_style> below) that uses them. You can
1506 also add new ones using L</add_callback>.
1512 The address of the OP, in hexadecimal.
1516 The OP-specific information of the OP (such as the SV for an SVOP, the
1517 non-local exit pointers for a LOOP, etc.) enclosed in parentheses.
1521 The B-determined class of the OP, in all caps.
1525 A single symbol abbreviating the class of the OP.
1529 The label of the statement or block the OP is the start of, if any.
1533 The name of the OP, or 'ex-foo' if the OP is a null that used to be a foo.
1537 The target of the OP, or nothing for a nulled OP.
1541 The address of the OP's first child, in hexadecimal.
1545 The OP's flags, abbreviated as a series of symbols.
1549 The numeric value of the OP's flags.
1553 The COP's hint flags, rendered with abbreviated names if possible. An empty
1554 string if this is not a COP. Here are the symbols used:
1559 x$ explicit use/no strict refs
1560 x& explicit use/no strict subs
1561 x* explicit use/no strict vars
1581 The numeric value of the COP's hint flags, or an empty string if this is not
1586 The sequence number of the OP, or a hyphen if it doesn't have one.
1590 'NEXT', 'LAST', or 'REDO' if the OP is a target of one of those in exec
1591 mode, or empty otherwise.
1595 The address of the OP's last child, in hexadecimal.
1603 The OP's name, in all caps.
1607 The sequence number of the OP's next OP.
1611 The address of the OP's next OP, in hexadecimal.
1615 A one- or two-character abbreviation for the OP's name.
1619 The OP's private flags, rendered with abbreviated names if possible.
1623 The numeric value of the OP's private flags.
1627 The sequence number of the OP. Note that this is a sequence number
1628 generated by B::Concise.
1632 5.8.x and earlier only. 5.9 and later do not provide this.
1634 The real sequence number of the OP, as a regular number and not adjusted
1635 to be relative to the start of the real program. (This will generally be
1636 a fairly large number because all of B<B::Concise> is compiled before
1641 Whether or not the op has been optimized by the peephole optimizer.
1643 Only available in 5.9 and later.
1647 The address of the OP's next youngest sibling, in hexadecimal.
1651 The address of the OP's SV, if it has an SV, in hexadecimal.
1655 The class of the OP's SV, if it has one, in all caps (e.g., 'IV').
1659 The value of the OP's SV, if it has one, in a short human-readable format.
1663 The numeric value of the OP's targ.
1667 The name of the variable the OP's targ refers to, if any, otherwise the
1668 letter t followed by the OP's targ in decimal.
1670 =item B<#targarglife>
1672 Same as B<#targarg>, but followed by the COP sequence numbers that delimit
1673 the variable's lifetime (or 'end' for a variable in an open scope) for a
1678 The numeric value of the OP's type, in decimal.
1682 =head1 One-Liner Command tips
1686 =item perl -MO=Concise,bar foo.pl
1688 Renders only bar() from foo.pl. To see main, drop the ',bar'. To see
1691 =item perl -MDigest::MD5=md5 -MO=Concise,md5 -e1
1693 Identifies md5 as an XS function. The export is needed so that BC can
1696 =item perl -MPOSIX -MO=Concise,_POSIX_ARG_MAX -e1
1698 Identifies _POSIX_ARG_MAX as a constant sub, optimized to an IV.
1699 Although POSIX isn't entirely consistent across platforms, this is
1700 likely to be present in virtually all of them.
1702 =item perl -MPOSIX -MO=Concise,a -e 'print _POSIX_SAVED_IDS'
1704 This renders a print statement, which includes a call to the function.
1705 It's identical to rendering a file with a use call and that single
1706 statement, except for the filename which appears in the nextstate ops.
1708 =item perl -MPOSIX -MO=Concise,a -e 'sub a{_POSIX_SAVED_IDS}'
1710 This is B<very> similar to previous, only the first two ops differ. This
1711 subroutine rendering is more representative, insofar as a single main
1712 program will have many subs.
1714 =item perl -MB::Concise -e 'B::Concise::compile("-exec","-src", \%B::Concise::)->()'
1716 This renders all functions in the B::Concise package with the source
1717 lines. It eschews the O framework so that the stashref can be passed
1718 directly to B::Concise::compile(). See -stash option for a more
1719 convenient way to render a package.
1723 =head1 Using B::Concise outside of the O framework
1725 The common (and original) usage of B::Concise was for command-line
1726 renderings of simple code, as given in EXAMPLE. But you can also use
1727 B<B::Concise> from your code, and call compile() directly, and
1728 repeatedly. By doing so, you can avoid the compile-time only
1729 operation of O.pm, and even use the debugger to step through
1730 B::Concise::compile() itself.
1732 Once you're doing this, you may alter Concise output by adding new
1733 rendering styles, and by optionally adding callback routines which
1734 populate new variables, if such were referenced from those (just
1737 =head2 Example: Altering Concise Renderings
1739 use B::Concise qw(set_style add_callback);
1740 add_style($yourStyleName => $defaultfmt, $gotofmt, $treefmt);
1743 my ($h, $op, $format, $level, $stylename) = @_;
1744 $h->{variable} = some_func($op);
1746 $walker = B::Concise::compile(@options,@subnames,@subrefs);
1751 B<set_style> accepts 3 arguments, and updates the three format-specs
1752 comprising a line-style (basic-exec, goto, tree). It has one minor
1753 drawback though; it doesn't register the style under a new name. This
1754 can become an issue if you render more than once and switch styles.
1755 Thus you may prefer to use add_style() and/or set_style_standard()
1758 =head2 set_style_standard($name)
1760 This restores one of the standard line-styles: C<terse>, C<concise>,
1761 C<linenoise>, C<debug>, C<env>, into effect. It also accepts style
1762 names previously defined with add_style().
1766 This subroutine accepts a new style name and three style arguments as
1767 above, and creates, registers, and selects the newly named style. It is
1768 an error to re-add a style; call set_style_standard() to switch between
1771 =head2 add_callback ()
1773 If your newly minted styles refer to any new #variables, you'll need
1774 to define a callback subroutine that will populate (or modify) those
1775 variables. They are then available for use in the style you've
1778 The callbacks are called for each opcode visited by Concise, in the
1779 same order as they are added. Each subroutine is passed five
1782 1. A hashref, containing the variable names and values which are
1783 populated into the report-line for the op
1784 2. the op, as a B<B::OP> object
1785 3. a reference to the format string
1786 4. the formatting (indent) level
1787 5. the selected stylename
1789 To define your own variables, simply add them to the hash, or change
1790 existing values if you need to. The level and format are passed in as
1791 references to scalars, but it is unlikely that they will need to be
1792 changed or even used.
1794 =head2 Running B::Concise::compile()
1796 B<compile> accepts options as described above in L</OPTIONS>, and
1797 arguments, which are either coderefs, or subroutine names.
1799 It constructs and returns a $treewalker coderef, which when invoked,
1800 traverses, or walks, and renders the optrees of the given arguments to
1801 STDOUT. You can reuse this, and can change the rendering style used
1802 each time; thereafter the coderef renders in the new style.
1804 B<walk_output> lets you change the print destination from STDOUT to
1805 another open filehandle, or into a string passed as a ref (unless
1806 you've built perl with -Uuseperlio).
1808 my $walker = B::Concise::compile('-terse','aFuncName', \&aSubRef); # 1
1809 walk_output(\my $buf);
1810 $walker->(); # 1 renders -terse
1811 set_style_standard('concise'); # 2
1812 $walker->(); # 2 renders -concise
1813 $walker->(@new); # 3 renders whatever
1814 print "3 different renderings: terse, concise, and @new: $buf\n";
1816 When $walker is called, it traverses the subroutines supplied when it
1817 was created, and renders them using the current style. You can change
1818 the style afterwards in several different ways:
1820 1. call C<compile>, altering style or mode/order
1821 2. call C<set_style_standard>
1822 3. call $walker, passing @new options
1824 Passing new options to the $walker is the easiest way to change
1825 amongst any pre-defined styles (the ones you add are automatically
1826 recognized as options), and is the only way to alter rendering order
1827 without calling compile again. Note however that rendering state is
1828 still shared amongst multiple $walker objects, so they must still be
1829 used in a coordinated manner.
1831 =head2 B::Concise::reset_sequence()
1833 This function (not exported) lets you reset the sequence numbers (note
1834 that they're numbered arbitrarily, their goal being to be human
1835 readable). Its purpose is mostly to support testing, i.e. to compare
1836 the concise output from two identical anonymous subroutines (but
1837 different instances). Without the reset, B::Concise, seeing that
1838 they're separate optrees, generates different sequence numbers in
1843 Errors in rendering (non-existent function-name, non-existent coderef)
1844 are written to the STDOUT, or wherever you've set it via
1847 Errors using the various *style* calls, and bad args to walk_output(),
1848 result in die(). Use an eval if you wish to catch these errors and
1849 continue processing.
1853 Stephen McCamant, E<lt>smcc@CSUA.Berkeley.EDUE<gt>.