12 # can't say 'opendir my $dh, $dirname'
13 # need to initialise $dh
19 use vars qw($VERSION @ISA @EXPORT @EXPORT_OK);
22 @EXPORT = qw(mkpath rmtree);
23 @EXPORT_OK = qw(make_path remove_tree);
25 my $Is_VMS = $^O eq 'VMS';
26 my $Is_MacOS = $^O eq 'MacOS';
28 # These OSes complain if you want to remove a file that you have no
29 # write permission to:
30 my $Force_Writeable = grep {$^O eq $_} qw(amigaos dos epoc MSWin32 MacOS os2);
32 # Unix-like systems need to stat each directory in order to detect
33 # race condition. MS-Windows is immune to this particular attack.
34 my $Need_Stat_Check = !($^O eq 'MSWin32');
52 $object = '' unless defined $object;
53 $message .= ": $!" if $!;
54 push @{${$arg->{error}}}, {$object => $message};
57 _carp(defined($object) ? "$message for $object: $!" : "$message: $!");
62 push @_, {} unless @_ and UNIVERSAL::isa($_[-1],'HASH');
67 my $old_style = !(@_ and UNIVERSAL::isa($_[-1],'HASH'));
74 ($paths, $verbose, $mode) = @_;
75 $paths = [$paths] unless UNIVERSAL::isa($paths,'ARRAY');
76 $arg->{verbose} = $verbose;
77 $arg->{mode} = defined $mode ? $mode : 0777;
81 $arg->{mode} = delete $arg->{mask} if exists $arg->{mask};
82 $arg->{mode} = 0777 unless exists $arg->{mode};
83 ${$arg->{error}} = [] if exists $arg->{error};
84 $arg->{owner} = delete $arg->{user} if exists $arg->{user};
85 $arg->{owner} = delete $arg->{uid} if exists $arg->{uid};
86 if (exists $arg->{owner} and $arg->{owner} =~ /\D/) {
87 my $uid = (getpwnam $arg->{owner})[2];
92 _error($arg, "unable to map $arg->{owner} to a uid, ownership not changed");
96 if (exists $arg->{group} and $arg->{group} =~ /\D/) {
97 my $gid = (getgrnam $arg->{group})[2];
102 _error($arg, "unable to map $arg->{group} to a gid, group ownership not changed");
103 delete $arg->{group};
106 if (exists $arg->{owner} and not exists $arg->{group}) {
107 $arg->{group} = -1; # chown will leave group unchanged
109 if (exists $arg->{group} and not exists $arg->{owner}) {
110 $arg->{owner} = -1; # chown will leave owner unchanged
114 return _mkpath($arg, $paths);
122 foreach $path (@$paths) {
123 next unless defined($path) and length($path);
124 $path .= '/' if $^O eq 'os2' and $path =~ /^\w:\z/s; # feature of CRT
125 # Logic wants Unix paths, so go with the flow.
127 next if $path eq '/';
128 $path = VMS::Filespec::unixify($path);
131 my $parent = File::Basename::dirname($path);
132 unless (-d $parent or $path eq $parent) {
133 push(@created,_mkpath($arg, [$parent]));
135 print "mkdir $path\n" if $arg->{verbose};
136 if (mkdir($path,$arg->{mode})) {
137 push(@created, $path);
138 if (exists $arg->{owner}) {
139 # NB: $arg->{group} guaranteed to be set during initialisation
140 if (!chown $arg->{owner}, $arg->{group}, $path) {
141 _error($arg, "Cannot change ownership of $path to $arg->{owner}:$arg->{group}");
147 my ($e, $e1) = ($save_bang, $^E);
148 $e .= "; $e1" if $e ne $e1;
149 # allow for another process to have created it meanwhile
153 push @{${$arg->{error}}}, {$path => $e};
156 _croak("mkdir $path: $e");
165 push @_, {} unless @_ and UNIVERSAL::isa($_[-1],'HASH');
170 my($dir, $test) = @_;
172 my($dv, $dd) = File::Spec->splitpath($dir, 1);
173 my($tv, $td) = File::Spec->splitpath($test, 1);
176 return 0 if $dv ne $tv;
178 my @d = File::Spec->splitdir($dd);
179 my @t = File::Spec->splitdir($td);
181 # @t can't be a subdir if it's shorter than @d
184 return join('/', @d) eq join('/', splice @t, 0, +@d);
188 my $old_style = !(@_ and UNIVERSAL::isa($_[-1],'HASH'));
194 my ($verbose, $safe);
195 ($paths, $verbose, $safe) = @_;
196 $arg->{verbose} = $verbose;
197 $arg->{safe} = defined $safe ? $safe : 0;
199 if (defined($paths) and length($paths)) {
200 $paths = [$paths] unless UNIVERSAL::isa($paths,'ARRAY');
203 _carp ("No root path(s) specified\n");
209 ${$arg->{error}} = [] if exists $arg->{error};
210 ${$arg->{result}} = [] if exists $arg->{result};
218 $arg->{cwd} = getcwd() or do {
219 _error($arg, "cannot fetch initial working directory");
222 for ($arg->{cwd}) { /\A(.*)\Z/; $_ = $1 } # untaint
224 for my $p (@$paths) {
225 # need to fixup case and map \ to / on Windows
226 my $ortho_root = $^O eq 'MSWin32' ? _slash_lc($p) : $p;
227 my $ortho_cwd = $^O eq 'MSWin32' ? _slash_lc($arg->{cwd}) : $arg->{cwd};
228 my $ortho_root_length = length($ortho_root);
229 $ortho_root_length-- if $^O eq 'VMS'; # don't compare '.' with ']'
230 if ($ortho_root_length && _is_subdir($ortho_root, $ortho_cwd)) {
232 _error($arg, "cannot remove path when cwd is $arg->{cwd}", $p);
237 $p = ":$p" unless $p =~ /:/;
238 $p .= ":" unless $p =~ /:\z/;
240 elsif ($^O eq 'MSWin32') {
246 push @clean_path, $p;
249 @{$arg}{qw(device inode perm)} = (lstat $arg->{cwd})[0,1] or do {
250 _error($arg, "cannot stat initial working directory", $arg->{cwd});
254 return _rmtree($arg, \@clean_path);
262 my $curdir = File::Spec->curdir();
263 my $updir = File::Spec->updir();
267 foreach $root (@$paths) {
268 # since we chdir into each directory, it may not be obvious
269 # to figure out where we are if we generate a message about
270 # a file name. We therefore construct a semi-canonical
271 # filename, anchored from the directory being unlinked (as
272 # opposed to being truly canonical, anchored from the root (/).
274 my $canon = $arg->{prefix}
275 ? File::Spec->catfile($arg->{prefix}, $root)
279 my ($ldev, $lino, $perm) = (lstat $root)[0,1,2] or next ROOT_DIR;
282 $root = VMS::Filespec::pathify($root) if $Is_VMS;
285 # see if we can escalate privileges to get in
286 # (e.g. funny protection mask such as -w- instead of rwx)
288 my $nperm = $perm | 0700;
289 if (!($arg->{safe} or $nperm == $perm or chmod($nperm, $root))) {
290 _error($arg, "cannot make child directory read-write-exec", $canon);
293 elsif (!chdir($root)) {
294 _error($arg, "cannot chdir to child", $canon);
299 my ($cur_dev, $cur_inode, $perm) = (stat $curdir)[0,1,2] or do {
300 _error($arg, "cannot stat current working directory", $canon);
304 if ($Need_Stat_Check) {
305 ($ldev eq $cur_dev and $lino eq $cur_inode)
306 or _croak("directory $canon changed before chdir, expected dev=$ldev ino=$lino, actual dev=$cur_dev ino=$cur_inode, aborting.");
309 $perm &= 07777; # don't forget setuid, setgid, sticky bits
310 my $nperm = $perm | 0700;
312 # notabene: 0700 is for making readable in the first place,
313 # it's also intended to change it to writable in case we have
314 # to recurse in which case we are better than rm -rf for
315 # subtrees with strange permissions
317 if (!($arg->{safe} or $nperm == $perm or chmod($nperm, $curdir))) {
318 _error($arg, "cannot make directory read+writeable", $canon);
323 $d = gensym() if $] < 5.006;
324 if (!opendir $d, $curdir) {
325 _error($arg, "cannot opendir", $canon);
330 if (!defined ${"\cTAINT"} or ${"\cTAINT"}) {
331 # Blindly untaint dir names if taint mode is
332 # active, or any perl < 5.006
333 @files = map { /\A(.*)\z/s; $1 } readdir $d;
342 # Deleting large numbers of files from VMS Files-11
343 # filesystems is faster if done in reverse ASCIIbetical order.
344 # include '.' to '.;' from blead patch #31775
345 @files = map {$_ eq '.' ? '.;' : $_} reverse @files;
346 ($root = VMS::Filespec::unixify($root)) =~ s/\.dir\z//;
349 @files = grep {$_ ne $updir and $_ ne $curdir} @files;
352 # remove the contained files before the directory itself
354 @{$narg}{qw(device inode cwd prefix depth)}
355 = ($cur_dev, $cur_inode, $updir, $canon, $arg->{depth}+1);
356 $count += _rmtree($narg, \@files);
359 # restore directory permissions of required now (in case the rmdir
360 # below fails), while we are still in the directory and may do so
361 # without a race via '.'
362 if ($nperm != $perm and not chmod($perm, $curdir)) {
363 _error($arg, "cannot reset chmod", $canon);
366 # don't leave the client code in an unexpected directory
368 or _croak("cannot chdir to $arg->{cwd} from $canon: $!, aborting.");
370 # ensure that a chdir upwards didn't take us somewhere other
371 # than we expected (see CVE-2002-0435)
372 ($cur_dev, $cur_inode) = (stat $curdir)[0,1]
373 or _croak("cannot stat prior working directory $arg->{cwd}: $!, aborting.");
375 if ($Need_Stat_Check) {
376 ($arg->{device} eq $cur_dev and $arg->{inode} eq $cur_inode)
377 or _croak("previous directory $arg->{cwd} changed before entering $canon, expected dev=$ldev ino=$lino, actual dev=$cur_dev ino=$cur_inode, aborting.");
380 if ($arg->{depth} or !$arg->{keep_root}) {
382 ($Is_VMS ? !&VMS::Filespec::candelete($root) : !-w $root)) {
383 print "skipped $root\n" if $arg->{verbose};
386 if ($Force_Writeable and !chmod $perm | 0700, $root) {
387 _error($arg, "cannot make directory writeable", $canon);
389 print "rmdir $root\n" if $arg->{verbose};
391 push @{${$arg->{result}}}, $root if $arg->{result};
395 _error($arg, "cannot remove directory", $canon);
396 if ($Force_Writeable && !chmod($perm, ($Is_VMS ? VMS::Filespec::fileify($root) : $root))
398 _error($arg, sprintf("cannot restore permissions to 0%o",$perm), $canon);
405 $root = VMS::Filespec::vmsify("./$root")
407 && !File::Spec->file_name_is_absolute($root)
408 && ($root !~ m/(?<!\^)[\]>]+/); # not already in VMS syntax
411 ($Is_VMS ? !&VMS::Filespec::candelete($root)
412 : !(-l $root || -w $root)))
414 print "skipped $root\n" if $arg->{verbose};
418 my $nperm = $perm & 07777 | 0600;
419 if ($Force_Writeable and $nperm != $perm and not chmod $nperm, $root) {
420 _error($arg, "cannot make file writeable", $canon);
422 print "unlink $canon\n" if $arg->{verbose};
423 # delete all versions under VMS
426 push @{${$arg->{result}}}, $root if $arg->{result};
429 _error($arg, "cannot unlink file", $canon);
430 $Force_Writeable and chmod($perm, $root) or
431 _error($arg, sprintf("cannot restore permissions to 0%o",$perm), $canon);
435 last unless $Is_VMS && lstat $root;
443 # fix up slashes and case on MSWin32 so that we can determine that
444 # c:\path\to\dir is underneath C:/Path/To
455 File::Path - Create or remove directory trees
459 This document describes version 2.08 of File::Path, released
464 use File::Path qw(make_path remove_tree);
466 make_path('foo/bar/baz', '/zug/zwang');
467 make_path('foo/bar/baz', '/zug/zwang', {
472 remove_tree('foo/bar/baz', '/zug/zwang');
473 remove_tree('foo/bar/baz', '/zug/zwang', {
475 error => \my $err_list,
478 # legacy (interface promoted before v2.00)
479 mkpath('/foo/bar/baz');
480 mkpath('/foo/bar/baz', 1, 0711);
481 mkpath(['/foo/bar/baz', 'blurfl/quux'], 1, 0711);
482 rmtree('foo/bar/baz', 1, 1);
483 rmtree(['foo/bar/baz', 'blurfl/quux'], 1, 1);
485 # legacy (interface promoted before v2.06)
486 mkpath('foo/bar/baz', '/zug/zwang', { verbose => 1, mode => 0711 });
487 rmtree('foo/bar/baz', '/zug/zwang', { verbose => 1, mode => 0711 });
491 This module provide a convenient way to create directories of
492 arbitrary depth and to delete an entire directory subtree from the
495 The following functions are provided:
499 =item make_path( $dir1, $dir2, .... )
501 =item make_path( $dir1, $dir2, ...., \%opts )
503 The C<make_path> function creates the given directories if they don't
504 exists before, much like the Unix command C<mkdir -p>.
506 The function accepts a list of directories to be created. Its
507 behaviour may be tuned by an optional hashref appearing as the last
508 parameter on the call.
510 The function returns the list of directories actually created during
511 the call; in scalar context the number of directories created.
513 The following keys are recognised in the option hash:
519 The numeric permissions mode to apply to each created directory
520 (defaults to 0777), to be modified by the current C<umask>. If the
521 directory already exists (and thus does not need to be created),
522 the permissions will not be modified.
524 C<mask> is recognised as an alias for this parameter.
526 =item verbose => $bool
528 If present, will cause C<make_path> to print the name of each directory
529 as it is created. By default nothing is printed.
533 If present, it should be a reference to a scalar.
534 This scalar will be made to reference an array, which will
535 be used to store any errors that are encountered. See the L</"ERROR
536 HANDLING"> section for more information.
538 If this parameter is not used, certain error conditions may raise
539 a fatal error that will cause the program will halt, unless trapped
542 =item owner => $owner
548 If present, will cause any created directory to be owned by C<$owner>.
549 If the value is numeric, it will be interpreted as a uid, otherwise
550 as username is assumed. An error will be issued if the username cannot be
551 mapped to a uid, or the uid does not exist, or the process lacks the
552 privileges to change ownership.
554 Ownwership of directories that already exist will not be changed.
556 C<user> and C<uid> are aliases of C<owner>.
558 =item group => $group
560 If present, will cause any created directory to be owned by the group C<$group>.
561 If the value is numeric, it will be interpreted as a gid, otherwise
562 as group name is assumed. An error will be issued if the group name cannot be
563 mapped to a gid, or the gid does not exist, or the process lacks the
564 privileges to change group ownership.
566 Group ownwership of directories that already exist will not be changed.
568 make_path '/var/tmp/webcache', {owner=>'nobody', group=>'nogroup'};
574 =item mkpath( $dir, $verbose, $mode )
576 =item mkpath( [$dir1, $dir2,...], $verbose, $mode )
578 =item mkpath( $dir1, $dir2,..., \%opt )
580 The mkpath() function provide the legacy interface of make_path() with
581 a different interpretation of the arguments passed. The behaviour and
582 return value of the function is otherwise identical to make_path().
584 =item remove_tree( $dir1, $dir2, .... )
586 =item remove_tree( $dir1, $dir2, ...., \%opts )
588 The C<remove_tree> function deletes the given directories and any
589 files and subdirectories they might contain, much like the Unix
590 command C<rm -r> or C<del /s> on Windows.
592 The function accepts a list of directories to be
593 removed. Its behaviour may be tuned by an optional hashref
594 appearing as the last parameter on the call.
596 The functions returns the number of files successfully deleted.
598 The following keys are recognised in the option hash:
602 =item verbose => $bool
604 If present, will cause C<remove_tree> to print the name of each file as
605 it is unlinked. By default nothing is printed.
609 When set to a true value, will cause C<remove_tree> to skip the files
610 for which the process lacks the required privileges needed to delete
611 files, such as delete privileges on VMS. In other words, the code
612 will make no attempt to alter file permissions. Thus, if the process
613 is interrupted, no filesystem object will be left in a more
616 =item keep_root => $bool
618 When set to a true value, will cause all files and subdirectories
619 to be removed, except the initially specified directories. This comes
620 in handy when cleaning out an application's scratch directory.
622 remove_tree( '/tmp', {keep_root => 1} );
624 =item result => \$res
626 If present, it should be a reference to a scalar.
627 This scalar will be made to reference an array, which will
628 be used to store all files and directories unlinked
629 during the call. If nothing is unlinked, the array will be empty.
631 remove_tree( '/tmp', {result => \my $list} );
632 print "unlinked $_\n" for @$list;
634 This is a useful alternative to the C<verbose> key.
638 If present, it should be a reference to a scalar.
639 This scalar will be made to reference an array, which will
640 be used to store any errors that are encountered. See the L</"ERROR
641 HANDLING"> section for more information.
643 Removing things is a much more dangerous proposition than
644 creating things. As such, there are certain conditions that
645 C<remove_tree> may encounter that are so dangerous that the only
646 sane action left is to kill the program.
648 Use C<error> to trap all that is reasonable (problems with
649 permissions and the like), and let it die if things get out
650 of hand. This is the safest course of action.
656 =item rmtree( $dir, $verbose, $safe )
658 =item rmtree( [$dir1, $dir2,...], $verbose, $safe )
660 =item rmtree( $dir1, $dir2,..., \%opt )
662 The rmtree() function provide the legacy interface of remove_tree()
663 with a different interpretation of the arguments passed. The behaviour
664 and return value of the function is otherwise identical to
669 =head2 ERROR HANDLING
675 The following error handling mechanism is considered
676 experimental and is subject to change pending feedback from
681 If C<make_path> or C<remove_tree> encounter an error, a diagnostic
682 message will be printed to C<STDERR> via C<carp> (for non-fatal
683 errors), or via C<croak> (for fatal errors).
685 If this behaviour is not desirable, the C<error> attribute may be
686 used to hold a reference to a variable, which will be used to store
687 the diagnostics. The variable is made a reference to an array of hash
688 references. Each hash contain a single key/value pair where the key
689 is the name of the file, and the value is the error message (including
690 the contents of C<$!> when appropriate). If a general error is
691 encountered the diagnostic key will be empty.
693 An example usage looks like:
695 remove_tree( 'foo/bar', 'bar/rat', {error => \my $err} );
697 for my $diag (@$err) {
698 my ($file, $message) = %$diag;
700 print "general error: $message\n";
703 print "problem unlinking $file: $message\n";
708 print "No error encountered\n";
711 Note that if no errors are encountered, C<$err> will reference an
712 empty array. This means that C<$err> will always end up TRUE; so you
713 need to test C<@$err> to determine if errors occured.
717 C<File::Path> blindly exports C<mkpath> and C<rmtree> into the
718 current namespace. These days, this is considered bad style, but
719 to change it now would break too much code. Nonetheless, you are
720 invited to specify what it is you are expecting to use:
722 use File::Path 'rmtree';
724 The routines C<make_path> and C<remove_tree> are B<not> exported
725 by default. You must specify which ones you want to use.
727 use File::Path 'remove_tree';
729 Note that a side-effect of the above is that C<mkpath> and C<rmtree>
730 are no longer exported at all. This is due to the way the C<Exporter>
731 module works. If you are migrating a codebase to use the new
732 interface, you will have to list everything explicitly. But that's
733 just good practice anyway.
735 use File::Path qw(remove_tree rmtree);
739 The API was changed in the 2.0 branch. For a time, C<mkpath> and
740 C<rmtree> tried, unsuccessfully, to deal with the two different
741 calling mechanisms. This approach was considered a failure.
743 The new semantics are now only available with C<make_path> and
744 C<remove_tree>. The old semantics are only available through
745 C<mkpath> and C<rmtree>. Users are strongly encouraged to upgrade
746 to at least 2.08 in order to avoid surprises.
748 =head3 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
750 There were race conditions 1.x implementations of File::Path's
751 C<rmtree> function (although sometimes patched depending on the OS
752 distribution or platform). The 2.0 version contains code to avoid the
753 problem mentioned in CVE-2002-0435.
755 See the following pages for more information:
757 http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=286905
758 http://www.nntp.perl.org/group/perl.perl5.porters/2005/01/msg97623.html
759 http://www.debian.org/security/2005/dsa-696
761 Additionally, unless the C<safe> parameter is set (or the
762 third parameter in the traditional interface is TRUE), should a
763 C<remove_tree> be interrupted, files that were originally in read-only
764 mode may now have their permissions set to a read-write (or "delete
769 FATAL errors will cause the program to halt (C<croak>), since the
770 problem is so severe that it would be dangerous to continue. (This
771 can always be trapped with C<eval>, but it's not a good idea. Under
772 the circumstances, dying is the best thing to do).
774 SEVERE errors may be trapped using the modern interface. If the
775 they are not trapped, or the old interface is used, such an error
776 will cause the program will halt.
778 All other errors may be trapped using the modern interface, otherwise
779 they will be C<carp>ed about. Program execution will not be halted.
783 =item mkdir [path]: [errmsg] (SEVERE)
785 C<make_path> was unable to create the path. Probably some sort of
786 permissions error at the point of departure, or insufficient resources
787 (such as free inodes on Unix).
789 =item No root path(s) specified
791 C<make_path> was not given any paths to create. This message is only
792 emitted if the routine is called with the traditional interface.
793 The modern interface will remain silent if given nothing to do.
795 =item No such file or directory
797 On Windows, if C<make_path> gives you this warning, it may mean that
798 you have exceeded your filesystem's maximum path length.
800 =item cannot fetch initial working directory: [errmsg]
802 C<remove_tree> attempted to determine the initial directory by calling
803 C<Cwd::getcwd>, but the call failed for some reason. No attempt
804 will be made to delete anything.
806 =item cannot stat initial working directory: [errmsg]
808 C<remove_tree> attempted to stat the initial directory (after having
809 successfully obtained its name via C<getcwd>), however, the call
810 failed for some reason. No attempt will be made to delete anything.
812 =item cannot chdir to [dir]: [errmsg]
814 C<remove_tree> attempted to set the working directory in order to
815 begin deleting the objects therein, but was unsuccessful. This is
816 usually a permissions issue. The routine will continue to delete
817 other things, but this directory will be left intact.
819 =item directory [dir] changed before chdir, expected dev=[n] ino=[n], actual dev=[n] ino=[n], aborting. (FATAL)
821 C<remove_tree> recorded the device and inode of a directory, and then
822 moved into it. It then performed a C<stat> on the current directory
823 and detected that the device and inode were no longer the same. As
824 this is at the heart of the race condition problem, the program
825 will die at this point.
827 =item cannot make directory [dir] read+writeable: [errmsg]
829 C<remove_tree> attempted to change the permissions on the current directory
830 to ensure that subsequent unlinkings would not run into problems,
831 but was unable to do so. The permissions remain as they were, and
832 the program will carry on, doing the best it can.
834 =item cannot read [dir]: [errmsg]
836 C<remove_tree> tried to read the contents of the directory in order
837 to acquire the names of the directory entries to be unlinked, but
838 was unsuccessful. This is usually a permissions issue. The
839 program will continue, but the files in this directory will remain
842 =item cannot reset chmod [dir]: [errmsg]
844 C<remove_tree>, after having deleted everything in a directory, attempted
845 to restore its permissions to the original state but failed. The
846 directory may wind up being left behind.
848 =item cannot remove [dir] when cwd is [dir]
850 The current working directory of the program is F</some/path/to/here>
851 and you are attempting to remove an ancestor, such as F</some/path>.
852 The directory tree is left untouched.
854 The solution is to C<chdir> out of the child directory to a place
855 outside the directory tree to be removed.
857 =item cannot chdir to [parent-dir] from [child-dir]: [errmsg], aborting. (FATAL)
859 C<remove_tree>, after having deleted everything and restored the permissions
860 of a directory, was unable to chdir back to the parent. The program
861 halts to avoid a race condition from occurring.
863 =item cannot stat prior working directory [dir]: [errmsg], aborting. (FATAL)
865 C<remove_tree> was unable to stat the parent directory after have returned
866 from the child. Since there is no way of knowing if we returned to
867 where we think we should be (by comparing device and inode) the only
868 way out is to C<croak>.
870 =item previous directory [parent-dir] changed before entering [child-dir], expected dev=[n] ino=[n], actual dev=[n] ino=[n], aborting. (FATAL)
872 When C<remove_tree> returned from deleting files in a child directory, a
873 check revealed that the parent directory it returned to wasn't the one
874 it started out from. This is considered a sign of malicious activity.
876 =item cannot make directory [dir] writeable: [errmsg]
878 Just before removing a directory (after having successfully removed
879 everything it contained), C<remove_tree> attempted to set the permissions
880 on the directory to ensure it could be removed and failed. Program
881 execution continues, but the directory may possibly not be deleted.
883 =item cannot remove directory [dir]: [errmsg]
885 C<remove_tree> attempted to remove a directory, but failed. This may because
886 some objects that were unable to be removed remain in the directory, or
887 a permissions issue. The directory will be left behind.
889 =item cannot restore permissions of [dir] to [0nnn]: [errmsg]
891 After having failed to remove a directory, C<remove_tree> was unable to
892 restore its permissions from a permissive state back to a possibly
893 more restrictive setting. (Permissions given in octal).
895 =item cannot make file [file] writeable: [errmsg]
897 C<remove_tree> attempted to force the permissions of a file to ensure it
898 could be deleted, but failed to do so. It will, however, still attempt
901 =item cannot unlink file [file]: [errmsg]
903 C<remove_tree> failed to remove a file. Probably a permissions issue.
905 =item cannot restore permissions of [file] to [0nnn]: [errmsg]
907 After having failed to remove a file, C<remove_tree> was also unable
908 to restore the permissions on the file to a possibly less permissive
909 setting. (Permissions given in octal).
911 =item unable to map [owner] to a uid, ownership not changed");
913 C<make_path> was instructed to give the ownership of created
914 directories to the symbolic name [owner], but C<getpwnam> did
915 not return the corresponding numeric uid. The directory will
916 be created, but ownership will not be changed.
918 =item unable to map [group] to a gid, group ownership not changed
920 C<make_path> was instructed to give the group ownership of created
921 directories to the symbolic name [group], but C<getgrnam> did
922 not return the corresponding numeric gid. The directory will
923 be created, but group ownership will not be changed.
935 Allows files and directories to be moved to the Trashcan/Recycle
936 Bin (where they may later be restored if necessary) if the operating
937 system supports such functionality. This feature may one day be
938 made available directly in C<File::Path>.
944 When removing directory trees, if you want to examine each file to
945 decide whether to delete it (and possibly leaving large swathes
946 alone), F<File::Find::Rule> offers a convenient and flexible approach
947 to examining directory trees.
953 Please report all bugs on the RT queue:
955 L<http://rt.cpan.org/NoAuth/Bugs.html?Dist=File-Path>
957 =head1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
959 Paul Szabo identified the race condition originally, and Brendan
960 O'Dea wrote an implementation for Debian that addressed the problem.
961 That code was used as a basis for the current code. Their efforts
962 are greatly appreciated.
964 Gisle Aas made a number of improvements to the documentation for
965 2.07 and his advice and assistance is also greatly appreciated.
969 Tim Bunce and Charles Bailey. Currently maintained by David Landgren
970 <F<david@landgren.net>>.
974 This module is copyright (C) Charles Bailey, Tim Bunce and
975 David Landgren 1995-2009. All rights reserved.
979 This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
980 it under the same terms as Perl itself.