3 perl - The Perl 5 language interpreter
7 B<perl> S<[ B<-sTtuUWX> ]>
8 S<[ B<-hv> ] [ B<-V>[:I<configvar>] ]>
9 S<[ B<-cw> ] [ B<-d>[B<t>][:I<debugger>] ] [ B<-D>[I<number/list>] ]>
10 S<[ B<-pna> ] [ B<-F>I<pattern> ] [ B<-l>[I<octal>] ] [ B<-0>[I<octal/hexadecimal>] ]>
11 S<[ B<-I>I<dir> ] [ B<-m>[B<->]I<module> ] [ B<-M>[B<->]I<'module...'> ] [ B<-f> ]>
12 S<[ B<-C [I<number/list>] >]>
15 S<[ B<-i>[I<extension>] ]>
16 S<[ [B<-e>|B<-E>] I<'command'> ] [ B<--> ] [ I<programfile> ] [ I<argument> ]...>
20 The F<perldoc> program gives you access to all the documentation that comes
21 with Perl. You can get more documentation, tutorials and community support
22 online at L<http://www.perl.org/>.
24 If you're new to Perl, you should start by running C<perldoc perlintro>,
25 which is a general intro for beginners and provides some background to help
26 you navigate the rest of Perl's extensive documentation. Run C<perldoc
27 perldoc> to learn more things you can do with F<perldoc>.
29 For ease of access, the Perl manual has been split up into several sections.
33 perl Perl overview (this section)
34 perlintro Perl introduction for beginners
35 perltoc Perl documentation table of contents
39 perlreftut Perl references short introduction
40 perldsc Perl data structures intro
41 perllol Perl data structures: arrays of arrays
43 perlrequick Perl regular expressions quick start
44 perlretut Perl regular expressions tutorial
46 perlboot Perl OO tutorial for beginners
47 perltoot Perl OO tutorial, part 1
48 perltooc Perl OO tutorial, part 2
49 perlbot Perl OO tricks and examples
51 perlperf Perl Performance and Optimization Techniques
53 perlstyle Perl style guide
55 perlcheat Perl cheat sheet
56 perltrap Perl traps for the unwary
57 perldebtut Perl debugging tutorial
59 perlfaq Perl frequently asked questions
60 perlfaq1 General Questions About Perl
61 perlfaq2 Obtaining and Learning about Perl
62 perlfaq3 Programming Tools
63 perlfaq4 Data Manipulation
64 perlfaq5 Files and Formats
66 perlfaq7 Perl Language Issues
67 perlfaq8 System Interaction
70 =head2 Reference Manual
73 perldata Perl data structures
74 perlop Perl operators and precedence
75 perlsub Perl subroutines
76 perlfunc Perl built-in functions
77 perlopentut Perl open() tutorial
78 perlpacktut Perl pack() and unpack() tutorial
79 perlpod Perl plain old documentation
80 perlpodspec Perl plain old documentation format specification
81 perlpodstyle Perl POD style guide
82 perlrun Perl execution and options
83 perldiag Perl diagnostic messages
84 perllexwarn Perl warnings and their control
85 perldebug Perl debugging
86 perlvar Perl predefined variables
87 perlre Perl regular expressions, the rest of the story
88 perlrebackslash Perl regular expression backslash sequences
89 perlrecharclass Perl regular expression character classes
90 perlreref Perl regular expressions quick reference
91 perlref Perl references, the rest of the story
94 perltie Perl objects hidden behind simple variables
95 perldbmfilter Perl DBM filters
97 perlipc Perl interprocess communication
98 perlfork Perl fork() information
99 perlnumber Perl number semantics
101 perlthrtut Perl threads tutorial
103 perlport Perl portability guide
104 perllocale Perl locale support
105 perluniintro Perl Unicode introduction
106 perlunicode Perl Unicode support
107 perlunifaq Perl Unicode FAQ
108 perluniprops Index of Unicode Version 6.0.0 properties in Perl
109 perlunitut Perl Unicode tutorial
110 perlebcdic Considerations for running Perl on EBCDIC platforms
112 perlsec Perl security
114 perlmod Perl modules: how they work
115 perlmodlib Perl modules: how to write and use
116 perlmodstyle Perl modules: how to write modules with style
117 perlmodinstall Perl modules: how to install from CPAN
118 perlnewmod Perl modules: preparing a new module for distribution
119 perlpragma Perl modules: writing a user pragma
121 perlutil utilities packaged with the Perl distribution
123 perlcompile Perl compiler suite intro
125 perlfilter Perl source filters
127 perlglossary Perl Glossary
129 =head2 Internals and C Language Interface
131 perlembed Perl ways to embed perl in your C or C++ application
132 perldebguts Perl debugging guts and tips
133 perlxstut Perl XS tutorial
134 perlxs Perl XS application programming interface
135 perlclib Internal replacements for standard C library functions
136 perlguts Perl internal functions for those doing extensions
137 perlcall Perl calling conventions from C
138 perlmroapi Perl method resolution plugin interface
139 perlreapi Perl regular expression plugin interface
140 perlreguts Perl regular expression engine internals
142 perlapi Perl API listing (autogenerated)
143 perlintern Perl internal functions (autogenerated)
144 perliol C API for Perl's implementation of IO in Layers
145 perlapio Perl internal IO abstraction interface
147 perlhack Perl hackers guide
148 perlpolicy Perl development policies
149 perlrepository Perl source repository
153 perlbook Perl book information
154 perlcommunity Perl community information
155 perltodo Perl things to do
157 perldoc Look up Perl documentation in Pod format
159 perlhist Perl history records
160 perldelta Perl changes since previous version
161 perl5137delta Perl changes in version 5.13.7
162 perl5136delta Perl changes in version 5.13.6
163 perl5135delta Perl changes in version 5.13.5
164 perl5134delta Perl changes in version 5.13.4
165 perl5133delta Perl changes in version 5.13.3
166 perl5132delta Perl changes in version 5.13.2
167 perl5131delta Perl changes in version 5.13.1
168 perl5130delta Perl changes in version 5.13.0
169 perl5122delta Perl changes in version 5.12.2
170 perl5121delta Perl changes in version 5.12.1
171 perl5120delta Perl changes in version 5.12.0
172 perl5115delta Perl changes in version 5.11.5
173 perl5114delta Perl changes in version 5.11.4
174 perl5113delta Perl changes in version 5.11.3
175 perl5112delta Perl changes in version 5.11.2
176 perl5111delta Perl changes in version 5.11.1
177 perl5110delta Perl changes in version 5.11.0
178 perl5101delta Perl changes in version 5.10.1
179 perl5100delta Perl changes in version 5.10.0
180 perl595delta Perl changes in version 5.9.5
181 perl594delta Perl changes in version 5.9.4
182 perl593delta Perl changes in version 5.9.3
183 perl592delta Perl changes in version 5.9.2
184 perl591delta Perl changes in version 5.9.1
185 perl590delta Perl changes in version 5.9.0
186 perl589delta Perl changes in version 5.8.9
187 perl588delta Perl changes in version 5.8.8
188 perl587delta Perl changes in version 5.8.7
189 perl586delta Perl changes in version 5.8.6
190 perl585delta Perl changes in version 5.8.5
191 perl584delta Perl changes in version 5.8.4
192 perl583delta Perl changes in version 5.8.3
193 perl582delta Perl changes in version 5.8.2
194 perl581delta Perl changes in version 5.8.1
195 perl58delta Perl changes in version 5.8.0
196 perl573delta Perl changes in version 5.7.3
197 perl572delta Perl changes in version 5.7.2
198 perl571delta Perl changes in version 5.7.1
199 perl570delta Perl changes in version 5.7.0
200 perl561delta Perl changes in version 5.6.1
201 perl56delta Perl changes in version 5.6
202 perl5005delta Perl changes in version 5.005
203 perl5004delta Perl changes in version 5.004
205 perlartistic Perl Artistic License
206 perlgpl GNU General Public License
208 =head2 Language-Specific
210 perlcn Perl for Simplified Chinese (in EUC-CN)
211 perljp Perl for Japanese (in EUC-JP)
212 perlko Perl for Korean (in EUC-KR)
213 perltw Perl for Traditional Chinese (in Big5)
215 =head2 Platform-Specific
217 perlaix Perl notes for AIX
218 perlamiga Perl notes for AmigaOS
219 perlapollo Perl notes for Apollo DomainOS
220 perlbeos Perl notes for BeOS
221 perlbs2000 Perl notes for POSIX-BC BS2000
222 perlce Perl notes for WinCE
223 perlcygwin Perl notes for Cygwin
224 perldgux Perl notes for DG/UX
225 perldos Perl notes for DOS
226 perlepoc Perl notes for EPOC
227 perlfreebsd Perl notes for FreeBSD
228 perlhaiku Perl notes for Haiku
229 perlhpux Perl notes for HP-UX
230 perlhurd Perl notes for Hurd
231 perlirix Perl notes for Irix
232 perllinux Perl notes for Linux
233 perlmacos Perl notes for Mac OS (Classic)
234 perlmacosx Perl notes for Mac OS X
235 perlmpeix Perl notes for MPE/iX
236 perlnetware Perl notes for NetWare
237 perlopenbsd Perl notes for OpenBSD
238 perlos2 Perl notes for OS/2
239 perlos390 Perl notes for OS/390
240 perlos400 Perl notes for OS/400
241 perlplan9 Perl notes for Plan 9
242 perlqnx Perl notes for QNX
243 perlriscos Perl notes for RISC OS
244 perlsolaris Perl notes for Solaris
245 perlsymbian Perl notes for Symbian
246 perltru64 Perl notes for Tru64
247 perluts Perl notes for UTS
248 perlvmesa Perl notes for VM/ESA
249 perlvms Perl notes for VMS
250 perlvos Perl notes for Stratus VOS
251 perlwin32 Perl notes for Windows
254 On a Unix-like system, these documentation files will usually also be
255 available as manpages for use with the F<man> program.
257 In general, if something strange has gone wrong with your program and you're
258 not sure where you should look for help, try the B<-w> switch first. It will
259 often point out exactly where the trouble is.
263 Perl officially stands for Practical Extraction and Report Language,
264 except when it doesn't.
266 Perl is a language optimized for scanning arbitrary
267 text files, extracting information from those text files, and printing
268 reports based on that information. It's also a good language for many
269 system management tasks. The language is intended to be practical
270 (easy to use, efficient, complete) rather than beautiful (tiny,
273 Perl combines (in the author's opinion, anyway) some of the best
274 features of C, B<sed>, B<awk>, and B<sh>, so people familiar with
275 those languages should have little difficulty with it. (Language
276 historians will also note some vestiges of B<csh>, Pascal, and even
277 BASIC-PLUS.) Expression syntax corresponds closely to C
278 expression syntax. Unlike most Unix utilities, Perl does not
279 arbitrarily limit the size of your data--if you've got the memory,
280 Perl can slurp in your whole file as a single string. Recursion is of
281 unlimited depth. And the tables used by hashes (sometimes called
282 "associative arrays") grow as necessary to prevent degraded
283 performance. Perl can use sophisticated pattern matching techniques to
284 scan large amounts of data quickly. Although optimized for
285 scanning text, Perl can also deal with binary data, and can make dbm
286 files look like hashes.
288 But wait, there's more...
290 Begun in 1993 (see L<perlhist>), Perl version 5 is nearly a complete
291 rewrite that provides the following additional benefits:
297 modularity and reusability using innumerable modules
299 Described in L<perlmod>, L<perlmodlib>, and L<perlmodinstall>.
303 embeddable and extensible
305 Described in L<perlembed>, L<perlxstut>, L<perlxs>, L<perlcall>,
306 L<perlguts>, and L<xsubpp>.
310 roll-your-own magic variables (including multiple simultaneous DBM
313 Described in L<perltie> and L<AnyDBM_File>.
317 subroutines can now be overridden, autoloaded, and prototyped
319 Described in L<perlsub>.
323 arbitrarily nested data structures and anonymous functions
325 Described in L<perlreftut>, L<perlref>, L<perldsc>, and L<perllol>.
329 object-oriented programming
331 Described in L<perlobj>, L<perlboot>, L<perltoot>, L<perltooc>,
336 support for light-weight processes (threads)
338 Described in L<perlthrtut> and L<threads>.
342 support for Unicode, internationalization, and localization
344 Described in L<perluniintro>, L<perllocale> and L<Locale::Maketext>.
350 Described in L<perlsub>.
354 regular expression enhancements
356 Described in L<perlre>, with additional examples in L<perlop>.
360 enhanced debugger and interactive Perl environment,
361 with integrated editor support
363 Described in L<perldebtut>, L<perldebug> and L<perldebguts>.
367 POSIX 1003.1 compliant library
369 Described in L<POSIX>.
373 Okay, that's I<definitely> enough hype.
377 Perl is available for most operating systems, including virtually
378 all Unix-like platforms. See L<perlport/"Supported Platforms">
387 Larry Wall <larry@wall.org>, with the help of oodles of other folks.
389 If your Perl success stories and testimonials may be of help to others
390 who wish to advocate the use of Perl in their applications,
391 or if you wish to simply express your gratitude to Larry and the
392 Perl developers, please write to perl-thanks@perl.org .
396 "@INC" locations of perl libraries
400 a2p awk to perl translator
401 s2p sed to perl translator
403 http://www.perl.org/ the Perl homepage
404 http://www.perl.com/ Perl articles (O'Reilly)
405 http://www.cpan.org/ the Comprehensive Perl Archive
406 http://www.pm.org/ the Perl Mongers
410 The C<use warnings> pragma (and the B<-w> switch) produces some
413 See L<perldiag> for explanations of all Perl's diagnostics. The C<use
414 diagnostics> pragma automatically turns Perl's normally terse warnings
415 and errors into these longer forms.
417 Compilation errors will tell you the line number of the error, with an
418 indication of the next token or token type that was to be examined.
419 (In a script passed to Perl via B<-e> switches, each
420 B<-e> is counted as one line.)
422 Setuid scripts have additional constraints that can produce error
423 messages such as "Insecure dependency". See L<perlsec>.
425 Did we mention that you should definitely consider using the B<-w>
430 The B<-w> switch is not mandatory.
432 Perl is at the mercy of your machine's definitions of various
433 operations such as type casting, atof(), and floating-point
434 output with sprintf().
436 If your stdio requires a seek or eof between reads and writes on a
437 particular stream, so does Perl. (This doesn't apply to sysread()
440 While none of the built-in data types have any arbitrary size limits
441 (apart from memory size), there are still a few arbitrary limits: a
442 given variable name may not be longer than 251 characters. Line numbers
443 displayed by diagnostics are internally stored as short integers,
444 so they are limited to a maximum of 65535 (higher numbers usually being
445 affected by wraparound).
447 You may mail your bug reports (be sure to include full configuration
448 information as output by the myconfig program in the perl source
449 tree, or by C<perl -V>) to perlbug@perl.org . If you've succeeded
450 in compiling perl, the L<perlbug> script in the F<utils/> subdirectory
451 can be used to help mail in a bug report.
453 Perl actually stands for Pathologically Eclectic Rubbish Lister, but
454 don't tell anyone I said that.
458 The Perl motto is "There's more than one way to do it." Divining
459 how many more is left as an exercise to the reader.
461 The three principal virtues of a programmer are Laziness,
462 Impatience, and Hubris. See the Camel Book for why.