9 if(exists($::{"utf8::"}) && exists($utf8::{"is_utf8"}) &&
10 defined(*{"utf8::is_utf8"}{CODE})) {
11 *is_utf8 = \&{"utf8::is_utf8"};
19 if(exists($::{"utf8::"}) && exists($utf8::{"downgrade"}) &&
20 defined(*{"utf8::downgrade"}{CODE})) {
21 *downgrade = \&{"utf8::downgrade"};
27 our $VERSION = '1.22';
32 our $MaxArgLen = 64; # How much of each argument to print. 0 = all.
33 our $MaxArgNums = 8; # How many arguments to print. 0 = all.
36 our @ISA = ('Exporter');
37 our @EXPORT = qw(confess croak carp);
38 our @EXPORT_OK = qw(cluck verbose longmess shortmess);
39 our @EXPORT_FAIL = qw(verbose); # hook to enable verbose mode
41 # The members of %Internal are packages that are internal to perl.
42 # Carp will not report errors from within these packages if it
43 # can. The members of %CarpInternal are internal to Perl's warning
44 # system. Carp will not report errors from within these packages
45 # either, and will not report calls *to* these packages for carp and
46 # croak. They replace $CarpLevel, which is deprecated. The
47 # $Max(EvalLen|(Arg(Len|Nums)) variables are used to specify how the eval
48 # text and function arguments should be formatted when printed.
53 # disable these by default, so they can live w/o require Carp
54 $CarpInternal{Carp}++;
55 $CarpInternal{warnings}++;
56 $Internal{Exporter}++;
57 $Internal{'Exporter::Heavy'}++;
59 # if the caller specifies verbose usage ("perl -MCarp=verbose script.pl")
60 # then the following method will be called by the Exporter which knows
61 # to do this thanks to @EXPORT_FAIL, above. $_[1] will contain the word
64 sub export_fail { shift; $Verbose = shift if $_[0] eq 'verbose'; @_ }
68 return \&{"CORE::GLOBAL::caller"} if defined &{"CORE::GLOBAL::caller"};
73 # Icky backwards compatibility wrapper. :-(
75 # The story is that the original implementation hard-coded the
76 # number of call levels to go back, so calls to longmess were off
77 # by one. Other code began calling longmess and expecting this
78 # behaviour, so the replacement has to emulate that behaviour.
80 my $call_pack = $cgc ? $cgc->() : caller();
81 if ( $Internal{$call_pack} or $CarpInternal{$call_pack} ) {
82 return longmess_heavy(@_);
85 local $CarpLevel = $CarpLevel + 1;
86 return longmess_heavy(@_);
95 # Icky backwards compatibility wrapper. :-(
96 local @CARP_NOT = $cgc ? $cgc->() : caller();
100 sub croak { die shortmess @_ }
101 sub confess { die longmess @_ }
102 sub carp { warn shortmess @_ }
103 sub cluck { warn longmess @_ }
106 if("$]" >= 5.015002 || ("$]" >= 5.014002 && "$]" < 5.015) ||
107 ("$]" >= 5.012005 && "$]" < 5.013)) {
108 *CALLER_OVERRIDE_CHECK_OK = sub () { 1 };
110 *CALLER_OVERRIDE_CHECK_OK = sub () { 0 };
115 my $i = shift(@_) + 1;
119 # Some things override caller() but forget to implement the
120 # @DB::args part of it, which we need. We check for this by
121 # pre-populating @DB::args with a sentinel which no-one else
122 # has the address of, so that we can detect whether @DB::args
123 # has been properly populated. However, on earlier versions
124 # of perl this check tickles a bug in CORE::caller() which
125 # leaks memory. So we only check on fixed perls.
126 @DB::args = \$i if CALLER_OVERRIDE_CHECK_OK;
129 qw(pack file line sub has_args wantarray evaltext is_require) }
130 = $cgc ? $cgc->($i) : caller($i);
133 unless ( defined $call_info{pack} ) {
137 my $sub_name = Carp::get_subname( \%call_info );
138 if ( $call_info{has_args} ) {
140 if (CALLER_OVERRIDE_CHECK_OK && @DB::args == 1
141 && ref $DB::args[0] eq ref \$i
142 && $DB::args[0] == \$i ) {
143 @DB::args = (); # Don't let anyone see the address of $i
146 my $func = $cgc or return '';
149 ( $::{"B::"} || return '') # B stash
150 ->{svref_2object} || return '' # entry in stash
151 }{CODE} # coderef in entry
153 my $package = $gv->STASH->NAME;
154 my $subname = $gv->NAME;
155 return unless defined $package && defined $subname;
157 # returning CORE::GLOBAL::caller isn't useful for tracing the cause:
158 return if $package eq 'CORE::GLOBAL' && $subname eq 'caller';
159 " in &${package}::$subname";
162 = "** Incomplete caller override detected$where; \@DB::args were not set **";
165 @args = map { Carp::format_arg($_) } @DB::args;
167 if ( $MaxArgNums and @args > $MaxArgNums )
168 { # More than we want to show?
169 $#args = $MaxArgNums;
173 # Push the args onto the subroutine
174 $sub_name .= '(' . join( ', ', @args ) . ')';
176 $call_info{sub_name} = $sub_name;
177 return wantarray() ? %call_info : \%call_info;
180 # Transform an argument to a function into a string.
184 $arg = defined($overload::VERSION) ? overload::StrVal($arg) : "$arg";
186 if ( defined($arg) ) {
188 $arg = str_len_trim( $arg, $MaxArgLen );
191 # Downgrade, and use [0-9] rather than \d, to avoid loading
192 # Unicode tables, which would be liable to fail if we're
193 # processing a syntax error.
195 $arg = "'$arg'" unless $arg =~ /^-?[0-9.]+\z/;
201 # The following handling of "control chars" is direct from
202 # the original code - it is broken on Unicode though.
205 or $arg =~ s/([[:cntrl:]]|[[:^ascii:]])/sprintf("\\x{%x}",ord($1))/eg;
209 # Takes an inheritance cache and a package and returns
210 # an anon hash of known inheritances and anon array of
211 # inheritances which consequences have not been figured
216 $cache->{$pkg} ||= [ { $pkg => $pkg }, [ trusts_directly($pkg) ] ];
217 return @{ $cache->{$pkg} };
220 # Takes the info from caller() and figures out the name of
221 # the sub/require/eval
224 if ( defined( $info->{evaltext} ) ) {
225 my $eval = $info->{evaltext};
226 if ( $info->{is_require} ) {
227 return "require $eval";
230 $eval =~ s/([\\\'])/\\$1/g;
231 return "eval '" . str_len_trim( $eval, $MaxEvalLen ) . "'";
235 return ( $info->{sub} eq '(eval)' ) ? 'eval {...}' : $info->{sub};
238 # Figures out what call (from the point of view of the caller)
239 # the long error backtrace should start at.
242 my $lvl = $CarpLevel;
246 my $pkg = $cgc ? $cgc->($i) : caller($i);
247 unless ( defined($pkg) ) {
249 # This *shouldn't* happen.
252 $i = long_error_loc();
257 # OK, now I am irritated.
261 redo if $CarpInternal{$pkg};
262 redo unless 0 > --$lvl;
263 redo if $Internal{$pkg};
269 return @_ if ref( $_[0] ); # don't break references as exceptions
270 my $i = long_error_loc();
271 return ret_backtrace( $i, @_ );
274 # Returns a full stack backtrace starting from where it is
277 my ( $i, @error ) = @_;
279 my $err = join '', @error;
283 if ( defined &threads::tid ) {
284 my $tid = threads->tid;
285 $tid_msg = " thread $tid" if $tid;
288 my %i = caller_info($i);
289 $mess = "$err at $i{file} line $i{line}$tid_msg\n";
291 while ( my %i = caller_info( ++$i ) ) {
292 $mess .= "\t$i{sub_name} called at $i{file} line $i{line}$tid_msg\n";
299 my ( $i, @error ) = @_;
300 my $err = join '', @error;
304 if ( defined &threads::tid ) {
305 my $tid = threads->tid;
306 $tid_msg = " thread $tid" if $tid;
309 my %i = caller_info($i);
310 return "$err at $i{file} line $i{line}$tid_msg\n";
313 sub short_error_loc {
314 # You have to create your (hash)ref out here, rather than defaulting it
315 # inside trusts *on a lexical*, as you want it to persist across calls.
316 # (You can default it on $_[2], but that gets messy)
319 my $lvl = $CarpLevel;
322 my $called = $cgc ? $cgc->($i) : caller($i);
324 my $caller = $cgc ? $cgc->($i) : caller($i);
326 return 0 unless defined($caller); # What happened?
327 redo if $Internal{$caller};
328 redo if $CarpInternal{$caller};
329 redo if $CarpInternal{$called};
330 redo if trusts( $called, $caller, $cache );
331 redo if trusts( $caller, $called, $cache );
332 redo unless 0 > --$lvl;
337 sub shortmess_heavy {
338 return longmess_heavy(@_) if $Verbose;
339 return @_ if ref( $_[0] ); # don't break references as exceptions
340 my $i = short_error_loc();
342 ret_summary( $i, @_ );
349 # If a string is too long, trims it with ...
352 my $max = shift || 0;
353 if ( 2 < $max and $max < length($str) ) {
354 substr( $str, $max - 3 ) = '...';
359 # Takes two packages and an optional cache. Says whether the
360 # first inherits from the second.
362 # Recursive versions of this have to work to avoid certain
363 # possible endless loops, and when following long chains of
364 # inheritance are less efficient.
369 my ( $known, $partial ) = get_status( $cache, $child );
371 # Figure out consequences until we have an answer
372 while ( @$partial and not exists $known->{$parent} ) {
373 my $anc = shift @$partial;
374 next if exists $known->{$anc};
376 my ( $anc_knows, $anc_partial ) = get_status( $cache, $anc );
377 my @found = keys %$anc_knows;
378 @$known{@found} = ();
379 push @$partial, @$anc_partial;
381 return exists $known->{$parent};
384 # Takes a package and gives a list of those trusted directly
385 sub trusts_directly {
389 return @{"$class\::CARP_NOT"}
390 ? @{"$class\::CARP_NOT"}
400 Carp - alternative warn and die for modules
406 # warn user (from perspective of caller)
407 carp "string trimmed to 80 chars";
409 # die of errors (from perspective of caller)
410 croak "We're outta here!";
412 # die of errors with stack backtrace
413 confess "not implemented";
415 # cluck not exported by default
417 cluck "This is how we got here!";
421 The Carp routines are useful in your own modules because
422 they act like die() or warn(), but with a message which is more
423 likely to be useful to a user of your module. In the case of
424 cluck, confess, and longmess that context is a summary of every
425 call in the call-stack. For a shorter message you can use C<carp>
426 or C<croak> which report the error as being from where your module
427 was called. There is no guarantee that that is where the error
428 was, but it is a good educated guess.
430 You can also alter the way the output and logic of C<Carp> works, by
431 changing some global variables in the C<Carp> namespace. See the
432 section on C<GLOBAL VARIABLES> below.
434 Here is a more complete description of how C<carp> and C<croak> work.
435 What they do is search the call-stack for a function call stack where
436 they have not been told that there shouldn't be an error. If every
437 call is marked safe, they give up and give a full stack backtrace
438 instead. In other words they presume that the first likely looking
439 potential suspect is guilty. Their rules for telling whether
440 a call shouldn't generate errors work as follows:
446 Any call from a package to itself is safe.
450 Packages claim that there won't be errors on calls to or from
451 packages explicitly marked as safe by inclusion in C<@CARP_NOT>, or
452 (if that array is empty) C<@ISA>. The ability to override what
453 @ISA says is new in 5.8.
457 The trust in item 2 is transitive. If A trusts B, and B
458 trusts C, then A trusts C. So if you do not override C<@ISA>
459 with C<@CARP_NOT>, then this trust relationship is identical to,
464 Any call from an internal Perl module is safe. (Nothing keeps
465 user modules from marking themselves as internal to Perl, but
466 this practice is discouraged.)
470 Any call to Perl's warning system (eg Carp itself) is safe.
471 (This rule is what keeps it from reporting the error at the
472 point where you call C<carp> or C<croak>.)
476 C<$Carp::CarpLevel> can be set to skip a fixed number of additional
477 call levels. Using this is not recommended because it is very
478 difficult to get it to behave correctly.
482 =head2 Forcing a Stack Trace
484 As a debugging aid, you can force Carp to treat a croak as a confess
485 and a carp as a cluck across I<all> modules. In other words, force a
486 detailed stack trace to be given. This can be very helpful when trying
487 to understand why, or from where, a warning or error is being generated.
489 This feature is enabled by 'importing' the non-existent symbol
490 'verbose'. You would typically enable it by saying
492 perl -MCarp=verbose script.pl
494 or by including the string C<-MCarp=verbose> in the PERL5OPT
495 environment variable.
497 Alternately, you can set the global variable C<$Carp::Verbose> to true.
498 See the C<GLOBAL VARIABLES> section below.
500 =head1 GLOBAL VARIABLES
502 =head2 $Carp::MaxEvalLen
504 This variable determines how many characters of a string-eval are to
505 be shown in the output. Use a value of C<0> to show all text.
509 =head2 $Carp::MaxArgLen
511 This variable determines how many characters of each argument to a
512 function to print. Use a value of C<0> to show the full length of the
517 =head2 $Carp::MaxArgNums
519 This variable determines how many arguments to each function to show.
520 Use a value of C<0> to show all arguments to a function call.
524 =head2 $Carp::Verbose
526 This variable makes C<carp> and C<croak> generate stack backtraces
527 just like C<cluck> and C<confess>. This is how C<use Carp 'verbose'>
528 is implemented internally.
534 This variable, I<in your package>, says which packages are I<not> to be
535 considered as the location of an error. The C<carp()> and C<cluck()>
536 functions will skip over callers when reporting where an error occurred.
538 NB: This variable must be in the package's symbol table, thus:
541 our @CARP_NOT; # file scope
542 use vars qw(@CARP_NOT); # package scope
543 @My::Package::CARP_NOT = ... ; # explicit package variable
546 sub xyz { ... @CARP_NOT = ... } # w/o declarations above
547 my @CARP_NOT; # even at top-level
551 package My::Carping::Package;
554 sub bar { .... or _error('Wrong input') }
556 # temporary control of where'ness, __PACKAGE__ is implicit
557 local @CARP_NOT = qw(My::Friendly::Caller);
561 This would make C<Carp> report the error as coming from a caller not
562 in C<My::Carping::Package>, nor from C<My::Friendly::Caller>.
564 Also read the L</DESCRIPTION> section above, about how C<Carp> decides
565 where the error is reported from.
567 Use C<@CARP_NOT>, instead of C<$Carp::CarpLevel>.
569 Overrides C<Carp>'s use of C<@ISA>.
571 =head2 %Carp::Internal
573 This says what packages are internal to Perl. C<Carp> will never
574 report an error as being from a line in a package that is internal to
577 $Carp::Internal{ (__PACKAGE__) }++;
579 sub foo { ... or confess("whatever") };
581 would give a full stack backtrace starting from the first caller
582 outside of __PACKAGE__. (Unless that package was also internal to
585 =head2 %Carp::CarpInternal
587 This says which packages are internal to Perl's warning system. For
588 generating a full stack backtrace this is the same as being internal
589 to Perl, the stack backtrace will not start inside packages that are
590 listed in C<%Carp::CarpInternal>. But it is slightly different for
591 the summary message generated by C<carp> or C<croak>. There errors
592 will not be reported on any lines that are calling packages in
593 C<%Carp::CarpInternal>.
595 For example C<Carp> itself is listed in C<%Carp::CarpInternal>.
596 Therefore the full stack backtrace from C<confess> will not start
597 inside of C<Carp>, and the short message from calling C<croak> is
598 not placed on the line where C<croak> was called.
600 =head2 $Carp::CarpLevel
602 This variable determines how many additional call frames are to be
603 skipped that would not otherwise be when reporting where an error
604 occurred on a call to one of C<Carp>'s functions. It is fairly easy
605 to count these call frames on calls that generate a full stack
606 backtrace. However it is much harder to do this accounting for calls
607 that generate a short message. Usually people skip too many call
608 frames. If they are lucky they skip enough that C<Carp> goes all of
609 the way through the call stack, realizes that something is wrong, and
610 then generates a full stack backtrace. If they are unlucky then the
611 error is reported from somewhere misleading very high in the call
614 Therefore it is best to avoid C<$Carp::CarpLevel>. Instead use
615 C<@CARP_NOT>, C<%Carp::Internal> and C<%Carp::CarpInternal>.
621 The Carp routines don't handle exception objects currently.
622 If called with a first argument that is a reference, they simply
623 call die() or warn(), as appropriate.
632 The Carp module first appeared in Larry Wall's perl 5.000 distribution.
633 Since then it has been modified by several of the perl 5 porters.
634 Andrew Main (Zefram) <zefram@fysh.org> divested Carp into an independent
639 Copyright (C) 1994-2011 Larry Wall
641 Copyright (C) 2011 Andrew Main (Zefram) <zefram@fysh.org>
645 This module is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
646 under the same terms as Perl itself.