util.c: Reorder two functions

[perl5.git] / README.os390

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=head1 NAME

perlos390 - building and installing Perl for OS/390 and z/OS

=head1 SYNOPSIS

This document will help you Configure, build, test and install Perl
on OS/390 (aka z/OS) Unix System Services.

B<This document needs to be updated, but we don't know what it should say.
Please submit comments to L<https://github.com/Perl/perl5/issues>.>

=head1 DESCRIPTION

This is a fully ported Perl for OS/390 Version 2 Release 3, 5, 6, 7,
8, and 9.  It may work on other versions or releases, but those are
the ones we have tested it on.

You may need to carry out some system configuration tasks before
running the Configure script for Perl.


=head2 Tools

The z/OS Unix Tools and Toys list may prove helpful and contains links
to ports of much of the software helpful for building Perl.
L<http://www.ibm.com/servers/eserver/zseries/zos/unix/bpxa1toy.html>


=head2 Unpacking Perl distribution on OS/390

If using ftp remember to transfer the distribution in binary format.

Gunzip/gzip for OS/390 is discussed at:

  http://www.ibm.com/servers/eserver/zseries/zos/unix/bpxa1ty1.html

to extract an ASCII tar archive on OS/390, try this:

   pax -o to=IBM-1047,from=ISO8859-1 -r < latest.tar

or

   zcat latest.tar.Z | pax -o to=IBM-1047,from=ISO8859-1 -r

If you get lots of errors of the form

 tar: FSUM7171 ...: cannot set uid/gid: EDC5139I Operation not permitted

you did not read the above and tried to use tar instead of pax, you'll
first have to remove the (now corrupt) perl directory

   rm -rf perl-...

and then use pax.

=head2 Setup and utilities for Perl on OS/390

Be sure that your yacc installation is in place including any necessary
parser template files. If you have not already done so then be sure to:

  cp /samples/yyparse.c /etc

This may also be a good time to ensure that your /etc/protocol file
and either your /etc/resolv.conf or /etc/hosts files are in place.
The IBM document that described such USS system setup issues was
SC28-1890-07 "OS/390 UNIX System Services Planning", in particular
Chapter 6 on customizing the OE shell.

GNU make for OS/390, which is recommended for the build of perl (as
well as building CPAN modules and extensions), is available from the
L</Tools>.

Some people have reported encountering "Out of memory!" errors while
trying to build Perl using GNU make binaries.  If you encounter such
trouble then try to download the source code kit and build GNU make
from source to eliminate any such trouble.  You might also find GNU make
(as well as Perl and Apache) in the red-piece/book "Open Source Software
for OS/390 UNIX", SG24-5944-00 from IBM.

If instead of the recommended GNU make you would like to use the system
supplied make program then be sure to install the default rules file
properly via the shell command:

    cp /samples/startup.mk /etc

and be sure to also set the environment variable _C89_CCMODE=1 (exporting
_C89_CCMODE=1 is also a good idea for users of GNU make).

You might also want to have GNU groff for OS/390 installed before
running the "make install" step for Perl.

There is a syntax error in the /usr/include/sys/socket.h header file
that IBM supplies with USS V2R7, V2R8, and possibly V2R9.  The problem with
the header file is that near the definition of the SO_REUSEPORT constant
there is a spurious extra '/' character outside of a comment like so:

 #define SO_REUSEPORT    0x0200    /* allow local address & port
                                      reuse */                    /

You could edit that header yourself to remove that last '/', or you might
note that Language Environment (LE) APAR PQ39997 describes the problem
and PTF's UQ46272 and UQ46271 are the (R8 at least) fixes and apply them.
If left unattended that syntax error will turn up as an inability for Perl
to build its "Socket" extension.

For successful testing you may need to turn on the sticky bit for your
world readable /tmp directory if you have not already done so (see man chmod).

=head2 Configure Perl on OS/390

Once you have unpacked the distribution, run "sh Configure" (see INSTALL
for a full discussion of the Configure options).  There is a "hints" file
for os390 that specifies the correct values for most things.  Some things
to watch out for include:

=head3 Shell

A message of the form:

 (I see you are using the Korn shell.  Some ksh's blow up on Configure,
 mainly on older exotic systems.  If yours does, try the Bourne shell instead.)

is nothing to worry about at all.

=head3 Samples

Some of the parser default template files in /samples are needed in /etc.
In particular be sure that you at least copy /samples/yyparse.c to /etc
before running Perl's Configure.  This step ensures successful extraction
of EBCDIC versions of parser files such as perly.c and perly.h.
This has to be done before running Configure the first time.  If you failed
to do so then the easiest way to re-Configure Perl is to delete your
misconfigured build root and re-extract the source from the tar ball.
Then you must ensure that /etc/yyparse.c is properly in place before
attempting to re-run Configure.

=head3 Dynamic loading

Dynamic loading is required if you want to use XS modules from CPAN (like
DBI (and DBD's), JSON::XS, and Text::CSV_XS) or update CORE modules from
CPAN with newer versions (like Encode) without rebuilding all of the perl
binary.

This port will support dynamic loading, but it is not selected by
default.  If you would like to experiment with dynamic loading then
be sure to specify -Dusedl in the arguments to the Configure script.
See the comments in hints/os390.sh for more information on dynamic loading.
If you build with dynamic loading then you will need to add the
$archlibexp/CORE directory to your LIBPATH environment variable in order
for perl to work.  See the config.sh file for the value of $archlibexp.
If in trying to use Perl you see an error message similar to:

 CEE3501S The module libperl.dll was not found.
   From entry point __dllstaticinit at compile unit offset +00000194
   at

then your LIBPATH does not have the location of libperl.x and either
libperl.dll or libperl.so in it.  Add that directory to your LIBPATH and
proceed.

In hints/os390.sh, selecting -Dusedl will default to *also* select
-Duseshrplib.  Having a shared plib not only requires LIBPATH to be set to
the correct location of libperl.so but also makes it close to impossible
to run more than one different perl that was built this way at the same
time.

All objects that are involved in -Dusedl builds should be compiled for
this, probably by adding to all ccflags

 -qexportall -qxplink -qdll -Wc,XPLINK,dll,EXPORTALL -Wl,XPLINK,dll

=head3 Optimizing

Do not turn on the compiler optimization flag "-O".  There is
a bug in either the optimizer or perl that causes perl to
not work correctly when the optimizer is on.

=head3 Config files

Some of the configuration files in /etc used by the
networking APIs are either missing or have the wrong
names.  In particular, make sure that there's either
an /etc/resolv.conf or an /etc/hosts, so that
gethostbyname() works, and make sure that the file
/etc/proto has been renamed to /etc/protocol (NOT
/etc/protocols, as used by other Unix systems).
You may have to look for things like HOSTNAME and DOMAINORIGIN
in the "//'SYS1.TCPPARMS(TCPDATA)'" PDS member in order to
properly set up your /etc networking files.

=head2 Build, Test, Install Perl on OS/390

Simply put:

    sh Configure
    make
    make test

if everything looks ok (see the next section for test/IVP diagnosis) then:

    make install

this last step may or may not require UID=0 privileges depending
on how you answered the questions that Configure asked and whether
or not you have write access to the directories you specified.

=head2 Build Anomalies with Perl on OS/390

"Out of memory!" messages during the build of Perl are most often fixed
by re building the GNU make utility for OS/390 from a source code kit.

Building debugging-enabled binaries (with -g or -g3) will increase the
chance of getting these errors. Prevent -g if possible.

Another memory limiting item to check is your MAXASSIZE parameter in your
'SYS1.PARMLIB(BPXPRMxx)' data set (note too that as of V2R8 address space
limits can be set on a per user ID basis in the USS segment of a RACF
profile).  People have reported successful builds of Perl with MAXASSIZE
parameters as small as 503316480 (and it may be possible to build Perl
with a MAXASSIZE smaller than that).

Within USS your /etc/profile or $HOME/.profile may limit your ulimit
settings.  Check that the following command returns reasonable values:

    ulimit -a

To conserve memory you should have your compiler modules loaded into the
Link Pack Area (LPA/ELPA) rather than in a link list or step lib.

If the c89 compiler complains of syntax errors during the build of the
Socket extension then be sure to fix the syntax error in the system
header /usr/include/sys/socket.h.

=head2 Testing Anomalies with Perl on OS/390

The "make test" step runs a Perl Verification Procedure, usually before
installation.  You might encounter STDERR messages even during a successful
run of "make test".  Here is a guide to some of the more commonly seen
anomalies:

=head3 Signals

A message of the form:

 io/openpid...........CEE5210S The signal SIGHUP was received.
 CEE5210S The signal SIGHUP was received.
 CEE5210S The signal SIGHUP was received.
 ok

indicates that the t/io/openpid.t test of Perl has passed but done so
with extraneous messages on stderr from CEE.

=head3 File::Temp

A message of the form:

 lib/ftmp-security....File::Temp::_gettemp: Parent directory (/tmp/)
 is not safe (sticky bit not set when world writable?) at
 lib/ftmp-security.t line 100
 File::Temp::_gettemp: Parent directory (/tmp/) is not safe (sticky
 bit not set when world writable?) at lib/ftmp-security.t line 100
 ok

indicates a problem with the permissions on your /tmp directory within the HFS.
To correct that problem issue the command:

    chmod a+t /tmp

from an account with write access to the directory entry for /tmp.

=head3 Out of Memory!

Recent perl test suite is quite memory hungry. In addition to the comments
above on memory limitations it is also worth checking for _CEE_RUNOPTS
in your environment. Perl now has (in miniperlmain.c) a C #pragma
to set CEE run options, but the environment variable wins.

The C code asks for:

 #pragma runopts(HEAP(2M,500K,ANYWHERE,KEEP,8K,4K) STACK(,,ANY,) ALL31(ON))

The important parts of that are the second argument (the increment) to HEAP,
and allowing the stack to be "Above the (16M) line". If the heap
increment is too small then when perl (for example loading unicode/Name.pl) tries
to create a "big" (400K+) string it cannot fit in a single segment
and you get "Out of Memory!" - even if there is still plenty of memory
available.

A related issue is use with perl's malloc. Perl's malloc uses C<sbrk()>
to get memory, and C<sbrk()> is limited to the first allocation so in this
case something like:

  HEAP(8M,500K,ANYWHERE,KEEP,8K,4K)

is needed to get through the test suite.

=head2 Installation Anomalies with Perl on OS/390

The installman script will try to run on OS/390.  There will be fewer errors
if you have a roff utility installed.  You can obtain GNU groff from the
Redbook SG24-5944-00 ftp site.

=head2 Usage Hints for Perl on OS/390

When using perl on OS/390 please keep in mind that the EBCDIC and ASCII
character sets are different.  See perlebcdic.pod for more on such character
set issues.  Perl builtin functions that may behave differently under
EBCDIC are also mentioned in the perlport.pod document.

Open Edition (UNIX System Services) from V2R8 onward does support
#!/path/to/perl script invocation.  There is a PTF available from
IBM for V2R7 that will allow shell/kernel support for #!.  USS
releases prior to V2R7 did not support the #! means of script invocation.
If you are running V2R6 or earlier then see:

    head `whence perldoc`

for an example of how to use the "eval exec" trick to ask the shell to
have Perl run your scripts on those older releases of Unix System Services.

If you are having trouble with square brackets then consider switching your
rlogin or telnet client.  Try to avoid older 3270 emulators and ISHELL for
working with Perl on USS.

=head2 Floating Point Anomalies with Perl on OS/390

There appears to be a bug in the floating point implementation on S/390
systems such that calling int() on the product of a number and a small
magnitude number is not the same as calling int() on the quotient of
that number and a large magnitude number.  For example, in the following
Perl code:

    my $x = 100000.0;
    my $y = int($x * 1e-5) * 1e5; # '0'
    my $z = int($x / 1e+5) * 1e5;  # '100000'
    print "\$y is $y and \$z is $z\n"; # $y is 0 and $z is 100000

Although one would expect the quantities $y and $z to be the same and equal
to 100000 they will differ and instead will be 0 and 100000 respectively.

The problem can be further examined in a roughly equivalent C program:

    #include <stdio.h>
    #include <math.h>
    main()
    {
    double r1,r2;
    double x = 100000.0;
    double y = 0.0;
    double z = 0.0;
    x = 100000.0 * 1e-5;
    r1 = modf (x,&y);
    x = 100000.0 / 1e+5;
    r2 = modf (x,&z);
    printf("y is %e and z is %e\n",y*1e5,z*1e5);
    /* y is 0.000000e+00 and z is 1.000000e+05 (with c89) */
    }

=head2 Modules and Extensions for Perl on OS/390

Pure Perl (that is non XS) modules may be installed via the usual:

    perl Makefile.PL
    make
    make test
    make install

If you built perl with dynamic loading capability then that would also
be the way to build XS based extensions.  However, if you built perl with
the default static linking you can still build XS based extensions for OS/390
but you will need to follow the instructions in ExtUtils::MakeMaker for
building statically linked perl binaries.  In the simplest configurations
building a static perl + XS extension boils down to:

    perl Makefile.PL
    make
    make perl
    make test
    make install
    make -f Makefile.aperl inst_perl MAP_TARGET=perl

In most cases people have reported better results with GNU make rather
than the system's /bin/make program, whether for plain modules or for
XS based extensions.

If the make process encounters trouble with either compilation or
linking then try setting the _C89_CCMODE to 1.  Assuming sh is your
login shell then run:

    export _C89_CCMODE=1

If tcsh is your login shell then use the setenv command.

=head1 AUTHORS

David Fiander and Peter Prymmer with thanks to Dennis Longnecker
and William Raffloer for valuable reports, LPAR and PTF feedback.
Thanks to Mike MacIsaac and Egon Terwedow for SG24-5944-00.
Thanks to Ignasi Roca for pointing out the floating point problems.
Thanks to John Goodyear for dynamic loading help.

=head1 SEE ALSO

L<INSTALL>, L<perlport>, L<perlebcdic>, L<ExtUtils::MakeMaker>.

 http://www.ibm.com/servers/eserver/zseries/zos/unix/bpxa1toy.html

 http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/redbooks/SG245944.html

 http://www.ibm.com/servers/eserver/zseries/zos/unix/bpxa1ty1.html#opensrc

 http://www.xray.mpe.mpg.de/mailing-lists/perl-mvs/

 http://publibz.boulder.ibm.com:80/cgi-bin/bookmgr_OS390/BOOKS/ceea3030/

 http://publibz.boulder.ibm.com:80/cgi-bin/bookmgr_OS390/BOOKS/CBCUG030/

=head2 Mailing list for Perl on OS/390

If you are interested in the z/OS (formerly known as OS/390)
and POSIX-BC (BS2000) ports of Perl then see the perl-mvs mailing list.
To subscribe, send an empty message to perl-mvs-subscribe@perl.org.

See also:

    https://lists.perl.org/list/perl-mvs.html

There are web archives of the mailing list at:

    https://www.nntp.perl.org/group/perl.mvs/

=head1 HISTORY

This document was originally written by David Fiander for the 5.005
release of Perl.

This document was podified for the 5.005_03 release of Perl 11 March 1999.

Updated 12 November 2000 for the 5.7.1 release of Perl.

Updated 15 January  2001 for the 5.7.1 release of Perl.

Updated 24 January  2001 to mention dynamic loading.

Updated 12 March    2001 to mention //'SYS1.TCPPARMS(TCPDATA)'.

Updated 28 November 2001 for broken URLs.

Updated 03 October  2019 for perl-5.33.1+

=cut