2 our $VERSION = do { my @r = (q$Revision: 1.25 $ =~ /\d+/g); sprintf "%d."."%02d" x $#r, @r };
10 Carp::croak "encoding pragma does not support EBCDIC platforms";
18 $name ||= $ENV{PERL_ENCODING};
20 my $enc = find_encoding($name);
21 unless (defined $enc) {
23 Carp::croak "Unknown encoding '$name'";
25 ${^ENCODING} = $enc; # this is all you need, actually.
27 # $_OPEN_ORIG = ${^OPEN};
28 for my $h (qw(STDIN STDOUT STDERR)){
30 unless (defined find_encoding($name)) {
32 Carp::croak "Unknown encoding for $h, '$arg{$h}'";
34 eval qq{ binmode($h, ":encoding($arg{$h})") };
36 eval qq{ binmode($h, ":encoding($name)") };
43 return 1; # I doubt if we need it, though
49 binmode(STDIN, ":raw");
50 binmode(STDOUT, ":raw");
51 # Leaves STDERR alone.
52 # binmode(STDERR, ":raw");
61 encoding - allows you to write your script in non-asii or non-utf8
65 use encoding "euc-jp"; # Jperl!
67 # or you can even do this if your shell supports euc-jp
69 > perl -Mencoding=euc-jp -e '...'
71 # or from the shebang line
73 #!/your/path/to/perl -Mencoding=euc-jp
77 # A simple euc-jp => utf-8 converter
78 use encoding "euc-jp", STDOUT => "utf8"; while(<>){print};
80 # "no encoding;" supported (but not scoped!)
85 Perl 5.6.0 has introduced Unicode support. You could apply
86 C<substr()> and regexes even to complex CJK characters -- so long as
87 the script was written in UTF-8. But back then text editors that
88 support UTF-8 was still rare and many users rather chose to writer
89 scripts in legacy encodings, given up whole new feature of Perl 5.6.
91 With B<encoding> pragma, you can write your script in any encoding you like
92 (so long as the C<Encode> module supports it) and still enjoy Unicode
93 support. You can write a code in EUC-JP as follows;
95 my $Rakuda = "\xF1\xD1\xF1\xCC"; # Camel in Kanji
96 #<-char-><-char-> # 4 octets
99 And with C<use encoding "euc-jp"> in effect, it is the same thing as
100 the code in UTF-8 as follow.
102 my $Rakuda = "\x{99F1}\x{99DD}"; # who Unicode Characters
103 s/\bCamel\b/$Rakuda/;
105 The B<encoding> pragma also modifies the file handle disciplines of
106 STDIN, STDOUT, and STDERR to the specified encoding. Therefore,
108 use encoding "euc-jp";
109 my $message = "Camel is the symbol of perl.\n";
110 my $Rakuda = "\xF1\xD1\xF1\xCC"; # Camel in Kanji
111 $message =~ s/\bCamel\b/$Rakuda/;
114 Will print "\xF1\xD1\xF1\xCC is the symbol of perl.\n", not
115 "\x{99F1}\x{99DD} is the symbol of perl.\n".
117 You can override this by giving extra arguments. See below.
123 =item use encoding [I<ENCNAME>] ;
125 Sets the script encoding to I<ENCNAME> and file handle disciplines of
126 STDIN, STDOUT are set to ":encoding(I<ENCNAME>)". Note STDERR will not
129 If no encoding is specified, the environment variable L<PERL_ENCODING>
130 is consulted. If no encoding can be found, C<Unknown encoding 'I<ENCNAME>'>
131 error will be thrown.
133 Note that non-STD file handles remain unaffected. Use C<use open> or
134 C<binmode> to change disciplines of those.
136 =item use encoding I<ENCNAME> [ STDIN => I<ENCNAME_IN> ...] ;
138 You can also individually set encodings of STDIN, STDOUT, and STDERR
139 via STDI<FH> => I<ENCNAME_FH> form. In this case, you cannot omit the
144 Unsets the script encoding and the disciplines of STDIN, STDOUT are
153 The pragma is a per script, not a per block lexical. Only the last
154 C<use encoding> or C<matters, and it affects B<the whole script>.
155 Though <no encoding> pragma is supported and C<use encoding> can
156 appear as many times as you want in a given script, the multiple use
157 of this pragma is discouraged.
159 =head2 DO NOT MIX MULTIPLE ENCODINGS
161 Notice that only literals (string or regular expression) having only
162 legacy code points are affected: if you mix data like this
166 the data is assumed to be in (Latin 1 and) Unicode, not in your native
167 encoding. In other words, this will match in "greek":
173 "\xDF\x{100}" =~ /\x{3af}\x{100}/
175 since the C<\xDF> on the left will B<not> be upgraded to C<\x{3af}>
176 because of the C<\x{100}> on the left. You should not be mixing your
177 legacy data and Unicode in the same string.
179 This pragma also affects encoding of the 0x80..0xFF code point range:
180 normally characters in that range are left as eight-bit bytes (unless
181 they are combined with characters with code points 0x100 or larger,
182 in which case all characters need to become UTF-8 encoded), but if
183 the C<encoding> pragma is present, even the 0x80..0xFF range always
186 After all, the best thing about this pragma is that you don't have to
187 resort to \x... just to spell your name in native encoding. So feel
188 free to put your strings in your encoding in quotes and regexes.
190 =head1 EXAMPLE - Greekperl
192 use encoding "iso 8859-7";
194 # The \xDF of ISO 8859-7 (Greek) is \x{3af} in Unicode.
199 printf "%#x\n", ord($a); # will print 0x3af, not 0xdf
203 # $c will be "\x{3af}\x{100}", not "\x{df}\x{100}".
205 # chr() is affected, and ...
207 print "mega\n" if ord(chr(0xdf)) == 0x3af;
209 # ... ord() is affected by the encoding pragma ...
211 print "tera\n" if ord(pack("C", 0xdf)) == 0x3af;
213 # ... as are eq and cmp ...
215 print "peta\n" if "\x{3af}" eq pack("C", 0xdf);
216 print "exa\n" if "\x{3af}" cmp pack("C", 0xdf) == 0;
218 # ... but pack/unpack C are not affected, in case you still
219 # want back to your native encoding
221 print "zetta\n" if unpack("C", (pack("C", 0xdf))) == 0xdf;
223 =head1 KNOWN PROBLEMS
225 For native multibyte encodings (either fixed or variable length)
226 the current implementation of the regular expressions may introduce
227 recoding errors for longer regular expression literals than 127 bytes.
229 The encoding pragma is not supported on EBCDIC platforms.
234 L<perlunicode>, L<Encode>, L<open>