7 # Very old versions of warnings.pm load Carp. This can go wrong due
8 # to the circular dependency. If warnings is invoked before Carp,
9 # then warnings starts by loading Carp, then Carp (above) tries to
10 # invoke warnings, and gets nothing because warnings is in the process
11 # of loading and hasn't defined its import method yet. If we were
12 # only turning on warnings ("use warnings" above) this wouldn't be too
13 # bad, because Carp would just gets the state of the -w switch and so
14 # might not get some warnings that it wanted. The real problem is
15 # that we then want to turn off Unicode warnings, but "no warnings
16 # 'utf8'" won't be effective if we're in this circular-dependency
17 # situation. So, if warnings.pm is an affected version, we turn
18 # off all warnings ourselves by directly setting ${^WARNING_BITS}.
19 # On unaffected versions, we turn off just Unicode warnings, via
21 if(!defined($warnings::VERSION) || eval($warnings::VERSION) < 1.06) {
22 ${^WARNING_BITS} = "";
24 "warnings"->unimport("utf8");
28 sub _fetch_sub { # fetch sub without autovivifying
31 # only works with top-level packages
32 return unless exists($::{$pack});
34 return unless ref \$_ eq 'GLOB' && *$_{HASH} && exists $$_{$sub};
36 return ref \$_ eq 'GLOB' ? *$_{CODE} : undef
41 # UTF8_REGEXP_PROBLEM is a compile-time constant indicating whether Carp
42 # must avoid applying a regular expression to an upgraded (is_utf8)
43 # string. There are multiple problems, on different Perl versions,
44 # that require this to be avoided. All versions prior to 5.13.8 will
45 # load utf8_heavy.pl for the swash system, even if the regexp doesn't
46 # use character classes. Perl 5.6 and Perls [5.11.2, 5.13.11) exhibit
47 # specific problems when Carp is being invoked in the aftermath of a
51 *UTF8_REGEXP_PROBLEM = sub () { 1 };
53 *UTF8_REGEXP_PROBLEM = sub () { 0 };
57 # is_utf8() is essentially the utf8::is_utf8() function, which indicates
58 # whether a string is represented in the upgraded form (using UTF-8
59 # internally). As utf8::is_utf8() is only available from Perl 5.8
60 # onwards, extra effort is required here to make it work on Perl 5.6.
62 if(defined(my $sub = _fetch_sub utf8 => 'is_utf8')) {
65 # black magic for perl 5.6
66 *is_utf8 = sub { unpack("C", "\xaa".$_[0]) != 170 };
70 # The downgrade() function defined here is to be used for attempts to
71 # downgrade where it is acceptable to fail. It must be called with a
72 # second argument that is a true value.
74 if(defined(my $sub = _fetch_sub utf8 => 'downgrade')) {
75 *downgrade = \&{"utf8::downgrade"};
79 my $l = length($_[0]);
80 for(my $i = 0; $i != $l; $i++) {
81 my $o = ord(substr($_[0], $i, 1));
90 our $VERSION = '1.32';
95 our $MaxArgLen = 64; # How much of each argument to print. 0 = all.
96 our $MaxArgNums = 8; # How many arguments to print. 0 = all.
97 our $RefArgFormatter = undef; # allow caller to format reference arguments
100 our @ISA = ('Exporter');
101 our @EXPORT = qw(confess croak carp);
102 our @EXPORT_OK = qw(cluck verbose longmess shortmess);
103 our @EXPORT_FAIL = qw(verbose); # hook to enable verbose mode
105 # The members of %Internal are packages that are internal to perl.
106 # Carp will not report errors from within these packages if it
107 # can. The members of %CarpInternal are internal to Perl's warning
108 # system. Carp will not report errors from within these packages
109 # either, and will not report calls *to* these packages for carp and
110 # croak. They replace $CarpLevel, which is deprecated. The
111 # $Max(EvalLen|(Arg(Len|Nums)) variables are used to specify how the eval
112 # text and function arguments should be formatted when printed.
117 # disable these by default, so they can live w/o require Carp
118 $CarpInternal{Carp}++;
119 $CarpInternal{warnings}++;
120 $Internal{Exporter}++;
121 $Internal{'Exporter::Heavy'}++;
123 # if the caller specifies verbose usage ("perl -MCarp=verbose script.pl")
124 # then the following method will be called by the Exporter which knows
125 # to do this thanks to @EXPORT_FAIL, above. $_[1] will contain the word
128 sub export_fail { shift; $Verbose = shift if $_[0] eq 'verbose'; @_ }
132 return \&{"CORE::GLOBAL::caller"} if defined &{"CORE::GLOBAL::caller"};
137 # Icky backwards compatibility wrapper. :-(
139 # The story is that the original implementation hard-coded the
140 # number of call levels to go back, so calls to longmess were off
141 # by one. Other code began calling longmess and expecting this
142 # behaviour, so the replacement has to emulate that behaviour.
144 my $call_pack = $cgc ? $cgc->() : caller();
145 if ( $Internal{$call_pack} or $CarpInternal{$call_pack} ) {
146 return longmess_heavy(@_);
149 local $CarpLevel = $CarpLevel + 1;
150 return longmess_heavy(@_);
159 # Icky backwards compatibility wrapper. :-(
160 local @CARP_NOT = $cgc ? $cgc->() : caller();
164 sub croak { die shortmess @_ }
165 sub confess { die longmess @_ }
166 sub carp { warn shortmess @_ }
167 sub cluck { warn longmess @_ }
170 if("$]" >= 5.015002 || ("$]" >= 5.014002 && "$]" < 5.015) ||
171 ("$]" >= 5.012005 && "$]" < 5.013)) {
172 *CALLER_OVERRIDE_CHECK_OK = sub () { 1 };
174 *CALLER_OVERRIDE_CHECK_OK = sub () { 0 };
179 my $i = shift(@_) + 1;
183 # Some things override caller() but forget to implement the
184 # @DB::args part of it, which we need. We check for this by
185 # pre-populating @DB::args with a sentinel which no-one else
186 # has the address of, so that we can detect whether @DB::args
187 # has been properly populated. However, on earlier versions
188 # of perl this check tickles a bug in CORE::caller() which
189 # leaks memory. So we only check on fixed perls.
190 @DB::args = \$i if CALLER_OVERRIDE_CHECK_OK;
193 qw(pack file line sub has_args wantarray evaltext is_require) }
194 = $cgc ? $cgc->($i) : caller($i);
197 unless ( defined $call_info{file} ) {
201 my $sub_name = Carp::get_subname( \%call_info );
202 if ( $call_info{has_args} ) {
204 if (CALLER_OVERRIDE_CHECK_OK && @DB::args == 1
205 && ref $DB::args[0] eq ref \$i
206 && $DB::args[0] == \$i ) {
207 @DB::args = (); # Don't let anyone see the address of $i
210 my $func = $cgc or return '';
212 (_fetch_sub B => 'svref_2object' or return '')
214 my $package = $gv->STASH->NAME;
215 my $subname = $gv->NAME;
216 return unless defined $package && defined $subname;
218 # returning CORE::GLOBAL::caller isn't useful for tracing the cause:
219 return if $package eq 'CORE::GLOBAL' && $subname eq 'caller';
220 " in &${package}::$subname";
223 = "** Incomplete caller override detected$where; \@DB::args were not set **";
228 if ( $MaxArgNums and @args > $MaxArgNums )
229 { # More than we want to show?
230 $#args = $MaxArgNums;
234 @args = map { Carp::format_arg($_) } @args;
241 # Push the args onto the subroutine
242 $sub_name .= '(' . join( ', ', @args ) . ')';
244 $call_info{sub_name} = $sub_name;
245 return wantarray() ? %call_info : \%call_info;
248 # Transform an argument to a function into a string.
254 # legitimate, let's not leak it.
258 local $in_recurse = 1;
259 local $SIG{__DIE__} = sub{};
260 eval {$arg->can('CARP_TRACE') }
263 return $arg->CARP_TRACE();
265 elsif (!$in_recurse &&
266 defined($RefArgFormatter) &&
269 local $in_recurse = 1;
270 local $SIG{__DIE__} = sub{};
271 eval {$arg = $RefArgFormatter->($arg); 1}
278 my $sub = _fetch_sub(overload => 'StrVal');
279 return $sub ? &$sub($arg) : "$arg";
282 return "undef" if !defined($arg);
284 return $arg if !(UTF8_REGEXP_PROBLEM && is_utf8($arg)) &&
285 $arg =~ /\A-?[0-9]+(?:\.[0-9]*)?(?:[eE][-+]?[0-9]+)?\z/;
287 if ( 2 < $MaxArgLen and $MaxArgLen < length($arg) ) {
288 substr ( $arg, $MaxArgLen - 3 ) = "";
291 if(UTF8_REGEXP_PROBLEM && is_utf8($arg)) {
292 print "len = @{[length($arg)]}\n";
293 for(my $i = length($arg); $i--; ) {
294 my $c = substr($arg, $i, 1);
295 my $x = substr($arg, 0, 0); # work around bug on Perl 5.8.{1,2}
296 if($c eq "\"" || $c eq "\\" || $c eq "\$" || $c eq "\@") {
297 substr $arg, $i, 0, "\\";
302 print "arg=<$arg>\n";
303 substr $arg, $i, 1, sprintf("\\x{%x}", $o)
304 if $o < 0x20 || $o > 0x7f;
305 print "arg=<$arg>\n";
308 $arg =~ s/([\"\\\$\@])/\\$1/g;
309 $arg =~ s/([^ -~])/sprintf("\\x{%x}",ord($1))/eg;
312 return "\"".$arg."\"".$suffix;
315 # Takes an inheritance cache and a package and returns
316 # an anon hash of known inheritances and anon array of
317 # inheritances which consequences have not been figured
322 $cache->{$pkg} ||= [ { $pkg => $pkg }, [ trusts_directly($pkg) ] ];
323 return @{ $cache->{$pkg} };
326 # Takes the info from caller() and figures out the name of
327 # the sub/require/eval
330 if ( defined( $info->{evaltext} ) ) {
331 my $eval = $info->{evaltext};
332 if ( $info->{is_require} ) {
333 return "require $eval";
336 $eval =~ s/([\\\'])/\\$1/g;
337 return "eval '" . str_len_trim( $eval, $MaxEvalLen ) . "'";
341 # this can happen on older perls when the sub (or the stash containing it)
343 if ( !defined( $info->{sub} ) ) {
344 return '__ANON__::__ANON__';
347 return ( $info->{sub} eq '(eval)' ) ? 'eval {...}' : $info->{sub};
350 # Figures out what call (from the point of view of the caller)
351 # the long error backtrace should start at.
354 my $lvl = $CarpLevel;
358 my @caller = $cgc ? $cgc->($i) : caller($i);
359 my $pkg = $caller[0];
360 unless ( defined($pkg) ) {
362 # This *shouldn't* happen.
365 $i = long_error_loc();
368 elsif (defined $caller[2]) {
369 # this can happen when the stash has been deleted
370 # in that case, just assume that it's a reasonable place to
371 # stop (the file and line data will still be intact in any
372 # case) - the only issue is that we can't detect if the
373 # deleted package was internal (so don't do that then)
375 redo unless 0 > --$lvl;
382 redo if $CarpInternal{$pkg};
383 redo unless 0 > --$lvl;
384 redo if $Internal{$pkg};
390 return @_ if ref( $_[0] ); # don't break references as exceptions
391 my $i = long_error_loc();
392 return ret_backtrace( $i, @_ );
395 # Returns a full stack backtrace starting from where it is
398 my ( $i, @error ) = @_;
400 my $err = join '', @error;
404 if ( defined &threads::tid ) {
405 my $tid = threads->tid;
406 $tid_msg = " thread $tid" if $tid;
409 my %i = caller_info($i);
410 $mess = "$err at $i{file} line $i{line}$tid_msg";
417 if($@ =~ /^Died at .*(, <.*?> line \d+).$/ ) {
423 while ( my %i = caller_info( ++$i ) ) {
424 $mess .= "\t$i{sub_name} called at $i{file} line $i{line}$tid_msg\n";
431 my ( $i, @error ) = @_;
432 my $err = join '', @error;
436 if ( defined &threads::tid ) {
437 my $tid = threads->tid;
438 $tid_msg = " thread $tid" if $tid;
441 my %i = caller_info($i);
442 return "$err at $i{file} line $i{line}$tid_msg\.\n";
445 sub short_error_loc {
446 # You have to create your (hash)ref out here, rather than defaulting it
447 # inside trusts *on a lexical*, as you want it to persist across calls.
448 # (You can default it on $_[2], but that gets messy)
451 my $lvl = $CarpLevel;
454 my $called = $cgc ? $cgc->($i) : caller($i);
456 my $caller = $cgc ? $cgc->($i) : caller($i);
458 if (!defined($caller)) {
459 my @caller = $cgc ? $cgc->($i) : caller($i);
461 # if there's no package but there is other caller info, then
462 # the package has been deleted - treat this as a valid package
464 redo if defined($called) && $CarpInternal{$called};
465 redo unless 0 > --$lvl;
472 redo if $Internal{$caller};
473 redo if $CarpInternal{$caller};
474 redo if $CarpInternal{$called};
475 redo if trusts( $called, $caller, $cache );
476 redo if trusts( $caller, $called, $cache );
477 redo unless 0 > --$lvl;
482 sub shortmess_heavy {
483 return longmess_heavy(@_) if $Verbose;
484 return @_ if ref( $_[0] ); # don't break references as exceptions
485 my $i = short_error_loc();
487 ret_summary( $i, @_ );
494 # If a string is too long, trims it with ...
497 my $max = shift || 0;
498 if ( 2 < $max and $max < length($str) ) {
499 substr( $str, $max - 3 ) = '...';
504 # Takes two packages and an optional cache. Says whether the
505 # first inherits from the second.
507 # Recursive versions of this have to work to avoid certain
508 # possible endless loops, and when following long chains of
509 # inheritance are less efficient.
514 my ( $known, $partial ) = get_status( $cache, $child );
516 # Figure out consequences until we have an answer
517 while ( @$partial and not exists $known->{$parent} ) {
518 my $anc = shift @$partial;
519 next if exists $known->{$anc};
521 my ( $anc_knows, $anc_partial ) = get_status( $cache, $anc );
522 my @found = keys %$anc_knows;
523 @$known{@found} = ();
524 push @$partial, @$anc_partial;
526 return exists $known->{$parent};
529 # Takes a package and gives a list of those trusted directly
530 sub trusts_directly {
533 my $stash = \%{"$class\::"};
534 for my $var (qw/ CARP_NOT ISA /) {
535 # Don't try using the variable until we know it exists,
536 # to avoid polluting the caller's namespace.
537 if ( $stash->{$var} && *{$stash->{$var}}{ARRAY} && @{$stash->{$var}} ) {
538 return @{$stash->{$var}}
544 if(!defined($warnings::VERSION) ||
545 do { no warnings "numeric"; $warnings::VERSION < 1.03 }) {
546 # Very old versions of warnings.pm import from Carp. This can go
547 # wrong due to the circular dependency. If Carp is invoked before
548 # warnings, then Carp starts by loading warnings, then warnings
549 # tries to import from Carp, and gets nothing because Carp is in
550 # the process of loading and hasn't defined its import method yet.
551 # So we work around that by manually exporting to warnings here.
553 *{"warnings::$_"} = \&$_ foreach @EXPORT;
562 Carp - alternative warn and die for modules
568 # warn user (from perspective of caller)
569 carp "string trimmed to 80 chars";
571 # die of errors (from perspective of caller)
572 croak "We're outta here!";
574 # die of errors with stack backtrace
575 confess "not implemented";
577 # cluck, longmess and shortmess not exported by default
578 use Carp qw(cluck longmess shortmess);
579 cluck "This is how we got here!";
580 $long_message = longmess( "message from cluck() or confess()" );
581 $short_message = shortmess( "message from carp() or croak()" );
585 The Carp routines are useful in your own modules because
586 they act like C<die()> or C<warn()>, but with a message which is more
587 likely to be useful to a user of your module. In the case of
588 C<cluck()> and C<confess()>, that context is a summary of every
589 call in the call-stack; C<longmess()> returns the contents of the error
592 For a shorter message you can use C<carp()> or C<croak()> which report the
593 error as being from where your module was called. C<shortmess()> returns the
594 contents of this error message. There is no guarantee that that is where the
595 error was, but it is a good educated guess.
597 You can also alter the way the output and logic of C<Carp> works, by
598 changing some global variables in the C<Carp> namespace. See the
599 section on C<GLOBAL VARIABLES> below.
601 Here is a more complete description of how C<carp> and C<croak> work.
602 What they do is search the call-stack for a function call stack where
603 they have not been told that there shouldn't be an error. If every
604 call is marked safe, they give up and give a full stack backtrace
605 instead. In other words they presume that the first likely looking
606 potential suspect is guilty. Their rules for telling whether
607 a call shouldn't generate errors work as follows:
613 Any call from a package to itself is safe.
617 Packages claim that there won't be errors on calls to or from
618 packages explicitly marked as safe by inclusion in C<@CARP_NOT>, or
619 (if that array is empty) C<@ISA>. The ability to override what
620 @ISA says is new in 5.8.
624 The trust in item 2 is transitive. If A trusts B, and B
625 trusts C, then A trusts C. So if you do not override C<@ISA>
626 with C<@CARP_NOT>, then this trust relationship is identical to,
631 Any call from an internal Perl module is safe. (Nothing keeps
632 user modules from marking themselves as internal to Perl, but
633 this practice is discouraged.)
637 Any call to Perl's warning system (eg Carp itself) is safe.
638 (This rule is what keeps it from reporting the error at the
639 point where you call C<carp> or C<croak>.)
643 C<$Carp::CarpLevel> can be set to skip a fixed number of additional
644 call levels. Using this is not recommended because it is very
645 difficult to get it to behave correctly.
649 =head2 Forcing a Stack Trace
651 As a debugging aid, you can force Carp to treat a croak as a confess
652 and a carp as a cluck across I<all> modules. In other words, force a
653 detailed stack trace to be given. This can be very helpful when trying
654 to understand why, or from where, a warning or error is being generated.
656 This feature is enabled by 'importing' the non-existent symbol
657 'verbose'. You would typically enable it by saying
659 perl -MCarp=verbose script.pl
661 or by including the string C<-MCarp=verbose> in the PERL5OPT
662 environment variable.
664 Alternately, you can set the global variable C<$Carp::Verbose> to true.
665 See the C<GLOBAL VARIABLES> section below.
667 =head2 Stack Trace formatting
669 At each stack level, the subroutine's name is displayed along with
670 its parameters. For simple scalars, this is sufficient. For complex
671 data types, such as objects and other references, this can simply
672 display C<'HASH(0x1ab36d8)'>.
674 Carp gives two ways to control this.
680 For objects, a method, C<CARP_TRACE>, will be called, if it exists. If
681 this method doesn't exist, or it recurses into C<Carp>, or it otherwise
682 throws an exception, this is skipped, and Carp moves on to the next option,
683 otherwise checking stops and the string returned is used. It is recommended
684 that the object's type is part of the string to make debugging easier.
688 For any type of reference, C<$Carp::RefArgFormatter> is checked (see below).
689 This variable is expected to be a code reference, and the current parameter
690 is passed in. If this function doesn't exist (the variable is undef), or
691 it recurses into C<Carp>, or it otherwise throws an exception, this is
692 skipped, and Carp moves on to the next option, otherwise checking stops
693 and the string returned is used.
697 Otherwise, if neither C<CARP_TRACE> nor C<$Carp::RefArgFormatter> is
698 available, stringify the value ignoring any overloading.
702 =head1 GLOBAL VARIABLES
704 =head2 $Carp::MaxEvalLen
706 This variable determines how many characters of a string-eval are to
707 be shown in the output. Use a value of C<0> to show all text.
711 =head2 $Carp::MaxArgLen
713 This variable determines how many characters of each argument to a
714 function to print. Use a value of C<0> to show the full length of the
719 =head2 $Carp::MaxArgNums
721 This variable determines how many arguments to each function to show.
722 Use a value of C<0> to show all arguments to a function call.
726 =head2 $Carp::Verbose
728 This variable makes C<carp()> and C<croak()> generate stack backtraces
729 just like C<cluck()> and C<confess()>. This is how C<use Carp 'verbose'>
730 is implemented internally.
734 =head2 $Carp::RefArgFormatter
736 This variable sets a general argument formatter to display references.
737 Plain scalars and objects that implement C<CARP_TRACE> will not go through
738 this formatter. Calling C<Carp> from within this function is not supported.
740 local $Carp::RefArgFormatter = sub {
741 require Data::Dumper;
742 Data::Dumper::Dump($_[0]); # not necessarily safe
747 This variable, I<in your package>, says which packages are I<not> to be
748 considered as the location of an error. The C<carp()> and C<cluck()>
749 functions will skip over callers when reporting where an error occurred.
751 NB: This variable must be in the package's symbol table, thus:
754 our @CARP_NOT; # file scope
755 use vars qw(@CARP_NOT); # package scope
756 @My::Package::CARP_NOT = ... ; # explicit package variable
759 sub xyz { ... @CARP_NOT = ... } # w/o declarations above
760 my @CARP_NOT; # even at top-level
764 package My::Carping::Package;
767 sub bar { .... or _error('Wrong input') }
769 # temporary control of where'ness, __PACKAGE__ is implicit
770 local @CARP_NOT = qw(My::Friendly::Caller);
774 This would make C<Carp> report the error as coming from a caller not
775 in C<My::Carping::Package>, nor from C<My::Friendly::Caller>.
777 Also read the L</DESCRIPTION> section above, about how C<Carp> decides
778 where the error is reported from.
780 Use C<@CARP_NOT>, instead of C<$Carp::CarpLevel>.
782 Overrides C<Carp>'s use of C<@ISA>.
784 =head2 %Carp::Internal
786 This says what packages are internal to Perl. C<Carp> will never
787 report an error as being from a line in a package that is internal to
790 $Carp::Internal{ (__PACKAGE__) }++;
792 sub foo { ... or confess("whatever") };
794 would give a full stack backtrace starting from the first caller
795 outside of __PACKAGE__. (Unless that package was also internal to
798 =head2 %Carp::CarpInternal
800 This says which packages are internal to Perl's warning system. For
801 generating a full stack backtrace this is the same as being internal
802 to Perl, the stack backtrace will not start inside packages that are
803 listed in C<%Carp::CarpInternal>. But it is slightly different for
804 the summary message generated by C<carp> or C<croak>. There errors
805 will not be reported on any lines that are calling packages in
806 C<%Carp::CarpInternal>.
808 For example C<Carp> itself is listed in C<%Carp::CarpInternal>.
809 Therefore the full stack backtrace from C<confess> will not start
810 inside of C<Carp>, and the short message from calling C<croak> is
811 not placed on the line where C<croak> was called.
813 =head2 $Carp::CarpLevel
815 This variable determines how many additional call frames are to be
816 skipped that would not otherwise be when reporting where an error
817 occurred on a call to one of C<Carp>'s functions. It is fairly easy
818 to count these call frames on calls that generate a full stack
819 backtrace. However it is much harder to do this accounting for calls
820 that generate a short message. Usually people skip too many call
821 frames. If they are lucky they skip enough that C<Carp> goes all of
822 the way through the call stack, realizes that something is wrong, and
823 then generates a full stack backtrace. If they are unlucky then the
824 error is reported from somewhere misleading very high in the call
827 Therefore it is best to avoid C<$Carp::CarpLevel>. Instead use
828 C<@CARP_NOT>, C<%Carp::Internal> and C<%Carp::CarpInternal>.
834 The Carp routines don't handle exception objects currently.
835 If called with a first argument that is a reference, they simply
836 call die() or warn(), as appropriate.
838 If a subroutine argument in a stack trace is a reference to a regexp
839 object, the manner in which it is shown in the stack trace depends on
840 whether the L<overload> module has been loaded. This happens because
841 regexp objects effectively have overloaded stringification behaviour
842 without using the L<overload> module. As a workaround, deliberately
843 loading the L<overload> module will mean that Carp consistently provides
844 the intended behaviour (of bypassing the overloading).
846 Some of the Carp code assumes that Perl's basic character encoding is
847 ASCII, and will go wrong on an EBCDIC platform.
856 The Carp module first appeared in Larry Wall's perl 5.000 distribution.
857 Since then it has been modified by several of the perl 5 porters.
858 Andrew Main (Zefram) <zefram@fysh.org> divested Carp into an independent
863 Copyright (C) 1994-2012 Larry Wall
865 Copyright (C) 2011, 2012 Andrew Main (Zefram) <zefram@fysh.org>
869 This module is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
870 under the same terms as Perl itself.