perly.y

   1 /*    perly.y
   2  *
   3  *    Copyright (c) 1991-2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 Larry Wall
   4  *    Copyright (c) 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 by Larry Wall and others
   5  *
   6  *    You may distribute under the terms of either the GNU General Public
   7  *    License or the Artistic License, as specified in the README file.
   8  *
   9  */
  10
  11 /*
  12  * 'I see,' laughed Strider.  'I look foul and feel fair.  Is that it?
  13  *  All that is gold does not glitter, not all those who wander are lost.'
  14  *
  15  *     [p.171 of _The Lord of the Rings_, I/x: "Strider"]
  16  */
  17
  18 /*
  19  * This file holds the grammar for the Perl language. If edited, you need
  20  * to run regen_perly.pl, which re-creates the files perly.h, perly.tab
  21  * and perly.act which are derived from this.
  22  *
  23  * Note that these derived files are included and compiled twice; once
  24  * from perly.c, and once from madly.c. The second time, a number of MAD
  25  * macros are defined, which compile in extra code that allows the parse
  26  * tree to be accurately dumped. In particular:
  27  *
  28  * MAD            defined if compiling madly.c
  29  * DO_MAD(A)      expands to A  under madly.c, to null otherwise
  30  * IF_MAD(a,b)    expands to A under madly.c, to B otherwise
  31  * TOKEN_GETMAD() expands to token_getmad() under madly.c, to null otherwise
  32  * TOKEN_FREE()   similarly
  33  * OP_GETMAD()    similarly
  34  * IVAL(i)        expands to (i)->tk_lval.ival or (i)
  35  * PVAL(p)        expands to (p)->tk_lval.pval or (p)
  36  *
  37  * The main job of of this grammar is to call the various newFOO()
  38  * functions in op.c to build a syntax tree of OP structs.
  39  * It relies on the lexer in toke.c to do the tokenizing.
  40  *
  41  * Note: due to the way that the cleanup code works WRT to freeing ops on
  42  * the parse stack, it is dangerous to assign to the $n variables within
  43  * an action.
  44  */
  45
  46 /*  Make the parser re-entrant. */
  47
  48 %pure_parser
  49
  50 /* FIXME for MAD - is the new mintro on while and until important?  */
  51
  52 %start grammar
  53
  54 %union {
  55     I32 ival; /* __DEFAULT__ (marker for regen_perly.pl;
  56                                 must always be 1st union member) */
  57     char *pval;
  58     OP *opval;
  59     GV *gvval;
  60 #ifdef PERL_IN_MADLY_C
  61     TOKEN* p_tkval;
  62     TOKEN* i_tkval;
  63 #else
  64     char *p_tkval;
  65     I32 i_tkval;
  66 #endif
  67 #ifdef PERL_MAD
  68     TOKEN* tkval;
  69 #endif
  70 }
  71
  72 %token <ival> GRAMPROG GRAMEXPR GRAMBLOCK GRAMBARESTMT GRAMFULLSTMT GRAMSTMTSEQ
  73
  74 %token <i_tkval> '{' '}' '[' ']' '-' '+' '$' '@' '%' '*' '&' ';' '=' '.'
  75
  76 %token <opval> WORD METHOD FUNCMETH THING PMFUNC PRIVATEREF QWLIST
  77 %token <opval> FUNC0OP FUNC0SUB UNIOPSUB LSTOPSUB
  78 %token <opval> PLUGEXPR PLUGSTMT
  79 %token <p_tkval> LABEL
  80 %token <i_tkval> FORMAT SUB ANONSUB PACKAGE USE
  81 %token <i_tkval> WHILE UNTIL IF UNLESS ELSE ELSIF CONTINUE FOR
  82 %token <i_tkval> GIVEN WHEN DEFAULT
  83 %token <i_tkval> LOOPEX DOTDOT YADAYADA
  84 %token <i_tkval> FUNC0 FUNC1 FUNC UNIOP LSTOP
  85 %token <i_tkval> RELOP EQOP MULOP ADDOP
  86 %token <i_tkval> DOLSHARP DO HASHBRACK NOAMP
  87 %token <i_tkval> LOCAL MY REQUIRE
  88 %token <i_tkval> COLONATTR FORMLBRACK FORMRBRACK
  89
  90 %type <ival> grammar remember mremember
  91 %type <ival>  startsub startanonsub startformsub
  92 /* FIXME for MAD - are these two ival? */
  93 %type <ival> mintro
  94
  95 %type <opval> stmtseq fullstmt labfullstmt barestmt block mblock else
  96 %type <opval> expr term subscripted scalar ary hsh arylen star amper sideff
  97 %type <opval> listexpr nexpr texpr iexpr mexpr mnexpr miexpr
  98 %type <opval> optlistexpr optexpr indirob listop method
  99 %type <opval> formname subname proto subbody cont my_scalar formblock
 100 %type <opval> subattrlist myattrlist myattrterm myterm
 101 %type <opval> termbinop termunop anonymous termdo
 102 %type <opval> formstmtseq formline formarg
 103
 104 %nonassoc <i_tkval> PREC_LOW
 105 %nonassoc LOOPEX
 106
 107 %left <i_tkval> OROP DOROP
 108 %left <i_tkval> ANDOP
 109 %right <i_tkval> NOTOP
 110 %nonassoc LSTOP LSTOPSUB
 111 %left <i_tkval> ','
 112 %right <i_tkval> ASSIGNOP
 113 %right <i_tkval> '?' ':'
 114 %nonassoc DOTDOT YADAYADA
 115 %left <i_tkval> OROR DORDOR
 116 %left <i_tkval> ANDAND
 117 %left <i_tkval> BITOROP
 118 %left <i_tkval> BITANDOP
 119 %nonassoc EQOP
 120 %nonassoc RELOP
 121 %nonassoc UNIOP UNIOPSUB
 122 %nonassoc REQUIRE
 123 %left <i_tkval> SHIFTOP
 124 %left ADDOP
 125 %left MULOP
 126 %left <i_tkval> MATCHOP
 127 %right <i_tkval> '!' '~' UMINUS REFGEN
 128 %right <i_tkval> POWOP
 129 %nonassoc <i_tkval> PREINC PREDEC POSTINC POSTDEC
 130 %left <i_tkval> ARROW
 131 %nonassoc <i_tkval> ')'
 132 %left <i_tkval> '('
 133 %left '[' '{'
 134
 135 %token <i_tkval> PEG
 136
 137 %% /* RULES */
 138
 139 /* Top-level choice of what kind of thing yyparse was called to parse */
 140 grammar :       GRAMPROG
 141                         {
 142                           PL_parser->expect = XSTATE;
 143                         }
 144                 remember stmtseq
 145                         {
 146                           newPROG(block_end($3,$4));
 147                           $$ = 0;
 148                         }
 149         |       GRAMEXPR
 150                         {
 151                           parser->expect = XTERM;
 152                         }
 153                 optexpr
 154                         {
 155                           PL_eval_root = $3;
 156                           $$ = 0;
 157                         }
 158         |       GRAMBLOCK
 159                         {
 160                           parser->expect = XBLOCK;
 161                         }
 162                 block
 163                         {
 164                           PL_pad_reset_pending = TRUE;
 165                           PL_eval_root = $3;
 166                           $$ = 0;
 167                           yyunlex();
 168                           parser->yychar = YYEOF;
 169                         }
 170         |       GRAMBARESTMT
 171                         {
 172                           parser->expect = XSTATE;
 173                         }
 174                 barestmt
 175                         {
 176                           PL_pad_reset_pending = TRUE;
 177                           PL_eval_root = $3;
 178                           $$ = 0;
 179                           yyunlex();
 180                           parser->yychar = YYEOF;
 181                         }
 182         |       GRAMFULLSTMT
 183                         {
 184                           parser->expect = XSTATE;
 185                         }
 186                 fullstmt
 187                         {
 188                           PL_pad_reset_pending = TRUE;
 189                           PL_eval_root = $3;
 190                           $$ = 0;
 191                           yyunlex();
 192                           parser->yychar = YYEOF;
 193                         }
 194         |       GRAMSTMTSEQ
 195                         {
 196                           parser->expect = XSTATE;
 197                         }
 198                 stmtseq
 199                         {
 200                           PL_eval_root = $3;
 201                           $$ = 0;
 202                         }
 203         ;
 204
 205 /* An ordinary block */
 206 block   :       '{' remember stmtseq '}'
 207                         { if (PL_parser->copline > (line_t)IVAL($1))
 208                               PL_parser->copline = (line_t)IVAL($1);
 209                           $$ = block_end($2, $3);
 210                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'{');
 211                           TOKEN_GETMAD($4,$$,'}');
 212                         }
 213         ;
 214
 215 /* format body */
 216 formblock:      '=' remember ';' FORMRBRACK formstmtseq ';' '.'
 217                         { if (PL_parser->copline > (line_t)IVAL($1))
 218                               PL_parser->copline = (line_t)IVAL($1);
 219                           $$ = block_end($2, $5);
 220                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'{');
 221                           TOKEN_GETMAD($7,$$,'}');
 222                         }
 223         ;
 224
 225 remember:       /* NULL */      /* start a full lexical scope */
 226                         { $$ = block_start(TRUE); }
 227         ;
 228
 229 mblock  :       '{' mremember stmtseq '}'
 230                         { if (PL_parser->copline > (line_t)IVAL($1))
 231                               PL_parser->copline = (line_t)IVAL($1);
 232                           $$ = block_end($2, $3);
 233                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'{');
 234                           TOKEN_GETMAD($4,$$,'}');
 235                         }
 236         ;
 237
 238 mremember:      /* NULL */      /* start a partial lexical scope */
 239                         { $$ = block_start(FALSE); }
 240         ;
 241
 242 /* A sequence of statements in the program */
 243 stmtseq :       /* NULL */
 244                         { $$ = (OP*)NULL; }
 245         |       stmtseq fullstmt
 246                         {   $$ = op_append_list(OP_LINESEQ, $1, $2);
 247                             PL_pad_reset_pending = TRUE;
 248                             if ($1 && $2)
 249                                 PL_hints |= HINT_BLOCK_SCOPE;
 250                         }
 251         ;
 252
 253 /* A sequence of format lines */
 254 formstmtseq:    /* NULL */
 255                         { $$ = (OP*)NULL; }
 256         |       formstmtseq formline
 257                         {   $$ = op_append_list(OP_LINESEQ, $1, $2);
 258                             PL_pad_reset_pending = TRUE;
 259                             if ($1 && $2)
 260                                 PL_hints |= HINT_BLOCK_SCOPE;
 261                         }
 262         ;
 263
 264 /* A statement in the program, including optional labels */
 265 fullstmt:       barestmt
 266                         {
 267                           if($1) {
 268                               $$ = newSTATEOP(0, NULL, $1);
 269                           } else {
 270                               $$ = IF_MAD(newOP(OP_NULL, 0), NULL);
 271                           }
 272                         }
 273         |       labfullstmt
 274                         { $$ = $1; }
 275         ;
 276
 277 labfullstmt:    LABEL barestmt
 278                         {
 279                           $$ = newSTATEOP(SvUTF8(((SVOP*)$1)->op_sv),
 280                                         savepv(SvPVX(((SVOP*)$1)->op_sv)), $2);
 281                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,
 282                               $2 ? cLISTOPx($$)->op_first : $$, 'L');
 283                         }
 284         |       LABEL labfullstmt
 285                         {
 286                           $$ = newSTATEOP(SvUTF8(((SVOP*)$1)->op_sv),
 287                                         savepv(SvPVX(((SVOP*)$1)->op_sv)), $2);
 288                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1, cLISTOPx($$)->op_first, 'L');
 289                         }
 290         ;
 291
 292 /* A bare statement, lacking label and other aspects of state op */
 293 barestmt:       PLUGSTMT
 294                         { $$ = $1; }
 295         |       PEG
 296                         {
 297                           $$ = newOP(OP_NULL,0);
 298                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'p');
 299                         }
 300         |       FORMAT startformsub formname formblock
 301                         {
 302                           CV *fmtcv = PL_compcv;
 303 #ifdef MAD
 304                           $$ = newFORM($2, $3, $4);
 305                           prepend_madprops($1->tk_mad, $$, 'F');
 306                           $1->tk_mad = 0;
 307                           token_free($1);
 308 #else
 309                           newFORM($2, $3, $4);
 310                           $$ = (OP*)NULL;
 311 #endif
 312                           if (CvOUTSIDE(fmtcv) && !CvEVAL(CvOUTSIDE(fmtcv))) {
 313                               SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void(fmtcv);
 314                               pad_add_anon(fmtcv, OP_NULL);
 315                           }
 316                         }
 317         |       SUB subname startsub
 318                         {
 319                           if ($2->op_type == OP_CONST) {
 320                             const char *const name =
 321                                 SvPV_nolen_const(((SVOP*)$2)->op_sv);
 322                             if (strEQ(name, "BEGIN") || strEQ(name, "END")
 323                               || strEQ(name, "INIT") || strEQ(name, "CHECK")
 324                               || strEQ(name, "UNITCHECK"))
 325                               CvSPECIAL_on(PL_compcv);
 326                           }
 327                           else
 328                           /* State subs inside anonymous subs need to be
 329                              clonable themselves. */
 330                           if (CvANON(CvOUTSIDE(PL_compcv))
 331                            || CvCLONE(CvOUTSIDE(PL_compcv))
 332                            || !PadnameIsSTATE(PadlistNAMESARRAY(CvPADLIST(
 333                                                 CvOUTSIDE(PL_compcv)
 334                                              ))[$2->op_targ]))
 335                               CvCLONE_on(PL_compcv);
 336                           PL_parser->in_my = 0;
 337                           PL_parser->in_my_stash = NULL;
 338                         }
 339                 proto subattrlist subbody
 340                         {
 341                           SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void(PL_compcv);
 342 #ifdef MAD
 343                           {
 344                               OP* o = newSVOP(OP_ANONCODE, 0,
 345                                 (SV*)(
 346 #endif
 347                           $2->op_type == OP_CONST
 348                               ? newATTRSUB($3, $2, $5, $6, $7)
 349                               : newMYSUB($3, $2, $5, $6, $7)
 350 #ifdef MAD
 351                                 ));
 352                               $$ = newOP(OP_NULL,0);
 353                               op_getmad(o,$$,'&');
 354                               op_getmad($2,$$,'n');
 355                               op_getmad($5,$$,'s');
 356                               op_getmad($6,$$,'a');
 357                               token_getmad($1,$$,'d');
 358                               append_madprops($7->op_madprop, $$, 0);
 359                               $7->op_madprop = 0;
 360                           }
 361 #else
 362                           ;
 363                           $$ = (OP*)NULL;
 364 #endif
 365                           intro_my();
 366                         }
 367         |       PACKAGE WORD WORD ';'
 368                         {
 369 #ifdef MAD
 370                           $$ = package($3);
 371                           token_getmad($1,$$,'o');
 372                           if ($2)
 373                               package_version($2);
 374                           token_getmad($4,$$,';');
 375 #else
 376                           package($3);
 377                           if ($2)
 378                               package_version($2);
 379                           $$ = (OP*)NULL;
 380 #endif
 381                         }
 382         |       USE startsub
 383                         { CvSPECIAL_on(PL_compcv); /* It's a BEGIN {} */ }
 384                 WORD WORD optlistexpr ';'
 385                         {
 386                           SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void(PL_compcv);
 387 #ifdef MAD
 388                           $$ = utilize(IVAL($1), $2, $4, $5, $6);
 389                           token_getmad($1,$$,'o');
 390                           token_getmad($7,$$,';');
 391                           if (PL_parser->rsfp_filters &&
 392                                       AvFILLp(PL_parser->rsfp_filters) >= 0)
 393                               append_madprops(newMADPROP('!', MAD_NULL, NULL, 0), $$, 0);
 394 #else
 395                           utilize(IVAL($1), $2, $4, $5, $6);
 396                           $$ = (OP*)NULL;
 397 #endif
 398                         }
 399         |       IF '(' remember mexpr ')' mblock else
 400                         {
 401                           $$ = block_end($3,
 402                               newCONDOP(0, $4, op_scope($6), $7));
 403                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'I');
 404                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'(');
 405                           TOKEN_GETMAD($5,$$,')');
 406                           PL_parser->copline = (line_t)IVAL($1);
 407                         }
 408         |       UNLESS '(' remember miexpr ')' mblock else
 409                         {
 410                           $$ = block_end($3,
 411                               newCONDOP(0, $4, op_scope($6), $7));
 412                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'I');
 413                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'(');
 414                           TOKEN_GETMAD($5,$$,')');
 415                           PL_parser->copline = (line_t)IVAL($1);
 416                         }
 417         |       GIVEN '(' remember mexpr ')' mblock
 418                         {
 419                           const PADOFFSET offset = pad_findmy_pvs("$_", 0);
 420                           $$ = block_end($3,
 421                                   newGIVENOP($4, op_scope($6),
 422                                     offset == NOT_IN_PAD
 423                                     || PAD_COMPNAME_FLAGS_isOUR(offset)
 424                                       ? 0
 425                                       : offset));
 426                           PL_parser->copline = (line_t)IVAL($1);
 427                         }
 428         |       WHEN '(' remember mexpr ')' mblock
 429                         { $$ = block_end($3, newWHENOP($4, op_scope($6))); }
 430         |       DEFAULT block
 431                         { $$ = newWHENOP(0, op_scope($2)); }
 432         |       WHILE '(' remember texpr ')' mintro mblock cont
 433                         {
 434                           $$ = block_end($3,
 435                                   newWHILEOP(0, 1, (LOOP*)(OP*)NULL,
 436                                       $4, $7, $8, $6));
 437                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'W');
 438                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'(');
 439                           TOKEN_GETMAD($5,$$,')');
 440                           PL_parser->copline = (line_t)IVAL($1);
 441                         }
 442         |       UNTIL '(' remember iexpr ')' mintro mblock cont
 443                         {
 444                           $$ = block_end($3,
 445                                   newWHILEOP(0, 1, (LOOP*)(OP*)NULL,
 446                                       $4, $7, $8, $6));
 447                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'W');
 448                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'(');
 449                           TOKEN_GETMAD($5,$$,')');
 450                           PL_parser->copline = (line_t)IVAL($1);
 451                         }
 452         |       FOR '(' remember mnexpr ';' texpr ';' mintro mnexpr ')'
 453                 mblock
 454                         {
 455                           OP *initop = IF_MAD($4 ? $4 : newOP(OP_NULL, 0), $4);
 456                           OP *forop = newWHILEOP(0, 1, (LOOP*)(OP*)NULL,
 457                                       scalar($6), $11, $9, $8);
 458                           if (initop) {
 459                               forop = op_prepend_elem(OP_LINESEQ, initop,
 460                                   op_append_elem(OP_LINESEQ,
 461                                       newOP(OP_UNSTACK, OPf_SPECIAL),
 462                                       forop));
 463                           }
 464                           DO_MAD({ forop = newUNOP(OP_NULL, 0, forop); })
 465                           $$ = block_end($3, forop);
 466                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'3');
 467                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'(');
 468                           TOKEN_GETMAD($5,$$,'1');
 469                           TOKEN_GETMAD($7,$$,'2');
 470                           TOKEN_GETMAD($10,$$,')');
 471                           PL_parser->copline = (line_t)IVAL($1);
 472                         }
 473         |       FOR MY remember my_scalar '(' mexpr ')' mblock cont
 474                         {
 475                           $$ = block_end($3, newFOROP(0, $4, $6, $8, $9));
 476                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'W');
 477                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'d');
 478                           TOKEN_GETMAD($5,$$,'(');
 479                           TOKEN_GETMAD($7,$$,')');
 480                           PL_parser->copline = (line_t)IVAL($1);
 481                         }
 482         |       FOR scalar '(' remember mexpr ')' mblock cont
 483                         {
 484                           $$ = block_end($4, newFOROP(0,
 485                                       op_lvalue($2, OP_ENTERLOOP), $5, $7, $8));
 486                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'W');
 487                           TOKEN_GETMAD($3,$$,'(');
 488                           TOKEN_GETMAD($6,$$,')');
 489                           PL_parser->copline = (line_t)IVAL($1);
 490                         }
 491         |       FOR '(' remember mexpr ')' mblock cont
 492                         {
 493                           $$ = block_end($3,
 494                                   newFOROP(0, (OP*)NULL, $4, $6, $7));
 495                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'W');
 496                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'(');
 497                           TOKEN_GETMAD($5,$$,')');
 498                           PL_parser->copline = (line_t)IVAL($1);
 499                         }
 500         |       block cont
 501                         {
 502                           /* a block is a loop that happens once */
 503                           $$ = newWHILEOP(0, 1, (LOOP*)(OP*)NULL,
 504                                   (OP*)NULL, $1, $2, 0);
 505                         }
 506         |       PACKAGE WORD WORD '{' remember
 507                         {
 508                           package($3);
 509                           if ($2) {
 510                               package_version($2);
 511                           }
 512                         }
 513                 stmtseq '}'
 514                         {
 515                           /* a block is a loop that happens once */
 516                           $$ = newWHILEOP(0, 1, (LOOP*)(OP*)NULL,
 517                                   (OP*)NULL, block_end($5, $7), (OP*)NULL, 0);
 518                           TOKEN_GETMAD($4,$$,'{');
 519                           TOKEN_GETMAD($8,$$,'}');
 520                           if (PL_parser->copline > (line_t)IVAL($4))
 521                               PL_parser->copline = (line_t)IVAL($4);
 522                         }
 523         |       sideff ';'
 524                         {
 525                           PL_parser->expect = XSTATE;
 526                           $$ = $1;
 527                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,';');
 528                         }
 529         |       ';'
 530                         {
 531                           PL_parser->expect = XSTATE;
 532                           $$ = IF_MAD(newOP(OP_NULL, 0), (OP*)NULL);
 533                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,';');
 534                           PL_parser->copline = NOLINE;
 535                         }
 536         ;
 537
 538 /* Format line */
 539 formline:       THING formarg
 540                         { OP *list;
 541                           if ($2) {
 542                               OP *term = $2;
 543                               DO_MAD(term = newUNOP(OP_NULL, 0, term));
 544                               list = op_append_elem(OP_LIST, $1, term);
 545                           }
 546                           else {
 547 #ifdef MAD
 548                               OP *op = newNULLLIST();
 549                               list = op_append_elem(OP_LIST, $1, op);
 550 #else
 551                               list = $1;
 552 #endif
 553                           }
 554                           if (PL_parser->copline == NOLINE)
 555                                PL_parser->copline = CopLINE(PL_curcop)-1;
 556                           else PL_parser->copline--;
 557                           $$ = newSTATEOP(0, NULL,
 558                                           convert(OP_FORMLINE, 0, list));
 559                         }
 560         ;
 561
 562 formarg :       /* NULL */
 563                         { $$ = NULL; }
 564         |       FORMLBRACK stmtseq FORMRBRACK
 565                         { $$ = op_unscope($2); }
 566         ;
 567
 568 /* An expression which may have a side-effect */
 569 sideff  :       error
 570                         { $$ = (OP*)NULL; }
 571         |       expr
 572                         { $$ = $1; }
 573         |       expr IF expr
 574                         { $$ = newLOGOP(OP_AND, 0, $3, $1);
 575                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'i');
 576                         }
 577         |       expr UNLESS expr
 578                         { $$ = newLOGOP(OP_OR, 0, $3, $1);
 579                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'i');
 580                         }
 581         |       expr WHILE expr
 582                         { $$ = newLOOPOP(OPf_PARENS, 1, scalar($3), $1);
 583                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'w');
 584                         }
 585         |       expr UNTIL iexpr
 586                         { $$ = newLOOPOP(OPf_PARENS, 1, $3, $1);
 587                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'w');
 588                         }
 589         |       expr FOR expr
 590                         { $$ = newFOROP(0, (OP*)NULL, $3, $1, (OP*)NULL);
 591                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'w');
 592                           PL_parser->copline = (line_t)IVAL($2);
 593                         }
 594         |       expr WHEN expr
 595                         { $$ = newWHENOP($3, op_scope($1)); }
 596         ;
 597
 598 /* else and elsif blocks */
 599 else    :       /* NULL */
 600                         { $$ = (OP*)NULL; }
 601         |       ELSE mblock
 602                         {
 603                           ($2)->op_flags |= OPf_PARENS;
 604                           $$ = op_scope($2);
 605                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'o');
 606                         }
 607         |       ELSIF '(' mexpr ')' mblock else
 608                         { PL_parser->copline = (line_t)IVAL($1);
 609                             $$ = newCONDOP(0,
 610                                 newSTATEOP(OPf_SPECIAL,NULL,$3),
 611                                 op_scope($5), $6);
 612                           PL_hints |= HINT_BLOCK_SCOPE;
 613                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'I');
 614                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'(');
 615                           TOKEN_GETMAD($4,$$,')');
 616                         }
 617         ;
 618
 619 /* Continue blocks */
 620 cont    :       /* NULL */
 621                         { $$ = (OP*)NULL; }
 622         |       CONTINUE block
 623                         {
 624                           $$ = op_scope($2);
 625                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'o');
 626                         }
 627         ;
 628
 629 /* determine whether there are any new my declarations */
 630 mintro  :       /* NULL */
 631                         { $$ = (PL_min_intro_pending &&
 632                             PL_max_intro_pending >=  PL_min_intro_pending);
 633                           intro_my(); }
 634
 635 /* Normal expression */
 636 nexpr   :       /* NULL */
 637                         { $$ = (OP*)NULL; }
 638         |       sideff
 639         ;
 640
 641 /* Boolean expression */
 642 texpr   :       /* NULL means true */
 643                         { YYSTYPE tmplval;
 644                           (void)scan_num("1", &tmplval);
 645                           $$ = tmplval.opval; }
 646         |       expr
 647         ;
 648
 649 /* Inverted boolean expression */
 650 iexpr   :       expr
 651                         { $$ = invert(scalar($1)); }
 652         ;
 653
 654 /* Expression with its own lexical scope */
 655 mexpr   :       expr
 656                         { $$ = $1; intro_my(); }
 657         ;
 658
 659 mnexpr  :       nexpr
 660                         { $$ = $1; intro_my(); }
 661         ;
 662
 663 miexpr  :       iexpr
 664                         { $$ = $1; intro_my(); }
 665         ;
 666
 667 formname:       WORD            { $$ = $1; }
 668         |       /* NULL */      { $$ = (OP*)NULL; }
 669         ;
 670
 671 startsub:       /* NULL */      /* start a regular subroutine scope */
 672                         { $$ = start_subparse(FALSE, 0);
 673                             SAVEFREESV(PL_compcv); }
 674
 675         ;
 676
 677 startanonsub:   /* NULL */      /* start an anonymous subroutine scope */
 678                         { $$ = start_subparse(FALSE, CVf_ANON);
 679                             SAVEFREESV(PL_compcv); }
 680         ;
 681
 682 startformsub:   /* NULL */      /* start a format subroutine scope */
 683                         { $$ = start_subparse(TRUE, 0);
 684                             SAVEFREESV(PL_compcv); }
 685         ;
 686
 687 /* Name of a subroutine - must be a bareword, could be special */
 688 subname :       WORD
 689         |       PRIVATEREF
 690         ;
 691
 692 /* Subroutine prototype */
 693 proto   :       /* NULL */
 694                         { $$ = (OP*)NULL; }
 695         |       THING
 696         ;
 697
 698 /* Optional list of subroutine attributes */
 699 subattrlist:    /* NULL */
 700                         { $$ = (OP*)NULL; }
 701         |       COLONATTR THING
 702                         { $$ = $2;
 703                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,':');
 704                         }
 705         |       COLONATTR
 706                         { $$ = IF_MAD(
 707                                     newOP(OP_NULL, 0),
 708                                     (OP*)NULL
 709                                 );
 710                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,':');
 711                         }
 712         ;
 713
 714 /* List of attributes for a "my" variable declaration */
 715 myattrlist:     COLONATTR THING
 716                         { $$ = $2;
 717                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,':');
 718                         }
 719         |       COLONATTR
 720                         { $$ = IF_MAD(
 721                                     newOP(OP_NULL, 0),
 722                                     (OP*)NULL
 723                                 );
 724                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,':');
 725                         }
 726         ;
 727
 728 /* Subroutine body - either null or a block */
 729 subbody :       block   { $$ = $1; }
 730         |       ';'     { $$ = IF_MAD(
 731                                     newOP(OP_NULL,0),
 732                                     (OP*)NULL
 733                                 );
 734                           PL_parser->expect = XSTATE;
 735                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,';');
 736                         }
 737         ;
 738
 739 /* Ordinary expressions; logical combinations */
 740 expr    :       expr ANDOP expr
 741                         { $$ = newLOGOP(OP_AND, 0, $1, $3);
 742                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'o');
 743                         }
 744         |       expr OROP expr
 745                         { $$ = newLOGOP(IVAL($2), 0, $1, $3);
 746                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'o');
 747                         }
 748         |       expr DOROP expr
 749                         { $$ = newLOGOP(OP_DOR, 0, $1, $3);
 750                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'o');
 751                         }
 752         |       listexpr %prec PREC_LOW
 753         ;
 754
 755 /* Expressions are a list of terms joined by commas */
 756 listexpr:       listexpr ','
 757                         {
 758 #ifdef MAD
 759                           OP* op = newNULLLIST();
 760                           token_getmad($2,op,',');
 761                           $$ = op_append_elem(OP_LIST, $1, op);
 762 #else
 763                           $$ = $1;
 764 #endif
 765                         }
 766         |       listexpr ',' term
 767                         {
 768                           OP* term = $3;
 769                           DO_MAD(
 770                               term = newUNOP(OP_NULL, 0, term);
 771                               token_getmad($2,term,',');
 772                           )
 773                           $$ = op_append_elem(OP_LIST, $1, term);
 774                         }
 775         |       term %prec PREC_LOW
 776         ;
 777
 778 /* List operators */
 779 listop  :       LSTOP indirob listexpr /* map {...} @args or print $fh @args */
 780                         { $$ = convert(IVAL($1), OPf_STACKED,
 781                                 op_prepend_elem(OP_LIST, newGVREF(IVAL($1),$2), $3) );
 782                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'o');
 783                         }
 784         |       FUNC '(' indirob expr ')'      /* print ($fh @args */
 785                         { $$ = convert(IVAL($1), OPf_STACKED,
 786                                 op_prepend_elem(OP_LIST, newGVREF(IVAL($1),$3), $4) );
 787                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'o');
 788                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'(');
 789                           TOKEN_GETMAD($5,$$,')');
 790                         }
 791         |       term ARROW method '(' optexpr ')' /* $foo->bar(list) */
 792                         { $$ = convert(OP_ENTERSUB, OPf_STACKED,
 793                                 op_append_elem(OP_LIST,
 794                                     op_prepend_elem(OP_LIST, scalar($1), $5),
 795                                     newUNOP(OP_METHOD, 0, $3)));
 796                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'A');
 797                           TOKEN_GETMAD($4,$$,'(');
 798                           TOKEN_GETMAD($6,$$,')');
 799                         }
 800         |       term ARROW method                     /* $foo->bar */
 801                         { $$ = convert(OP_ENTERSUB, OPf_STACKED,
 802                                 op_append_elem(OP_LIST, scalar($1),
 803                                     newUNOP(OP_METHOD, 0, $3)));
 804                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'A');
 805                         }
 806         |       METHOD indirob optlistexpr           /* new Class @args */
 807                         { $$ = convert(OP_ENTERSUB, OPf_STACKED,
 808                                 op_append_elem(OP_LIST,
 809                                     op_prepend_elem(OP_LIST, $2, $3),
 810                                     newUNOP(OP_METHOD, 0, $1)));
 811                         }
 812         |       FUNCMETH indirob '(' optexpr ')'    /* method $object (@args) */
 813                         { $$ = convert(OP_ENTERSUB, OPf_STACKED,
 814                                 op_append_elem(OP_LIST,
 815                                     op_prepend_elem(OP_LIST, $2, $4),
 816                                     newUNOP(OP_METHOD, 0, $1)));
 817                           TOKEN_GETMAD($3,$$,'(');
 818                           TOKEN_GETMAD($5,$$,')');
 819                         }
 820         |       LSTOP optlistexpr                    /* print @args */
 821                         { $$ = convert(IVAL($1), 0, $2);
 822                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'o');
 823                         }
 824         |       FUNC '(' optexpr ')'                 /* print (@args) */
 825                         { $$ = convert(IVAL($1), 0, $3);
 826                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'o');
 827                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'(');
 828                           TOKEN_GETMAD($4,$$,')');
 829                         }
 830         |       LSTOPSUB startanonsub block /* sub f(&@);   f { foo } ... */
 831                         { SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void(PL_compcv);
 832                           $<opval>$ = newANONATTRSUB($2, 0, (OP*)NULL, $3); }
 833                     optlistexpr         %prec LSTOP  /* ... @bar */
 834                         { $$ = newUNOP(OP_ENTERSUB, OPf_STACKED,
 835                                  op_append_elem(OP_LIST,
 836                                    op_prepend_elem(OP_LIST, $<opval>4, $5), $1));
 837                         }
 838         ;
 839
 840 /* Names of methods. May use $object->$methodname */
 841 method  :       METHOD
 842         |       scalar
 843         ;
 844
 845 /* Some kind of subscripted expression */
 846 subscripted:    star '{' expr ';' '}'        /* *main::{something} */
 847                         /* In this and all the hash accessors, ';' is
 848                          * provided by the tokeniser */
 849                         { $$ = newBINOP(OP_GELEM, 0, $1, scalar($3));
 850                             PL_parser->expect = XOPERATOR;
 851                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'{');
 852                           TOKEN_GETMAD($4,$$,';');
 853                           TOKEN_GETMAD($5,$$,'}');
 854                         }
 855         |       scalar '[' expr ']'          /* $array[$element] */
 856                         { $$ = newBINOP(OP_AELEM, 0, oopsAV($1), scalar($3));
 857                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'[');
 858                           TOKEN_GETMAD($4,$$,']');
 859                         }
 860         |       term ARROW '[' expr ']'      /* somearef->[$element] */
 861                         { $$ = newBINOP(OP_AELEM, 0,
 862                                         ref(newAVREF($1),OP_RV2AV),
 863                                         scalar($4));
 864                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'a');
 865                           TOKEN_GETMAD($3,$$,'[');
 866                           TOKEN_GETMAD($5,$$,']');
 867                         }
 868         |       subscripted '[' expr ']'    /* $foo->[$bar]->[$baz] */
 869                         { $$ = newBINOP(OP_AELEM, 0,
 870                                         ref(newAVREF($1),OP_RV2AV),
 871                                         scalar($3));
 872                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'[');
 873                           TOKEN_GETMAD($4,$$,']');
 874                         }
 875         |       scalar '{' expr ';' '}'    /* $foo{bar();} */
 876                         { $$ = newBINOP(OP_HELEM, 0, oopsHV($1), jmaybe($3));
 877                             PL_parser->expect = XOPERATOR;
 878                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'{');
 879                           TOKEN_GETMAD($4,$$,';');
 880                           TOKEN_GETMAD($5,$$,'}');
 881                         }
 882         |       term ARROW '{' expr ';' '}' /* somehref->{bar();} */
 883                         { $$ = newBINOP(OP_HELEM, 0,
 884                                         ref(newHVREF($1),OP_RV2HV),
 885                                         jmaybe($4));
 886                             PL_parser->expect = XOPERATOR;
 887                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'a');
 888                           TOKEN_GETMAD($3,$$,'{');
 889                           TOKEN_GETMAD($5,$$,';');
 890                           TOKEN_GETMAD($6,$$,'}');
 891                         }
 892         |       subscripted '{' expr ';' '}' /* $foo->[bar]->{baz;} */
 893                         { $$ = newBINOP(OP_HELEM, 0,
 894                                         ref(newHVREF($1),OP_RV2HV),
 895                                         jmaybe($3));
 896                             PL_parser->expect = XOPERATOR;
 897                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'{');
 898                           TOKEN_GETMAD($4,$$,';');
 899                           TOKEN_GETMAD($5,$$,'}');
 900                         }
 901         |       term ARROW '(' ')'          /* $subref->() */
 902                         { $$ = newUNOP(OP_ENTERSUB, OPf_STACKED,
 903                                    newCVREF(0, scalar($1)));
 904                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'a');
 905                           TOKEN_GETMAD($3,$$,'(');
 906                           TOKEN_GETMAD($4,$$,')');
 907                         }
 908         |       term ARROW '(' expr ')'     /* $subref->(@args) */
 909                         { $$ = newUNOP(OP_ENTERSUB, OPf_STACKED,
 910                                    op_append_elem(OP_LIST, $4,
 911                                        newCVREF(0, scalar($1))));
 912                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'a');
 913                           TOKEN_GETMAD($3,$$,'(');
 914                           TOKEN_GETMAD($5,$$,')');
 915                         }
 916
 917         |       subscripted '(' expr ')'   /* $foo->{bar}->(@args) */
 918                         { $$ = newUNOP(OP_ENTERSUB, OPf_STACKED,
 919                                    op_append_elem(OP_LIST, $3,
 920                                                newCVREF(0, scalar($1))));
 921                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'(');
 922                           TOKEN_GETMAD($4,$$,')');
 923                         }
 924         |       subscripted '(' ')'        /* $foo->{bar}->() */
 925                         { $$ = newUNOP(OP_ENTERSUB, OPf_STACKED,
 926                                    newCVREF(0, scalar($1)));
 927                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'(');
 928                           TOKEN_GETMAD($3,$$,')');
 929                         }
 930         |       '(' expr ')' '[' expr ']'            /* list slice */
 931                         { $$ = newSLICEOP(0, $5, $2);
 932                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'(');
 933                           TOKEN_GETMAD($3,$$,')');
 934                           TOKEN_GETMAD($4,$$,'[');
 935                           TOKEN_GETMAD($6,$$,']');
 936                         }
 937         |       QWLIST '[' expr ']'            /* list literal slice */
 938                         { $$ = newSLICEOP(0, $3, $1);
 939                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'[');
 940                           TOKEN_GETMAD($4,$$,']');
 941                         }
 942         |       '(' ')' '[' expr ']'                 /* empty list slice! */
 943                         { $$ = newSLICEOP(0, $4, (OP*)NULL);
 944                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'(');
 945                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,')');
 946                           TOKEN_GETMAD($3,$$,'[');
 947                           TOKEN_GETMAD($5,$$,']');
 948                         }
 949     ;
 950
 951 /* Binary operators between terms */
 952 termbinop:      term ASSIGNOP term                     /* $x = $y */
 953                         { $$ = newASSIGNOP(OPf_STACKED, $1, IVAL($2), $3);
 954                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'o');
 955                         }
 956         |       term POWOP term                        /* $x ** $y */
 957                         { $$ = newBINOP(IVAL($2), 0, scalar($1), scalar($3));
 958                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'o');
 959                         }
 960         |       term MULOP term                        /* $x * $y, $x x $y */
 961                         {   if (IVAL($2) != OP_REPEAT)
 962                                 scalar($1);
 963                             $$ = newBINOP(IVAL($2), 0, $1, scalar($3));
 964                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'o');
 965                         }
 966         |       term ADDOP term                        /* $x + $y */
 967                         { $$ = newBINOP(IVAL($2), 0, scalar($1), scalar($3));
 968                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'o');
 969                         }
 970         |       term SHIFTOP term                      /* $x >> $y, $x << $y */
 971                         { $$ = newBINOP(IVAL($2), 0, scalar($1), scalar($3));
 972                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'o');
 973                         }
 974         |       term RELOP term                        /* $x > $y, etc. */
 975                         { $$ = newBINOP(IVAL($2), 0, scalar($1), scalar($3));
 976                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'o');
 977                         }
 978         |       term EQOP term                         /* $x == $y, $x eq $y */
 979                         { $$ = newBINOP(IVAL($2), 0, scalar($1), scalar($3));
 980                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'o');
 981                         }
 982         |       term BITANDOP term                     /* $x & $y */
 983                         { $$ = newBINOP(IVAL($2), 0, scalar($1), scalar($3));
 984                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'o');
 985                         }
 986         |       term BITOROP term                      /* $x | $y */
 987                         { $$ = newBINOP(IVAL($2), 0, scalar($1), scalar($3));
 988                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'o');
 989                         }
 990         |       term DOTDOT term                       /* $x..$y, $x...$y */
 991                         {
 992                           $$ = newRANGE(IVAL($2), scalar($1), scalar($3));
 993                           DO_MAD({
 994                               UNOP *op;
 995                               op = (UNOP*)$$;
 996                               op = (UNOP*)op->op_first; /* get to flop */
 997                               op = (UNOP*)op->op_first; /* get to flip */
 998                               op = (UNOP*)op->op_first; /* get to range */
 999                               token_getmad($2,(OP*)op,'o');
1000                             })
1001                         }
1002         |       term ANDAND term                       /* $x && $y */
1003                         { $$ = newLOGOP(OP_AND, 0, $1, $3);
1004                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'o');
1005                         }
1006         |       term OROR term                         /* $x || $y */
1007                         { $$ = newLOGOP(OP_OR, 0, $1, $3);
1008                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'o');
1009                         }
1010         |       term DORDOR term                       /* $x // $y */
1011                         { $$ = newLOGOP(OP_DOR, 0, $1, $3);
1012                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'o');
1013                         }
1014         |       term MATCHOP term                      /* $x =~ /$y/ */
1015                         { $$ = bind_match(IVAL($2), $1, $3);
1016                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,
1017                                 ($$->op_type == OP_NOT
1018                                     ? ((UNOP*)$$)->op_first : $$),
1019                                 '~');
1020                         }
1021     ;
1022
1023 /* Unary operators and terms */
1024 termunop : '-' term %prec UMINUS                       /* -$x */
1025                         { $$ = newUNOP(OP_NEGATE, 0, scalar($2));
1026                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'o');
1027                         }
1028         |       '+' term %prec UMINUS                  /* +$x */
1029                         { $$ = IF_MAD(
1030                                     newUNOP(OP_NULL, 0, $2),
1031                                     $2
1032                                 );
1033                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'+');
1034                         }
1035         |       '!' term                               /* !$x */
1036                         { $$ = newUNOP(OP_NOT, 0, scalar($2));
1037                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'o');
1038                         }
1039         |       '~' term                               /* ~$x */
1040                         { $$ = newUNOP(OP_COMPLEMENT, 0, scalar($2));
1041                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'o');
1042                         }
1043         |       term POSTINC                           /* $x++ */
1044                         { $$ = newUNOP(OP_POSTINC, 0,
1045                                         op_lvalue(scalar($1), OP_POSTINC));
1046                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'o');
1047                         }
1048         |       term POSTDEC                           /* $x-- */
1049                         { $$ = newUNOP(OP_POSTDEC, 0,
1050                                         op_lvalue(scalar($1), OP_POSTDEC));
1051                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'o');
1052                         }
1053         |       PREINC term                            /* ++$x */
1054                         { $$ = newUNOP(OP_PREINC, 0,
1055                                         op_lvalue(scalar($2), OP_PREINC));
1056                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'o');
1057                         }
1058         |       PREDEC term                            /* --$x */
1059                         { $$ = newUNOP(OP_PREDEC, 0,
1060                                         op_lvalue(scalar($2), OP_PREDEC));
1061                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'o');
1062                         }
1063
1064     ;
1065
1066 /* Constructors for anonymous data */
1067 anonymous:      '[' expr ']'
1068                         { $$ = newANONLIST($2);
1069                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'[');
1070                           TOKEN_GETMAD($3,$$,']');
1071                         }
1072         |       '[' ']'
1073                         { $$ = newANONLIST((OP*)NULL);
1074                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'[');
1075                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,']');
1076                         }
1077         |       HASHBRACK expr ';' '}'  %prec '(' /* { foo => "Bar" } */
1078                         { $$ = newANONHASH($2);
1079                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'{');
1080                           TOKEN_GETMAD($3,$$,';');
1081                           TOKEN_GETMAD($4,$$,'}');
1082                         }
1083         |       HASHBRACK ';' '}'       %prec '(' /* { } (';' by tokener) */
1084                         { $$ = newANONHASH((OP*)NULL);
1085                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'{');
1086                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,';');
1087                           TOKEN_GETMAD($3,$$,'}');
1088                         }
1089         |       ANONSUB startanonsub proto subattrlist block    %prec '('
1090                         { SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void(PL_compcv);
1091                           $$ = newANONATTRSUB($2, $3, $4, $5);
1092                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'o');
1093                           OP_GETMAD($3,$$,'s');
1094                           OP_GETMAD($4,$$,'a');
1095                         }
1096
1097     ;
1098
1099 /* Things called with "do" */
1100 termdo  :       DO term %prec UNIOP                     /* do $filename */
1101                         { $$ = dofile($2, IVAL($1));
1102                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'o');
1103                         }
1104         |       DO block        %prec '('               /* do { code */
1105                         { $$ = newUNOP(OP_NULL, OPf_SPECIAL, op_scope($2));
1106                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'D');
1107                         }
1108         |       DO subname '(' ')'                  /* do somesub() */
1109                         { $$ = newUNOP(OP_ENTERSUB,
1110                             OPf_SPECIAL|OPf_STACKED,
1111                             op_prepend_elem(OP_LIST,
1112                                 scalar(newCVREF(
1113                                     (OPpENTERSUB_AMPER<<8),
1114                                     scalar($2)
1115                                 )),(OP*)NULL)); dep();
1116                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'o');
1117                           TOKEN_GETMAD($3,$$,'(');
1118                           TOKEN_GETMAD($4,$$,')');
1119                         }
1120         |       DO subname '(' expr ')'             /* do somesub(@args) */
1121                         { $$ = newUNOP(OP_ENTERSUB,
1122                             OPf_SPECIAL|OPf_STACKED,
1123                             op_append_elem(OP_LIST,
1124                                 $4,
1125                                 scalar(newCVREF(
1126                                     (OPpENTERSUB_AMPER<<8),
1127                                     scalar($2)
1128                                 )))); dep();
1129                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'o');
1130                           TOKEN_GETMAD($3,$$,'(');
1131                           TOKEN_GETMAD($5,$$,')');
1132                         }
1133         |       DO scalar '(' ')'                /* do $subref () */
1134                         { $$ = newUNOP(OP_ENTERSUB, OPf_SPECIAL|OPf_STACKED,
1135                             op_prepend_elem(OP_LIST,
1136                                 scalar(newCVREF(0,scalar($2))), (OP*)NULL)); dep();
1137                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'o');
1138                           TOKEN_GETMAD($3,$$,'(');
1139                           TOKEN_GETMAD($4,$$,')');
1140                         }
1141         |       DO scalar '(' expr ')'           /* do $subref (@args) */
1142                         { $$ = newUNOP(OP_ENTERSUB, OPf_SPECIAL|OPf_STACKED,
1143                             op_prepend_elem(OP_LIST,
1144                                 $4,
1145                                 scalar(newCVREF(0,scalar($2))))); dep();
1146                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'o');
1147                           TOKEN_GETMAD($3,$$,'(');
1148                           TOKEN_GETMAD($5,$$,')');
1149                         }
1150
1151         ;
1152
1153 term    :       termbinop
1154         |       termunop
1155         |       anonymous
1156         |       termdo
1157         |       term '?' term ':' term
1158                         { $$ = newCONDOP(0, $1, $3, $5);
1159                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'?');
1160                           TOKEN_GETMAD($4,$$,':');
1161                         }
1162         |       REFGEN term                          /* \$x, \@y, \%z */
1163                         { $$ = newUNOP(OP_REFGEN, 0, op_lvalue($2,OP_REFGEN));
1164                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'o');
1165                         }
1166         |       myattrterm      %prec UNIOP
1167                         { $$ = $1; }
1168         |       LOCAL term      %prec UNIOP
1169                         { $$ = localize($2,IVAL($1));
1170                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'k');
1171                         }
1172         |       '(' expr ')'
1173                         { $$ = sawparens(IF_MAD(newUNOP(OP_NULL,0,$2), $2));
1174                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'(');
1175                           TOKEN_GETMAD($3,$$,')');
1176                         }
1177         |       QWLIST
1178                         { $$ = IF_MAD(newUNOP(OP_NULL,0,$1), $1); }
1179         |       '(' ')'
1180                         { $$ = sawparens(newNULLLIST());
1181                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'(');
1182                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,')');
1183                         }
1184         |       scalar  %prec '('
1185                         { $$ = $1; }
1186         |       star    %prec '('
1187                         { $$ = $1; }
1188         |       hsh     %prec '('
1189                         { $$ = $1; }
1190         |       ary     %prec '('
1191                         { $$ = $1; }
1192         |       arylen  %prec '('                    /* $#x, $#{ something } */
1193                         { $$ = newUNOP(OP_AV2ARYLEN, 0, ref($1, OP_AV2ARYLEN));}
1194         |       subscripted
1195                         { $$ = $1; }
1196         |       ary '[' expr ']'                     /* array slice */
1197                         { $$ = op_prepend_elem(OP_ASLICE,
1198                                 newOP(OP_PUSHMARK, 0),
1199                                     newLISTOP(OP_ASLICE, 0,
1200                                         list($3),
1201                                         ref($1, OP_ASLICE)));
1202                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'[');
1203                           TOKEN_GETMAD($4,$$,']');
1204                         }
1205         |       ary '{' expr ';' '}'                 /* @hash{@keys} */
1206                         { $$ = op_prepend_elem(OP_HSLICE,
1207                                 newOP(OP_PUSHMARK, 0),
1208                                     newLISTOP(OP_HSLICE, 0,
1209                                         list($3),
1210                                         ref(oopsHV($1), OP_HSLICE)));
1211                             PL_parser->expect = XOPERATOR;
1212                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'{');
1213                           TOKEN_GETMAD($4,$$,';');
1214                           TOKEN_GETMAD($5,$$,'}');
1215                         }
1216         |       THING   %prec '('
1217                         { $$ = $1; }
1218         |       amper                                /* &foo; */
1219                         { $$ = newUNOP(OP_ENTERSUB, 0, scalar($1)); }
1220         |       amper '(' ')'                 /* &foo() */
1221                         { $$ = newUNOP(OP_ENTERSUB, OPf_STACKED, scalar($1));
1222                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'(');
1223                           TOKEN_GETMAD($3,$$,')');
1224                         }
1225         |       amper '(' expr ')'            /* &foo(@args) */
1226                         {
1227                           $$ = newUNOP(OP_ENTERSUB, OPf_STACKED,
1228                                 op_append_elem(OP_LIST, $3, scalar($1)));
1229                           DO_MAD({
1230                               OP* op = $$;
1231                               if (op->op_type == OP_CONST) { /* defeat const fold */
1232                                 op = (OP*)op->op_madprop->mad_val;
1233                               }
1234                               token_getmad($2,op,'(');
1235                               token_getmad($4,op,')');
1236                           })
1237                         }
1238         |       NOAMP subname optlistexpr               /* foo(@args) */
1239                         { $$ = newUNOP(OP_ENTERSUB, OPf_STACKED,
1240                             op_append_elem(OP_LIST, $3, scalar($2)));
1241                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'o');
1242                         }
1243         |       LOOPEX  /* loop exiting command (goto, last, dump, etc) */
1244                         { $$ = newOP(IVAL($1), OPf_SPECIAL);
1245                             PL_hints |= HINT_BLOCK_SCOPE;
1246                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'o');
1247                         }
1248         |       LOOPEX term
1249                         { $$ = newLOOPEX(IVAL($1),$2);
1250                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'o');
1251                         }
1252         |       NOTOP listexpr                       /* not $foo */
1253                         { $$ = newUNOP(OP_NOT, 0, scalar($2));
1254                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'o');
1255                         }
1256         |       UNIOP                                /* Unary op, $_ implied */
1257                         { $$ = newOP(IVAL($1), 0);
1258                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'o');
1259                         }
1260         |       UNIOP block                          /* eval { foo }* */
1261                         { $$ = newUNOP(IVAL($1), 0, $2);
1262                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'o');
1263                         }
1264         |       UNIOP term                           /* Unary op */
1265                         { $$ = newUNOP(IVAL($1), 0, $2);
1266                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'o');
1267                         }
1268         |       REQUIRE                              /* require, $_ implied */
1269                         { $$ = newOP(OP_REQUIRE, $1 ? OPf_SPECIAL : 0);
1270                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'o');
1271                         }
1272         |       REQUIRE term                         /* require Foo */
1273                         { $$ = newUNOP(OP_REQUIRE, $1 ? OPf_SPECIAL : 0, $2);
1274                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'o');
1275                         }
1276         |       UNIOPSUB
1277                         { $$ = newUNOP(OP_ENTERSUB, OPf_STACKED, scalar($1)); }
1278         |       UNIOPSUB term                        /* Sub treated as unop */
1279                         { $$ = newUNOP(OP_ENTERSUB, OPf_STACKED,
1280                             op_append_elem(OP_LIST, $2, scalar($1))); }
1281         |       FUNC0                                /* Nullary operator */
1282                         { $$ = newOP(IVAL($1), 0);
1283                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'o');
1284                         }
1285         |       FUNC0 '(' ')'
1286                         { $$ = newOP(IVAL($1), 0);
1287                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'o');
1288                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'(');
1289                           TOKEN_GETMAD($3,$$,')');
1290                         }
1291         |       FUNC0OP       /* Same as above, but op created in toke.c */
1292                         { $$ = $1; }
1293         |       FUNC0OP '(' ')'
1294                         { $$ = $1;
1295                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'(');
1296                           TOKEN_GETMAD($3,$$,')');
1297                         }
1298         |       FUNC0SUB                             /* Sub treated as nullop */
1299                         { $$ = newUNOP(OP_ENTERSUB, OPf_STACKED,
1300                                 scalar($1)); }
1301         |       FUNC1 '(' ')'                        /* not () */
1302                         { $$ = (IVAL($1) == OP_NOT)
1303                             ? newUNOP(IVAL($1), 0, newSVOP(OP_CONST, 0, newSViv(0)))
1304                             : newOP(IVAL($1), OPf_SPECIAL);
1305
1306                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'o');
1307                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'(');
1308                           TOKEN_GETMAD($3,$$,')');
1309                         }
1310         |       FUNC1 '(' expr ')'                   /* not($foo) */
1311                         { $$ = newUNOP(IVAL($1), 0, $3);
1312                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'o');
1313                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'(');
1314                           TOKEN_GETMAD($4,$$,')');
1315                         }
1316         |       PMFUNC /* m//, s///, qr//, tr/// */
1317                         {
1318                             if (   $1->op_type != OP_TRANS
1319                                 && $1->op_type != OP_TRANSR
1320                                 && (((PMOP*)$1)->op_pmflags & PMf_HAS_CV))
1321                             {
1322                                 $<ival>$ = start_subparse(FALSE, CVf_ANON);
1323                                 SAVEFREESV(PL_compcv);
1324                             } else
1325                                 $<ival>$ = 0;
1326                         }
1327                     '(' listexpr ')'
1328                         { $$ = pmruntime($1, $4, 1, $<ival>2);
1329                           TOKEN_GETMAD($3,$$,'(');
1330                           TOKEN_GETMAD($5,$$,')');
1331                         }
1332         |       WORD
1333         |       listop
1334         |       YADAYADA
1335                         {
1336                           $$ = newLISTOP(OP_DIE, 0, newOP(OP_PUSHMARK, 0),
1337                                 newSVOP(OP_CONST, 0, newSVpvs("Unimplemented")));
1338                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'X');
1339                         }
1340         |       PLUGEXPR
1341         ;
1342
1343 /* "my" declarations, with optional attributes */
1344 myattrterm:     MY myterm myattrlist
1345                         { $$ = my_attrs($2,$3);
1346                           DO_MAD(
1347                               token_getmad($1,$$,'d');
1348                               append_madprops($3->op_madprop, $$, 'a');
1349                               $3->op_madprop = 0;
1350                           )
1351                         }
1352         |       MY myterm
1353                         { $$ = localize($2,IVAL($1));
1354                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'d');
1355                         }
1356         ;
1357
1358 /* Things that can be "my"'d */
1359 myterm  :       '(' expr ')'
1360                         { $$ = sawparens($2);
1361                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'(');
1362                           TOKEN_GETMAD($3,$$,')');
1363                         }
1364         |       '(' ')'
1365                         { $$ = sawparens(newNULLLIST());
1366                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'(');
1367                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,')');
1368                         }
1369         |       scalar  %prec '('
1370                         { $$ = $1; }
1371         |       hsh     %prec '('
1372                         { $$ = $1; }
1373         |       ary     %prec '('
1374                         { $$ = $1; }
1375         ;
1376
1377 /* Basic list expressions */
1378 optlistexpr:    /* NULL */ %prec PREC_LOW
1379                         { $$ = (OP*)NULL; }
1380         |       listexpr    %prec PREC_LOW
1381                         { $$ = $1; }
1382         ;
1383
1384 optexpr:        /* NULL */
1385                         { $$ = (OP*)NULL; }
1386         |       expr
1387                         { $$ = $1; }
1388         ;
1389
1390 /* A little bit of trickery to make "for my $foo (@bar)" actually be
1391    lexical */
1392 my_scalar:      scalar
1393                         { PL_parser->in_my = 0; $$ = my($1); }
1394         ;
1395
1396 amper   :       '&' indirob
1397                         { $$ = newCVREF(IVAL($1),$2);
1398                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'&');
1399                         }
1400         ;
1401
1402 scalar  :       '$' indirob
1403                         { $$ = newSVREF($2);
1404                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'$');
1405                         }
1406         ;
1407
1408 ary     :       '@' indirob
1409                         { $$ = newAVREF($2);
1410                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'@');
1411                         }
1412         ;
1413
1414 hsh     :       '%' indirob
1415                         { $$ = newHVREF($2);
1416                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'%');
1417                         }
1418         ;
1419
1420 arylen  :       DOLSHARP indirob
1421                         { $$ = newAVREF($2);
1422                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'l');
1423                         }
1424         ;
1425
1426 star    :       '*' indirob
1427                         { $$ = newGVREF(0,$2);
1428                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'*');
1429                         }
1430         ;
1431
1432 /* Indirect objects */
1433 indirob :       WORD
1434                         { $$ = scalar($1); }
1435         |       scalar %prec PREC_LOW
1436                         { $$ = scalar($1); }
1437         |       block
1438                         { $$ = op_scope($1); }
1439
1440         |       PRIVATEREF
1441                         { $$ = $1; }
1442         ;