[perl5.git] / pp.c

/*    pp.c
 *
 *    Copyright (C) 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999,
 *    2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, by Larry Wall and others
 *
 *    You may distribute under the terms of either the GNU General Public
 *    License or the Artistic License, as specified in the README file.
 *
 */

/*
 * "It's a big house this, and very peculiar.  Always a bit more to discover,
 * and no knowing what you'll find around a corner.  And Elves, sir!" --Samwise
 */

/* This file contains general pp ("push/pop") functions that execute the
 * opcodes that make up a perl program. A typical pp function expects to
 * find its arguments on the stack, and usually pushes its results onto
 * the stack, hence the 'pp' terminology. Each OP structure contains
 * a pointer to the relevant pp_foo() function.
 */

#include "EXTERN.h"
#define PERL_IN_PP_C
#include "perl.h"
#include "keywords.h"

#include "reentr.h"

/* XXX I can't imagine anyone who doesn't have this actually _needs_
   it, since pid_t is an integral type.
   --AD  2/20/1998
*/
#ifdef NEED_GETPID_PROTO
extern Pid_t getpid (void);
#endif

/*
 * Some BSDs and Cygwin default to POSIX math instead of IEEE.
 * This switches them over to IEEE.
 */
#if defined(LIBM_LIB_VERSION)
    _LIB_VERSION_TYPE _LIB_VERSION = _IEEE_;
#endif

/* variations on pp_null */

PP(pp_stub)
{
    dVAR;
    dSP;
    if (GIMME_V == G_SCALAR)
	XPUSHs(&PL_sv_undef);
    RETURN;
}

/* Pushy stuff. */

PP(pp_padav)
{
    dVAR; dSP; dTARGET;
    I32 gimme;
    if (PL_op->op_private & OPpLVAL_INTRO)
	SAVECLEARSV(PAD_SVl(PL_op->op_targ));
    EXTEND(SP, 1);
    if (PL_op->op_flags & OPf_REF) {
	PUSHs(TARG);
	RETURN;
    } else if (LVRET) {
	if (GIMME == G_SCALAR)
	    Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Can't return array to lvalue scalar context");
	PUSHs(TARG);
	RETURN;
    }
    gimme = GIMME_V;
    if (gimme == G_ARRAY) {
	const I32 maxarg = AvFILL((AV*)TARG) + 1;
	EXTEND(SP, maxarg);
	if (SvMAGICAL(TARG)) {
	    U32 i;
	    for (i=0; i < (U32)maxarg; i++) {
		SV * const * const svp = av_fetch((AV*)TARG, i, FALSE);
		SP[i+1] = (svp) ? *svp : &PL_sv_undef;
	    }
	}
	else {
	    Copy(AvARRAY((AV*)TARG), SP+1, maxarg, SV*);
	}
	SP += maxarg;
    }
    else if (gimme == G_SCALAR) {
	SV* const sv = sv_newmortal();
	const I32 maxarg = AvFILL((AV*)TARG) + 1;
	sv_setiv(sv, maxarg);
	PUSHs(sv);
    }
    RETURN;
}

PP(pp_padhv)
{
    dVAR; dSP; dTARGET;
    I32 gimme;

    XPUSHs(TARG);
    if (PL_op->op_private & OPpLVAL_INTRO)
	SAVECLEARSV(PAD_SVl(PL_op->op_targ));
    if (PL_op->op_flags & OPf_REF)
	RETURN;
    else if (LVRET) {
	if (GIMME == G_SCALAR)
	    Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Can't return hash to lvalue scalar context");
	RETURN;
    }
    gimme = GIMME_V;
    if (gimme == G_ARRAY) {
	RETURNOP(do_kv());
    }
    else if (gimme == G_SCALAR) {
	SV* const sv = Perl_hv_scalar(aTHX_ (HV*)TARG);
	SETs(sv);
    }
    RETURN;
}

/* Translations. */

PP(pp_rv2gv)
{
    dVAR; dSP; dTOPss;

    if (SvROK(sv)) {
      wasref:
	tryAMAGICunDEREF(to_gv);

	sv = SvRV(sv);
	if (SvTYPE(sv) == SVt_PVIO) {
	    GV * const gv = (GV*) sv_newmortal();
	    gv_init(gv, 0, "", 0, 0);
	    GvIOp(gv) = (IO *)sv;
	    (void)SvREFCNT_inc(sv);
	    sv = (SV*) gv;
	}
	else if (SvTYPE(sv) != SVt_PVGV)
	    DIE(aTHX_ "Not a GLOB reference");
    }
    else {
	if (SvTYPE(sv) != SVt_PVGV) {
	    if (SvGMAGICAL(sv)) {
		mg_get(sv);
		if (SvROK(sv))
		    goto wasref;
	    }
	    if (!SvOK(sv) && sv != &PL_sv_undef) {
		/* If this is a 'my' scalar and flag is set then vivify
		 * NI-S 1999/05/07
		 */
		if (SvREADONLY(sv))
		    Perl_croak(aTHX_ PL_no_modify);
		if (PL_op->op_private & OPpDEREF) {
		    GV *gv;
		    if (cUNOP->op_targ) {
			STRLEN len;
			SV * const namesv = PAD_SV(cUNOP->op_targ);
			const char * const name = SvPV(namesv, len);
			gv = (GV*)newSV(0);
			gv_init(gv, CopSTASH(PL_curcop), name, len, 0);
		    }
		    else {
			const char * const name = CopSTASHPV(PL_curcop);
			gv = newGVgen(name);
		    }
		    if (SvTYPE(sv) < SVt_RV)
			sv_upgrade(sv, SVt_RV);
		    if (SvPVX_const(sv)) {
			SvPV_free(sv);
			SvLEN_set(sv, 0);
                        SvCUR_set(sv, 0);
		    }
		    SvRV_set(sv, (SV*)gv);
		    SvROK_on(sv);
		    SvSETMAGIC(sv);
		    goto wasref;
		}
		if (PL_op->op_flags & OPf_REF ||
		    PL_op->op_private & HINT_STRICT_REFS)
		    DIE(aTHX_ PL_no_usym, "a symbol");
		if (ckWARN(WARN_UNINITIALIZED))
		    report_uninit(sv);
		RETSETUNDEF;
	    }
	    if ((PL_op->op_flags & OPf_SPECIAL) &&
		!(PL_op->op_flags & OPf_MOD))
	    {
		SV * const temp = (SV*)gv_fetchsv(sv, 0, SVt_PVGV);
		if (!temp
		    && (!is_gv_magical_sv(sv,0)
			|| !(sv = (SV*)gv_fetchsv(sv, GV_ADD, SVt_PVGV)))) {
		    RETSETUNDEF;
		}
		sv = temp;
	    }
	    else {
		if (PL_op->op_private & HINT_STRICT_REFS)
		    DIE(aTHX_ PL_no_symref_sv, sv, "a symbol");
		if ((PL_op->op_private & (OPpLVAL_INTRO|OPpDONT_INIT_GV))
		    == OPpDONT_INIT_GV) {
		    /* We are the target of a coderef assignment.  Return
		       the scalar unchanged, and let pp_sasssign deal with
		       things.  */
		    RETURN;
		}
		sv = (SV*)gv_fetchsv(sv, GV_ADD, SVt_PVGV);
	    }
	}
    }
    if (PL_op->op_private & OPpLVAL_INTRO)
	save_gp((GV*)sv, !(PL_op->op_flags & OPf_SPECIAL));
    SETs(sv);
    RETURN;
}

PP(pp_rv2sv)
{
    dVAR; dSP; dTOPss;
    GV *gv = NULL;

    if (SvROK(sv)) {
      wasref:
	tryAMAGICunDEREF(to_sv);

	sv = SvRV(sv);
	switch (SvTYPE(sv)) {
	case SVt_PVAV:
	case SVt_PVHV:
	case SVt_PVCV:
	    DIE(aTHX_ "Not a SCALAR reference");
	}
    }
    else {
	gv = (GV*)sv;

	if (SvTYPE(gv) != SVt_PVGV) {
	    if (SvGMAGICAL(sv)) {
		mg_get(sv);
		if (SvROK(sv))
		    goto wasref;
	    }
	    if (PL_op->op_private & HINT_STRICT_REFS) {
		if (SvOK(sv))
		    DIE(aTHX_ PL_no_symref_sv, sv, "a SCALAR");
		else
		    DIE(aTHX_ PL_no_usym, "a SCALAR");
	    }
	    if (!SvOK(sv)) {
		if (PL_op->op_flags & OPf_REF)
		    DIE(aTHX_ PL_no_usym, "a SCALAR");
		if (ckWARN(WARN_UNINITIALIZED))
		    report_uninit(sv);
		RETSETUNDEF;
	    }
	    if ((PL_op->op_flags & OPf_SPECIAL) &&
		!(PL_op->op_flags & OPf_MOD))
	    {
		gv = (GV*)gv_fetchsv(sv, 0, SVt_PV);
		if (!gv
		    && (!is_gv_magical_sv(sv, 0)
			|| !(gv = (GV*)gv_fetchsv(sv, GV_ADD, SVt_PV))))
		{
		    RETSETUNDEF;
		}
	    }
	    else {
		gv = (GV*)gv_fetchsv(sv, GV_ADD, SVt_PV);
	    }
	}
	sv = GvSVn(gv);
    }
    if (PL_op->op_flags & OPf_MOD) {
	if (PL_op->op_private & OPpLVAL_INTRO) {
	    if (cUNOP->op_first->op_type == OP_NULL)
		sv = save_scalar((GV*)TOPs);
	    else if (gv)
		sv = save_scalar(gv);
	    else
		Perl_croak(aTHX_ PL_no_localize_ref);
	}
	else if (PL_op->op_private & OPpDEREF)
	    vivify_ref(sv, PL_op->op_private & OPpDEREF);
    }
    SETs(sv);
    RETURN;
}

PP(pp_av2arylen)
{
    dVAR; dSP;
    AV * const av = (AV*)TOPs;
    SV ** const sv = Perl_av_arylen_p(aTHX_ (AV*)av);
    if (!*sv) {
	*sv = newSV(0);
	sv_upgrade(*sv, SVt_PVMG);
	sv_magic(*sv, (SV*)av, PERL_MAGIC_arylen, NULL, 0);
    }
    SETs(*sv);
    RETURN;
}

PP(pp_pos)
{
    dVAR; dSP; dTARGET; dPOPss;

    if (PL_op->op_flags & OPf_MOD || LVRET) {
	if (SvTYPE(TARG) < SVt_PVLV) {
	    sv_upgrade(TARG, SVt_PVLV);
	    sv_magic(TARG, NULL, PERL_MAGIC_pos, NULL, 0);
	}

	LvTYPE(TARG) = '.';
	if (LvTARG(TARG) != sv) {
	    if (LvTARG(TARG))
		SvREFCNT_dec(LvTARG(TARG));
	    LvTARG(TARG) = SvREFCNT_inc(sv);
	}
	PUSHs(TARG);	/* no SvSETMAGIC */
	RETURN;
    }
    else {
	if (SvTYPE(sv) >= SVt_PVMG && SvMAGIC(sv)) {
	    const MAGIC * const mg = mg_find(sv, PERL_MAGIC_regex_global);
	    if (mg && mg->mg_len >= 0) {
		I32 i = mg->mg_len;
		if (DO_UTF8(sv))
		    sv_pos_b2u(sv, &i);
		PUSHi(i + PL_curcop->cop_arybase);
		RETURN;
	    }
	}
	RETPUSHUNDEF;
    }
}

PP(pp_rv2cv)
{
    dVAR; dSP;
    GV *gv;
    HV *stash;
    const I32 flags = (PL_op->op_flags & OPf_SPECIAL)
	? 0
	: ((PL_op->op_private & (OPpLVAL_INTRO|OPpMAY_RETURN_CONSTANT)) == OPpMAY_RETURN_CONSTANT)
	    ? GV_ADD|GV_NOEXPAND
	    : GV_ADD;
    /* We usually try to add a non-existent subroutine in case of AUTOLOAD. */
    /* (But not in defined().) */

    CV *cv = sv_2cv(TOPs, &stash, &gv, flags);
    if (cv) {
	if (CvCLONE(cv))
	    cv = (CV*)sv_2mortal((SV*)cv_clone(cv));
	if ((PL_op->op_private & OPpLVAL_INTRO)) {
	    if (gv && GvCV(gv) == cv && (gv = gv_autoload4(GvSTASH(gv), GvNAME(gv), GvNAMELEN(gv), FALSE)))
		cv = GvCV(gv);
	    if (!CvLVALUE(cv))
		DIE(aTHX_ "Can't modify non-lvalue subroutine call");
	}
    }
    else if ((flags == (GV_ADD|GV_NOEXPAND)) && gv && SvROK(gv)) {
	cv = (CV*)gv;
    }    
    else
	cv = (CV*)&PL_sv_undef;
    SETs((SV*)cv);
    RETURN;
}

PP(pp_prototype)
{
    dVAR; dSP;
    CV *cv;
    HV *stash;
    GV *gv;
    SV *ret = &PL_sv_undef;

    if (SvPOK(TOPs) && SvCUR(TOPs) >= 7) {
	const char * const s = SvPVX_const(TOPs);
	if (strnEQ(s, "CORE::", 6)) {
	    const int code = keyword(s + 6, SvCUR(TOPs) - 6);
	    if (code < 0) {	/* Overridable. */
#define MAX_ARGS_OP ((sizeof(I32) - 1) * 2)
		int i = 0, n = 0, seen_question = 0;
		I32 oa;
		char str[ MAX_ARGS_OP * 2 + 2 ]; /* One ';', one '\0' */

		if (code == -KEY_chop || code == -KEY_chomp
			|| code == -KEY_exec || code == -KEY_system)
		    goto set;
		while (i < MAXO) {	/* The slow way. */
		    if (strEQ(s + 6, PL_op_name[i])
			|| strEQ(s + 6, PL_op_desc[i]))
		    {
			goto found;
		    }
		    i++;
		}
		goto nonesuch;		/* Should not happen... */
	      found:
		oa = PL_opargs[i] >> OASHIFT;
		while (oa) {
		    if (oa & OA_OPTIONAL && !seen_question) {
			seen_question = 1;
			str[n++] = ';';
		    }
		    if ((oa & (OA_OPTIONAL - 1)) >= OA_AVREF
			&& (oa & (OA_OPTIONAL - 1)) <= OA_SCALARREF
			/* But globs are already references (kinda) */
			&& (oa & (OA_OPTIONAL - 1)) != OA_FILEREF
		    ) {
			str[n++] = '\\';
		    }
		    str[n++] = ("?$@@%&*$")[oa & (OA_OPTIONAL - 1)];
		    oa = oa >> 4;
		}
		str[n++] = '\0';
		ret = sv_2mortal(newSVpvn(str, n - 1));
	    }
	    else if (code)		/* Non-Overridable */
		goto set;
	    else {			/* None such */
	      nonesuch:
		DIE(aTHX_ "Can't find an opnumber for \"%s\"", s+6);
	    }
	}
    }
    cv = sv_2cv(TOPs, &stash, &gv, 0);
    if (cv && SvPOK(cv))
	ret = sv_2mortal(newSVpvn(SvPVX_const(cv), SvCUR(cv)));
  set:
    SETs(ret);
    RETURN;
}

PP(pp_anoncode)
{
    dVAR; dSP;
    CV* cv = (CV*)PAD_SV(PL_op->op_targ);
    if (CvCLONE(cv))
	cv = (CV*)sv_2mortal((SV*)cv_clone(cv));
    EXTEND(SP,1);
    PUSHs((SV*)cv);
    RETURN;
}

PP(pp_srefgen)
{
    dVAR; dSP;
    *SP = refto(*SP);
    RETURN;
}

PP(pp_refgen)
{
    dVAR; dSP; dMARK;
    if (GIMME != G_ARRAY) {
	if (++MARK <= SP)
	    *MARK = *SP;
	else
	    *MARK = &PL_sv_undef;
	*MARK = refto(*MARK);
	SP = MARK;
	RETURN;
    }
    EXTEND_MORTAL(SP - MARK);
    while (++MARK <= SP)
	*MARK = refto(*MARK);
    RETURN;
}

STATIC SV*
S_refto(pTHX_ SV *sv)
{
    dVAR;
    SV* rv;

    if (SvTYPE(sv) == SVt_PVLV && LvTYPE(sv) == 'y') {
	if (LvTARGLEN(sv))
	    vivify_defelem(sv);
	if (!(sv = LvTARG(sv)))
	    sv = &PL_sv_undef;
	else
	    (void)SvREFCNT_inc(sv);
    }
    else if (SvTYPE(sv) == SVt_PVAV) {
	if (!AvREAL((AV*)sv) && AvREIFY((AV*)sv))
	    av_reify((AV*)sv);
	SvTEMP_off(sv);
	(void)SvREFCNT_inc(sv);
    }
    else if (SvPADTMP(sv) && !IS_PADGV(sv))
        sv = newSVsv(sv);
    else {
	SvTEMP_off(sv);
	(void)SvREFCNT_inc(sv);
    }
    rv = sv_newmortal();
    sv_upgrade(rv, SVt_RV);
    SvRV_set(rv, sv);
    SvROK_on(rv);
    return rv;
}

PP(pp_ref)
{
    dVAR; dSP; dTARGET;
    const char *pv;
    SV * const sv = POPs;

    if (sv)
	SvGETMAGIC(sv);

    if (!sv || !SvROK(sv))
	RETPUSHNO;

    pv = sv_reftype(SvRV(sv),TRUE);
    PUSHp(pv, strlen(pv));
    RETURN;
}

PP(pp_bless)
{
    dVAR; dSP;
    HV *stash;

    if (MAXARG == 1)
	stash = CopSTASH(PL_curcop);
    else {
	SV * const ssv = POPs;
	STRLEN len;
	const char *ptr;

	if (ssv && !SvGMAGICAL(ssv) && !SvAMAGIC(ssv) && SvROK(ssv))
	    Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Attempt to bless into a reference");
	ptr = SvPV_const(ssv,len);
	if (len == 0 && ckWARN(WARN_MISC))
	    Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_MISC),
		   "Explicit blessing to '' (assuming package main)");
	stash = gv_stashpvn(ptr, len, TRUE);
    }

    (void)sv_bless(TOPs, stash);
    RETURN;
}

PP(pp_gelem)
{
    dVAR; dSP;

    SV *sv = POPs;
    const char * const elem = SvPV_nolen_const(sv);
    GV * const gv = (GV*)POPs;
    SV * tmpRef = NULL;

    sv = NULL;
    if (elem) {
	/* elem will always be NUL terminated.  */
	const char * const second_letter = elem + 1;
	switch (*elem) {
	case 'A':
	    if (strEQ(second_letter, "RRAY"))
		tmpRef = (SV*)GvAV(gv);
	    break;
	case 'C':
	    if (strEQ(second_letter, "ODE"))
		tmpRef = (SV*)GvCVu(gv);
	    break;
	case 'F':
	    if (strEQ(second_letter, "ILEHANDLE")) {
		/* finally deprecated in 5.8.0 */
		deprecate("*glob{FILEHANDLE}");
		tmpRef = (SV*)GvIOp(gv);
	    }
	    else
		if (strEQ(second_letter, "ORMAT"))
		    tmpRef = (SV*)GvFORM(gv);
	    break;
	case 'G':
	    if (strEQ(second_letter, "LOB"))
		tmpRef = (SV*)gv;
	    break;
	case 'H':
	    if (strEQ(second_letter, "ASH"))
		tmpRef = (SV*)GvHV(gv);
	    break;
	case 'I':
	    if (*second_letter == 'O' && !elem[2])
		tmpRef = (SV*)GvIOp(gv);
	    break;
	case 'N':
	    if (strEQ(second_letter, "AME"))
		sv = newSVpvn(GvNAME(gv), GvNAMELEN(gv));
	    break;
	case 'P':
	    if (strEQ(second_letter, "ACKAGE")) {
		const HV * const stash = GvSTASH(gv);
		const HEK * const hek = stash ? HvNAME_HEK(stash) : NULL;
		sv = hek ? newSVhek(hek) : newSVpvs("__ANON__");
	    }
	    break;
	case 'S':
	    if (strEQ(second_letter, "CALAR"))
		tmpRef = GvSVn(gv);
	    break;
	}
    }
    if (tmpRef)
	sv = newRV(tmpRef);
    if (sv)
	sv_2mortal(sv);
    else
	sv = &PL_sv_undef;
    XPUSHs(sv);
    RETURN;
}

/* Pattern matching */

PP(pp_study)
{
    dVAR; dSP; dPOPss;
    register unsigned char *s;
    register I32 pos;
    register I32 ch;
    register I32 *sfirst;
    register I32 *snext;
    STRLEN len;

    if (sv == PL_lastscream) {
	if (SvSCREAM(sv))
	    RETPUSHYES;
    }
    else {
	if (PL_lastscream) {
	    SvSCREAM_off(PL_lastscream);
	    SvREFCNT_dec(PL_lastscream);
	}
	PL_lastscream = SvREFCNT_inc(sv);
    }

    s = (unsigned char*)(SvPV(sv, len));
    pos = len;
    if (pos <= 0)
	RETPUSHNO;
    if (pos > PL_maxscream) {
	if (PL_maxscream < 0) {
	    PL_maxscream = pos + 80;
	    Newx(PL_screamfirst, 256, I32);
	    Newx(PL_screamnext, PL_maxscream, I32);
	}
	else {
	    PL_maxscream = pos + pos / 4;
	    Renew(PL_screamnext, PL_maxscream, I32);
	}
    }

    sfirst = PL_screamfirst;
    snext = PL_screamnext;

    if (!sfirst || !snext)
	DIE(aTHX_ "do_study: out of memory");

    for (ch = 256; ch; --ch)
	*sfirst++ = -1;
    sfirst -= 256;

    while (--pos >= 0) {
	register const I32 ch = s[pos];
	if (sfirst[ch] >= 0)
	    snext[pos] = sfirst[ch] - pos;
	else
	    snext[pos] = -pos;
	sfirst[ch] = pos;
    }

    SvSCREAM_on(sv);
    /* piggyback on m//g magic */
    sv_magic(sv, NULL, PERL_MAGIC_regex_global, NULL, 0);
    RETPUSHYES;
}

PP(pp_trans)
{
    dVAR; dSP; dTARG;
    SV *sv;

    if (PL_op->op_flags & OPf_STACKED)
	sv = POPs;
    else if (PL_op->op_private & OPpTARGET_MY)
	sv = GETTARGET;
    else {
	sv = DEFSV;
	EXTEND(SP,1);
    }
    TARG = sv_newmortal();
    PUSHi(do_trans(sv));
    RETURN;
}

/* Lvalue operators. */

PP(pp_schop)
{
    dVAR; dSP; dTARGET;
    do_chop(TARG, TOPs);
    SETTARG;
    RETURN;
}

PP(pp_chop)
{
    dVAR; dSP; dMARK; dTARGET; dORIGMARK;
    while (MARK < SP)
	do_chop(TARG, *++MARK);
    SP = ORIGMARK;
    XPUSHTARG;
    RETURN;
}

PP(pp_schomp)
{
    dVAR; dSP; dTARGET;
    SETi(do_chomp(TOPs));
    RETURN;
}

PP(pp_chomp)
{
    dVAR; dSP; dMARK; dTARGET;
    register I32 count = 0;

    while (SP > MARK)
	count += do_chomp(POPs);
    XPUSHi(count);
    RETURN;
}

PP(pp_undef)
{
    dVAR; dSP;
    SV *sv;

    if (!PL_op->op_private) {
	EXTEND(SP, 1);
	RETPUSHUNDEF;
    }

    sv = POPs;
    if (!sv)
	RETPUSHUNDEF;

    SV_CHECK_THINKFIRST_COW_DROP(sv);

    switch (SvTYPE(sv)) {
    case SVt_NULL:
	break;
    case SVt_PVAV:
	av_undef((AV*)sv);
	break;
    case SVt_PVHV:
	hv_undef((HV*)sv);
	break;
    case SVt_PVCV:
	if (cv_const_sv((CV*)sv) && ckWARN(WARN_MISC))
	    Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_MISC), "Constant subroutine %s undefined",
		 CvANON((CV*)sv) ? "(anonymous)" : GvENAME(CvGV((CV*)sv)));
	/* FALL THROUGH */
    case SVt_PVFM:
	{
	    /* let user-undef'd sub keep its identity */
	    GV* const gv = CvGV((CV*)sv);
	    cv_undef((CV*)sv);
	    CvGV((CV*)sv) = gv;
	}
	break;
    case SVt_PVGV:
	if (SvFAKE(sv))
	    SvSetMagicSV(sv, &PL_sv_undef);
	else {
	    GP *gp;
	    gp_free((GV*)sv);
	    Newxz(gp, 1, GP);
	    GvGP(sv) = gp_ref(gp);
	    GvSV(sv) = newSV(0);
	    GvLINE(sv) = CopLINE(PL_curcop);
	    GvEGV(sv) = (GV*)sv;
	    GvMULTI_on(sv);
	}
	break;
    default:
	if (SvTYPE(sv) >= SVt_PV && SvPVX_const(sv) && SvLEN(sv)) {
	    SvPV_free(sv);
	    SvPV_set(sv, NULL);
	    SvLEN_set(sv, 0);
	}
	SvOK_off(sv);
	SvSETMAGIC(sv);
    }

    RETPUSHUNDEF;
}

PP(pp_predec)
{
    dVAR; dSP;
    if (SvTYPE(TOPs) >= SVt_PVGV && SvTYPE(TOPs) != SVt_PVLV)
	DIE(aTHX_ PL_no_modify);
    if (!SvREADONLY(TOPs) && SvIOK_notUV(TOPs) && !SvNOK(TOPs) && !SvPOK(TOPs)
        && SvIVX(TOPs) != IV_MIN)
    {
	SvIV_set(TOPs, SvIVX(TOPs) - 1);
	SvFLAGS(TOPs) &= ~(SVp_NOK|SVp_POK);
    }
    else
	sv_dec(TOPs);
    SvSETMAGIC(TOPs);
    return NORMAL;
}

PP(pp_postinc)
{
    dVAR; dSP; dTARGET;
    if (SvTYPE(TOPs) >= SVt_PVGV && SvTYPE(TOPs) != SVt_PVLV)
	DIE(aTHX_ PL_no_modify);
    sv_setsv(TARG, TOPs);
    if (!SvREADONLY(TOPs) && SvIOK_notUV(TOPs) && !SvNOK(TOPs) && !SvPOK(TOPs)
        && SvIVX(TOPs) != IV_MAX)
    {
	SvIV_set(TOPs, SvIVX(TOPs) + 1);
	SvFLAGS(TOPs) &= ~(SVp_NOK|SVp_POK);
    }
    else
	sv_inc(TOPs);
    SvSETMAGIC(TOPs);
    /* special case for undef: see thread at 2003-03/msg00536.html in archive */
    if (!SvOK(TARG))
	sv_setiv(TARG, 0);
    SETs(TARG);
    return NORMAL;
}

PP(pp_postdec)
{
    dVAR; dSP; dTARGET;
    if (SvTYPE(TOPs) >= SVt_PVGV && SvTYPE(TOPs) != SVt_PVLV)
	DIE(aTHX_ PL_no_modify);
    sv_setsv(TARG, TOPs);
    if (!SvREADONLY(TOPs) && SvIOK_notUV(TOPs) && !SvNOK(TOPs) && !SvPOK(TOPs)
        && SvIVX(TOPs) != IV_MIN)
    {
	SvIV_set(TOPs, SvIVX(TOPs) - 1);
	SvFLAGS(TOPs) &= ~(SVp_NOK|SVp_POK);
    }
    else
	sv_dec(TOPs);
    SvSETMAGIC(TOPs);
    SETs(TARG);
    return NORMAL;
}

/* Ordinary operators. */

PP(pp_pow)
{
    dVAR; dSP; dATARGET;
#ifdef PERL_PRESERVE_IVUV
    bool is_int = 0;
#endif
    tryAMAGICbin(pow,opASSIGN);
#ifdef PERL_PRESERVE_IVUV
    /* For integer to integer power, we do the calculation by hand wherever
       we're sure it is safe; otherwise we call pow() and try to convert to
       integer afterwards. */
    {
	SvIV_please(TOPs);
	if (SvIOK(TOPs)) {
	    SvIV_please(TOPm1s);
	    if (SvIOK(TOPm1s)) {
		UV power;
		bool baseuok;
		UV baseuv;

		if (SvUOK(TOPs)) {
		    power = SvUVX(TOPs);
		} else {
		    const IV iv = SvIVX(TOPs);
		    if (iv >= 0) {
			power = iv;
		    } else {
			goto float_it; /* Can't do negative powers this way.  */
		    }
		}

		baseuok = SvUOK(TOPm1s);
		if (baseuok) {
		    baseuv = SvUVX(TOPm1s);
		} else {
		    const IV iv = SvIVX(TOPm1s);
		    if (iv >= 0) {
			baseuv = iv;
			baseuok = TRUE; /* effectively it's a UV now */
		    } else {
			baseuv = -iv; /* abs, baseuok == false records sign */
		    }
		}
                /* now we have integer ** positive integer. */
                is_int = 1;

                /* foo & (foo - 1) is zero only for a power of 2.  */
                if (!(baseuv & (baseuv - 1))) {
                    /* We are raising power-of-2 to a positive integer.
                       The logic here will work for any base (even non-integer
                       bases) but it can be less accurate than
                       pow (base,power) or exp (power * log (base)) when the
                       intermediate values start to spill out of the mantissa.
                       With powers of 2 we know this can't happen.
                       And powers of 2 are the favourite thing for perl
                       programmers to notice ** not doing what they mean. */
                    NV result = 1.0;
                    NV base = baseuok ? baseuv : -(NV)baseuv;

		    if (power & 1) {
			result *= base;
		    }
		    while (power >>= 1) {
			base *= base;
			if (power & 1) {
			    result *= base;
			}
		    }
                    SP--;
                    SETn( result );
                    SvIV_please(TOPs);
                    RETURN;
		} else {
		    register unsigned int highbit = 8 * sizeof(UV);
		    register unsigned int diff = 8 * sizeof(UV);
		    while (diff >>= 1) {
			highbit -= diff;
			if (baseuv >> highbit) {
			    highbit += diff;
			}
		    }
		    /* we now have baseuv < 2 ** highbit */
		    if (power * highbit <= 8 * sizeof(UV)) {
			/* result will definitely fit in UV, so use UV math
			   on same algorithm as above */
			register UV result = 1;
			register UV base = baseuv;
			const bool odd_power = (bool)(power & 1);
			if (odd_power) {
			    result *= base;
			}
			while (power >>= 1) {
			    base *= base;
			    if (power & 1) {
				result *= base;
			    }
			}
			SP--;
			if (baseuok || !odd_power)
			    /* answer is positive */
			    SETu( result );
			else if (result <= (UV)IV_MAX)
			    /* answer negative, fits in IV */
			    SETi( -(IV)result );
			else if (result == (UV)IV_MIN) 
			    /* 2's complement assumption: special case IV_MIN */
			    SETi( IV_MIN );
			else
			    /* answer negative, doesn't fit */
			    SETn( -(NV)result );
			RETURN;
		    } 
		}
	    }
	}
    }
  float_it:
#endif    
    {
	dPOPTOPnnrl;
	SETn( Perl_pow( left, right) );
#ifdef PERL_PRESERVE_IVUV
	if (is_int)
	    SvIV_please(TOPs);
#endif
	RETURN;
    }
}

PP(pp_multiply)
{
    dVAR; dSP; dATARGET; tryAMAGICbin(mult,opASSIGN);
#ifdef PERL_PRESERVE_IVUV
    SvIV_please(TOPs);
    if (SvIOK(TOPs)) {
	/* Unless the left argument is integer in range we are going to have to
	   use NV maths. Hence only attempt to coerce the right argument if
	   we know the left is integer.  */
	/* Left operand is defined, so is it IV? */
	SvIV_please(TOPm1s);
	if (SvIOK(TOPm1s)) {
	    bool auvok = SvUOK(TOPm1s);
	    bool buvok = SvUOK(TOPs);
	    const UV topmask = (~ (UV)0) << (4 * sizeof (UV));
	    const UV botmask = ~((~ (UV)0) << (4 * sizeof (UV)));
	    UV alow;
	    UV ahigh;
	    UV blow;
	    UV bhigh;

	    if (auvok) {
		alow = SvUVX(TOPm1s);
	    } else {
		const IV aiv = SvIVX(TOPm1s);
		if (aiv >= 0) {
		    alow = aiv;
		    auvok = TRUE; /* effectively it's a UV now */
		} else {
		    alow = -aiv; /* abs, auvok == false records sign */
		}
	    }
	    if (buvok) {
		blow = SvUVX(TOPs);
	    } else {
		const IV biv = SvIVX(TOPs);
		if (biv >= 0) {
		    blow = biv;
		    buvok = TRUE; /* effectively it's a UV now */
		} else {
		    blow = -biv; /* abs, buvok == false records sign */
		}
	    }

	    /* If this does sign extension on unsigned it's time for plan B  */
	    ahigh = alow >> (4 * sizeof (UV));
	    alow &= botmask;
	    bhigh = blow >> (4 * sizeof (UV));
	    blow &= botmask;
	    if (ahigh && bhigh) {
		/* eg 32 bit is at least 0x10000 * 0x10000 == 0x100000000
		   which is overflow. Drop to NVs below.  */
	    } else if (!ahigh && !bhigh) {
		/* eg 32 bit is at most 0xFFFF * 0xFFFF == 0xFFFE0001
		   so the unsigned multiply cannot overflow.  */
		const UV product = alow * blow;
		if (auvok == buvok) {
		    /* -ve * -ve or +ve * +ve gives a +ve result.  */
		    SP--;
		    SETu( product );
		    RETURN;
		} else if (product <= (UV)IV_MIN) {
		    /* 2s complement assumption that (UV)-IV_MIN is correct.  */
		    /* -ve result, which could overflow an IV  */
		    SP--;
		    SETi( -(IV)product );
		    RETURN;
		} /* else drop to NVs below. */
	    } else {
		/* One operand is large, 1 small */
		UV product_middle;
		if (bhigh) {
		    /* swap the operands */
		    ahigh = bhigh;
		    bhigh = blow; /* bhigh now the temp var for the swap */
		    blow = alow;
		    alow = bhigh;
		}
		/* now, ((ahigh * blow) << half_UV_len) + (alow * blow)
		   multiplies can't overflow. shift can, add can, -ve can.  */
		product_middle = ahigh * blow;
		if (!(product_middle & topmask)) {
		    /* OK, (ahigh * blow) won't lose bits when we shift it.  */
		    UV product_low;
		    product_middle <<= (4 * sizeof (UV));
		    product_low = alow * blow;

		    /* as for pp_add, UV + something mustn't get smaller.
		       IIRC ANSI mandates this wrapping *behaviour* for
		       unsigned whatever the actual representation*/
		    product_low += product_middle;
		    if (product_low >= product_middle) {
			/* didn't overflow */
			if (auvok == buvok) {
			    /* -ve * -ve or +ve * +ve gives a +ve result.  */
			    SP--;
			    SETu( product_low );
			    RETURN;
			} else if (product_low <= (UV)IV_MIN) {
			    /* 2s complement assumption again  */
			    /* -ve result, which could overflow an IV  */
			    SP--;
			    SETi( -(IV)product_low );
			    RETURN;
			} /* else drop to NVs below. */
		    }
		} /* product_middle too large */
	    } /* ahigh && bhigh */
	} /* SvIOK(TOPm1s) */
    } /* SvIOK(TOPs) */
#endif
    {
      dPOPTOPnnrl;
      SETn( left * right );
      RETURN;
    }
}

PP(pp_divide)
{
    dVAR; dSP; dATARGET; tryAMAGICbin(div,opASSIGN);
    /* Only try to do UV divide first
       if ((SLOPPYDIVIDE is true) or
           (PERL_PRESERVE_IVUV is true and one or both SV is a UV too large
            to preserve))
       The assumption is that it is better to use floating point divide
       whenever possible, only doing integer divide first if we can't be sure.
       If NV_PRESERVES_UV is true then we know at compile time that no UV
       can be too large to preserve, so don't need to compile the code to
       test the size of UVs.  */

#ifdef SLOPPYDIVIDE
#  define PERL_TRY_UV_DIVIDE
    /* ensure that 20./5. == 4. */
#else
#  ifdef PERL_PRESERVE_IVUV
#    ifndef NV_PRESERVES_UV
#      define PERL_TRY_UV_DIVIDE
#    endif
#  endif
#endif

#ifdef PERL_TRY_UV_DIVIDE
    SvIV_please(TOPs);
    if (SvIOK(TOPs)) {
        SvIV_please(TOPm1s);
        if (SvIOK(TOPm1s)) {
            bool left_non_neg = SvUOK(TOPm1s);
            bool right_non_neg = SvUOK(TOPs);
            UV left;
            UV right;

            if (right_non_neg) {
                right = SvUVX(TOPs);
            }
	    else {
		const IV biv = SvIVX(TOPs);
                if (biv >= 0) {
                    right = biv;
                    right_non_neg = TRUE; /* effectively it's a UV now */
                }
		else {
                    right = -biv;
                }
            }
            /* historically undef()/0 gives a "Use of uninitialized value"
               warning before dieing, hence this test goes here.
               If it were immediately before the second SvIV_please, then
               DIE() would be invoked before left was even inspected, so
               no inpsection would give no warning.  */
            if (right == 0)
                DIE(aTHX_ "Illegal division by zero");

            if (left_non_neg) {
                left = SvUVX(TOPm1s);
            }
	    else {
		const IV aiv = SvIVX(TOPm1s);
                if (aiv >= 0) {
                    left = aiv;
                    left_non_neg = TRUE; /* effectively it's a UV now */
                }
		else {
                    left = -aiv;
                }
            }

            if (left >= right
#ifdef SLOPPYDIVIDE
                /* For sloppy divide we always attempt integer division.  */
#else
                /* Otherwise we only attempt it if either or both operands
                   would not be preserved by an NV.  If both fit in NVs
                   we fall through to the NV divide code below.  However,
                   as left >= right to ensure integer result here, we know that
                   we can skip the test on the right operand - right big
                   enough not to be preserved can't get here unless left is
                   also too big.  */

                && (left > ((UV)1 << NV_PRESERVES_UV_BITS))
#endif
                ) {
                /* Integer division can't overflow, but it can be imprecise.  */
		const UV result = left / right;
                if (result * right == left) {
                    SP--; /* result is valid */
                    if (left_non_neg == right_non_neg) {
                        /* signs identical, result is positive.  */
                        SETu( result );
                        RETURN;
                    }
                    /* 2s complement assumption */
                    if (result <= (UV)IV_MIN)
                        SETi( -(IV)result );
                    else {
                        /* It's exact but too negative for IV. */
                        SETn( -(NV)result );
                    }
                    RETURN;
                } /* tried integer divide but it was not an integer result */
            } /* else (PERL_ABS(result) < 1.0) or (both UVs in range for NV) */
        } /* left wasn't SvIOK */
    } /* right wasn't SvIOK */
#endif /* PERL_TRY_UV_DIVIDE */
    {
	dPOPPOPnnrl;
	if (right == 0.0)
	    DIE(aTHX_ "Illegal division by zero");
	PUSHn( left / right );
	RETURN;
    }
}

PP(pp_modulo)
{
    dVAR; dSP; dATARGET; tryAMAGICbin(modulo,opASSIGN);
    {
	UV left  = 0;
	UV right = 0;
	bool left_neg = FALSE;
	bool right_neg = FALSE;
	bool use_double = FALSE;
	bool dright_valid = FALSE;
	NV dright = 0.0;
	NV dleft  = 0.0;

        SvIV_please(TOPs);
        if (SvIOK(TOPs)) {
            right_neg = !SvUOK(TOPs);
            if (!right_neg) {
                right = SvUVX(POPs);
            } else {
		const IV biv = SvIVX(POPs);
                if (biv >= 0) {
                    right = biv;
                    right_neg = FALSE; /* effectively it's a UV now */
                } else {
                    right = -biv;
                }
            }
        }
        else {
	    dright = POPn;
	    right_neg = dright < 0;
	    if (right_neg)
		dright = -dright;
            if (dright < UV_MAX_P1) {
                right = U_V(dright);
                dright_valid = TRUE; /* In case we need to use double below.  */
            } else {
                use_double = TRUE;
            }
	}

        /* At this point use_double is only true if right is out of range for
           a UV.  In range NV has been rounded down to nearest UV and
           use_double false.  */
        SvIV_please(TOPs);
	if (!use_double && SvIOK(TOPs)) {
            if (SvIOK(TOPs)) {
                left_neg = !SvUOK(TOPs);
                if (!left_neg) {
                    left = SvUVX(POPs);
                } else {
		    const IV aiv = SvIVX(POPs);
                    if (aiv >= 0) {
                        left = aiv;
                        left_neg = FALSE; /* effectively it's a UV now */
                    } else {
                        left = -aiv;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
	else {
	    dleft = POPn;
	    left_neg = dleft < 0;
	    if (left_neg)
		dleft = -dleft;

            /* This should be exactly the 5.6 behaviour - if left and right are
               both in range for UV then use U_V() rather than floor.  */
	    if (!use_double) {
                if (dleft < UV_MAX_P1) {
                    /* right was in range, so is dleft, so use UVs not double.
                     */
                    left = U_V(dleft);
                }
                /* left is out of range for UV, right was in range, so promote
                   right (back) to double.  */
                else {
                    /* The +0.5 is used in 5.6 even though it is not strictly
                       consistent with the implicit +0 floor in the U_V()
                       inside the #if 1. */
                    dleft = Perl_floor(dleft + 0.5);
                    use_double = TRUE;
                    if (dright_valid)
                        dright = Perl_floor(dright + 0.5);
                    else
                        dright = right;
                }
            }
        }
	if (use_double) {
	    NV dans;

	    if (!dright)
		DIE(aTHX_ "Illegal modulus zero");

	    dans = Perl_fmod(dleft, dright);
	    if ((left_neg != right_neg) && dans)
		dans = dright - dans;
	    if (right_neg)
		dans = -dans;
	    sv_setnv(TARG, dans);
	}
	else {
	    UV ans;

	    if (!right)
		DIE(aTHX_ "Illegal modulus zero");

	    ans = left % right;
	    if ((left_neg != right_neg) && ans)
		ans = right - ans;
	    if (right_neg) {
		/* XXX may warn: unary minus operator applied to unsigned type */
		/* could change -foo to be (~foo)+1 instead	*/
		if (ans <= ~((UV)IV_MAX)+1)
		    sv_setiv(TARG, ~ans+1);
		else
		    sv_setnv(TARG, -(NV)ans);
	    }
	    else
		sv_setuv(TARG, ans);
	}
	PUSHTARG;
	RETURN;
    }
}

PP(pp_repeat)
{
  dVAR; dSP; dATARGET; tryAMAGICbin(repeat,opASSIGN);
  {
    register IV count;
    dPOPss;
    SvGETMAGIC(sv);
    if (SvIOKp(sv)) {
	 if (SvUOK(sv)) {
	      const UV uv = SvUV(sv);
	      if (uv > IV_MAX)
		   count = IV_MAX; /* The best we can do? */
	      else
		   count = uv;
	 } else {
	      const IV iv = SvIV(sv);
	      if (iv < 0)
		   count = 0;
	      else
		   count = iv;
	 }
    }
    else if (SvNOKp(sv)) {
	 const NV nv = SvNV(sv);
	 if (nv < 0.0)
	      count = 0;
	 else
	      count = (IV)nv;
    }
    else
	 count = SvIVx(sv);
    if (GIMME == G_ARRAY && PL_op->op_private & OPpREPEAT_DOLIST) {
	dMARK;
	static const char oom_list_extend[] = "Out of memory during list extend";
	const I32 items = SP - MARK;
	const I32 max = items * count;

	MEM_WRAP_CHECK_1(max, SV*, oom_list_extend);
	/* Did the max computation overflow? */
	if (items > 0 && max > 0 && (max < items || max < count))
	   Perl_croak(aTHX_ oom_list_extend);
	MEXTEND(MARK, max);
	if (count > 1) {
	    while (SP > MARK) {
#if 0
	      /* This code was intended to fix 20010809.028:

	         $x = 'abcd';
		 for (($x =~ /./g) x 2) {
		     print chop; # "abcdabcd" expected as output.
		 }

	       * but that change (#11635) broke this code:

	       $x = [("foo")x2]; # only one "foo" ended up in the anonlist.

	       * I can't think of a better fix that doesn't introduce
	       * an efficiency hit by copying the SVs. The stack isn't
	       * refcounted, and mortalisation obviously doesn't
	       * Do The Right Thing when the stack has more than
	       * one pointer to the same mortal value.
	       * .robin.
	       */
		if (*SP) {
		    *SP = sv_2mortal(newSVsv(*SP));
		    SvREADONLY_on(*SP);
		}
#else
               if (*SP)
		   SvTEMP_off((*SP));
#endif
		SP--;
	    }
	    MARK++;
	    repeatcpy((char*)(MARK + items), (char*)MARK,
		items * sizeof(SV*), count - 1);
	    SP += max;
	}
	else if (count <= 0)
	    SP -= items;
    }
    else {	/* Note: mark already snarfed by pp_list */
	SV * const tmpstr = POPs;
	STRLEN len;
	bool isutf;
	static const char oom_string_extend[] =
	  "Out of memory during string extend";

	SvSetSV(TARG, tmpstr);
	SvPV_force(TARG, len);
	isutf = DO_UTF8(TARG);
	if (count != 1) {
	    if (count < 1)
		SvCUR_set(TARG, 0);
	    else {
		const STRLEN max = (UV)count * len;
		if (len > ((MEM_SIZE)~0)/count)
		     Perl_croak(aTHX_ oom_string_extend);
	        MEM_WRAP_CHECK_1(max, char, oom_string_extend);
		SvGROW(TARG, max + 1);
		repeatcpy(SvPVX(TARG) + len, SvPVX(TARG), len, count - 1);
		SvCUR_set(TARG, SvCUR(TARG) * count);
	    }
	    *SvEND(TARG) = '\0';
	}
	if (isutf)
	    (void)SvPOK_only_UTF8(TARG);
	else
	    (void)SvPOK_only(TARG);

	if (PL_op->op_private & OPpREPEAT_DOLIST) {
	    /* The parser saw this as a list repeat, and there
	       are probably several items on the stack. But we're
	       in scalar context, and there's no pp_list to save us
	       now. So drop the rest of the items -- robin@kitsite.com
	     */
	    dMARK;
	    SP = MARK;
	}
	PUSHTARG;
    }
    RETURN;
  }
}

PP(pp_subtract)
{
    dVAR; dSP; dATARGET; bool useleft; tryAMAGICbin(subtr,opASSIGN);
    useleft = USE_LEFT(TOPm1s);
#ifdef PERL_PRESERVE_IVUV
    /* See comments in pp_add (in pp_hot.c) about Overflow, and how
       "bad things" happen if you rely on signed integers wrapping.  */
    SvIV_please(TOPs);
    if (SvIOK(TOPs)) {
	/* Unless the left argument is integer in range we are going to have to
	   use NV maths. Hence only attempt to coerce the right argument if
	   we know the left is integer.  */
	register UV auv = 0;
	bool auvok = FALSE;
	bool a_valid = 0;

	if (!useleft) {
	    auv = 0;
	    a_valid = auvok = 1;
	    /* left operand is undef, treat as zero.  */
	} else {
	    /* Left operand is defined, so is it IV? */
	    SvIV_please(TOPm1s);
	    if (SvIOK(TOPm1s)) {
		if ((auvok = SvUOK(TOPm1s)))
		    auv = SvUVX(TOPm1s);
		else {
		    register const IV aiv = SvIVX(TOPm1s);
		    if (aiv >= 0) {
			auv = aiv;
			auvok = 1;	/* Now acting as a sign flag.  */
		    } else { /* 2s complement assumption for IV_MIN */
			auv = (UV)-aiv;
		    }
		}
		a_valid = 1;
	    }
	}
	if (a_valid) {
	    bool result_good = 0;
	    UV result;
	    register UV buv;
	    bool buvok = SvUOK(TOPs);
	
	    if (buvok)
		buv = SvUVX(TOPs);
	    else {
		register const IV biv = SvIVX(TOPs);
		if (biv >= 0) {
		    buv = biv;
		    buvok = 1;
		} else
		    buv = (UV)-biv;
	    }
	    /* ?uvok if value is >= 0. basically, flagged as UV if it's +ve,
	       else "IV" now, independent of how it came in.
	       if a, b represents positive, A, B negative, a maps to -A etc
	       a - b =>  (a - b)
	       A - b => -(a + b)
	       a - B =>  (a + b)
	       A - B => -(a - b)
	       all UV maths. negate result if A negative.
	       subtract if signs same, add if signs differ. */

	    if (auvok ^ buvok) {
		/* Signs differ.  */
		result = auv + buv;
		if (result >= auv)
		    result_good = 1;
	    } else {
		/* Signs same */
		if (auv >= buv) {
		    result = auv - buv;
		    /* Must get smaller */
		    if (result <= auv)
			result_good = 1;
		} else {
		    result = buv - auv;
		    if (result <= buv) {
			/* result really should be -(auv-buv). as its negation
			   of true value, need to swap our result flag  */
			auvok = !auvok;
			result_good = 1;
		    }
		}
	    }
	    if (result_good) {
		SP--;
		if (auvok)
		    SETu( result );
		else {
		    /* Negate result */
		    if (result <= (UV)IV_MIN)
			SETi( -(IV)result );
		    else {
			/* result valid, but out of range for IV.  */
			SETn( -(NV)result );
		    }
		}
		RETURN;
	    } /* Overflow, drop through to NVs.  */
	}
    }
#endif
    useleft = USE_LEFT(TOPm1s);
    {
	dPOPnv;
	if (!useleft) {
	    /* left operand is undef, treat as zero - value */
	    SETn(-value);
	    RETURN;
	}
	SETn( TOPn - value );
	RETURN;
    }
}

PP(pp_left_shift)
{
    dVAR; dSP; dATARGET; tryAMAGICbin(lshift,opASSIGN);
    {
      const IV shift = POPi;
      if (PL_op->op_private & HINT_INTEGER) {
	const IV i = TOPi;
	SETi(i << shift);
      }
      else {
	const UV u = TOPu;
	SETu(u << shift);
      }
      RETURN;
    }
}

PP(pp_right_shift)
{
    dVAR; dSP; dATARGET; tryAMAGICbin(rshift,opASSIGN);
    {
      const IV shift = POPi;
      if (PL_op->op_private & HINT_INTEGER) {
	const IV i = TOPi;
	SETi(i >> shift);
      }
      else {
	const UV u = TOPu;
	SETu(u >> shift);
      }
      RETURN;
    }
}

PP(pp_lt)
{
    dVAR; dSP; tryAMAGICbinSET(lt,0);
#ifdef PERL_PRESERVE_IVUV
    SvIV_please(TOPs);
    if (SvIOK(TOPs)) {
	SvIV_please(TOPm1s);
	if (SvIOK(TOPm1s)) {
	    bool auvok = SvUOK(TOPm1s);
	    bool buvok = SvUOK(TOPs);
	
	    if (!auvok && !buvok) { /* ## IV < IV ## */
		const IV aiv = SvIVX(TOPm1s);
		const IV biv = SvIVX(TOPs);
		
		SP--;
		SETs(boolSV(aiv < biv));
		RETURN;
	    }
	    if (auvok && buvok) { /* ## UV < UV ## */
		const UV auv = SvUVX(TOPm1s);
		const UV buv = SvUVX(TOPs);
		
		SP--;
		SETs(boolSV(auv < buv));
		RETURN;
	    }
	    if (auvok) { /* ## UV < IV ## */
		UV auv;
		const IV biv = SvIVX(TOPs);
		SP--;
		if (biv < 0) {
		    /* As (a) is a UV, it's >=0, so it cannot be < */
		    SETs(&PL_sv_no);
		    RETURN;
		}
		auv = SvUVX(TOPs);
		SETs(boolSV(auv < (UV)biv));
		RETURN;
	    }
	    { /* ## IV < UV ## */
		const IV aiv = SvIVX(TOPm1s);
		UV buv;
		
		if (aiv < 0) {
		    /* As (b) is a UV, it's >=0, so it must be < */
		    SP--;
		    SETs(&PL_sv_yes);
		    RETURN;
		}
		buv = SvUVX(TOPs);
		SP--;
		SETs(boolSV((UV)aiv < buv));
		RETURN;
	    }
	}
    }
#endif
#ifndef NV_PRESERVES_UV
#ifdef PERL_PRESERVE_IVUV
    else
#endif
    if (SvROK(TOPs) && !SvAMAGIC(TOPs) && SvROK(TOPm1s) && !SvAMAGIC(TOPm1s)) {
	SP--;
	SETs(boolSV(SvRV(TOPs) < SvRV(TOPp1s)));
	RETURN;
    }
#endif
    {
      dPOPnv;
      SETs(boolSV(TOPn < value));
      RETURN;
    }
}

PP(pp_gt)
{
    dVAR; dSP; tryAMAGICbinSET(gt,0);
#ifdef PERL_PRESERVE_IVUV
    SvIV_please(TOPs);
    if (SvIOK(TOPs)) {
	SvIV_please(TOPm1s);
	if (SvIOK(TOPm1s)) {
	    bool auvok = SvUOK(TOPm1s);
	    bool buvok = SvUOK(TOPs);
	
	    if (!auvok && !buvok) { /* ## IV > IV ## */
		const IV aiv = SvIVX(TOPm1s);
		const IV biv = SvIVX(TOPs);

		SP--;
		SETs(boolSV(aiv > biv));
		RETURN;
	    }
	    if (auvok && buvok) { /* ## UV > UV ## */
		const UV auv = SvUVX(TOPm1s);
		const UV buv = SvUVX(TOPs);
		
		SP--;
		SETs(boolSV(auv > buv));
		RETURN;
	    }
	    if (auvok) { /* ## UV > IV ## */
		UV auv;
		const IV biv = SvIVX(TOPs);

		SP--;
		if (biv < 0) {
		    /* As (a) is a UV, it's >=0, so it must be > */
		    SETs(&PL_sv_yes);
		    RETURN;
		}
		auv = SvUVX(TOPs);
		SETs(boolSV(auv > (UV)biv));
		RETURN;
	    }
	    { /* ## IV > UV ## */
		const IV aiv = SvIVX(TOPm1s);
		UV buv;
		
		if (aiv < 0) {
		    /* As (b) is a UV, it's >=0, so it cannot be > */
		    SP--;
		    SETs(&PL_sv_no);
		    RETURN;
		}
		buv = SvUVX(TOPs);
		SP--;
		SETs(boolSV((UV)aiv > buv));
		RETURN;
	    }
	}
    }
#endif
#ifndef NV_PRESERVES_UV
#ifdef PERL_PRESERVE_IVUV
    else
#endif
    if (SvROK(TOPs) && !SvAMAGIC(TOPs) && SvROK(TOPm1s) && !SvAMAGIC(TOPm1s)) {
        SP--;
        SETs(boolSV(SvRV(TOPs) > SvRV(TOPp1s)));
        RETURN;
    }
#endif
    {
      dPOPnv;
      SETs(boolSV(TOPn > value));
      RETURN;
    }
}

PP(pp_le)
{
    dVAR; dSP; tryAMAGICbinSET(le,0);
#ifdef PERL_PRESERVE_IVUV
    SvIV_please(TOPs);
    if (SvIOK(TOPs)) {
	SvIV_please(TOPm1s);
	if (SvIOK(TOPm1s)) {
	    bool auvok = SvUOK(TOPm1s);
	    bool buvok = SvUOK(TOPs);
	
	    if (!auvok && !buvok) { /* ## IV <= IV ## */
		const IV aiv = SvIVX(TOPm1s);
		const IV biv = SvIVX(TOPs);
		
		SP--;
		SETs(boolSV(aiv <= biv));
		RETURN;
	    }
	    if (auvok && buvok) { /* ## UV <= UV ## */
		UV auv = SvUVX(TOPm1s);
		UV buv = SvUVX(TOPs);
		
		SP--;
		SETs(boolSV(auv <= buv));
		RETURN;
	    }
	    if (auvok) { /* ## UV <= IV ## */
		UV auv;
		const IV biv = SvIVX(TOPs);

		SP--;
		if (biv < 0) {
		    /* As (a) is a UV, it's >=0, so a cannot be <= */
		    SETs(&PL_sv_no);
		    RETURN;
		}
		auv = SvUVX(TOPs);
		SETs(boolSV(auv <= (UV)biv));
		RETURN;
	    }
	    { /* ## IV <= UV ## */
		const IV aiv = SvIVX(TOPm1s);
		UV buv;

		if (aiv < 0) {
		    /* As (b) is a UV, it's >=0, so a must be <= */
		    SP--;
		    SETs(&PL_sv_yes);
		    RETURN;
		}
		buv = SvUVX(TOPs);
		SP--;
		SETs(boolSV((UV)aiv <= buv));
		RETURN;
	    }
	}
    }
#endif
#ifndef NV_PRESERVES_UV
#ifdef PERL_PRESERVE_IVUV
    else
#endif
    if (SvROK(TOPs) && !SvAMAGIC(TOPs) && SvROK(TOPm1s) && !SvAMAGIC(TOPm1s)) {
        SP--;
        SETs(boolSV(SvRV(TOPs) <= SvRV(TOPp1s)));
        RETURN;
    }
#endif
    {
      dPOPnv;
      SETs(boolSV(TOPn <= value));
      RETURN;
    }
}

PP(pp_ge)
{
    dVAR; dSP; tryAMAGICbinSET(ge,0);
#ifdef PERL_PRESERVE_IVUV
    SvIV_please(TOPs);
    if (SvIOK(TOPs)) {
	SvIV_please(TOPm1s);
	if (SvIOK(TOPm1s)) {
	    bool auvok = SvUOK(TOPm1s);
	    bool buvok = SvUOK(TOPs);
	
	    if (!auvok && !buvok) { /* ## IV >= IV ## */
		const IV aiv = SvIVX(TOPm1s);
		const IV biv = SvIVX(TOPs);

		SP--;
		SETs(boolSV(aiv >= biv));
		RETURN;
	    }
	    if (auvok && buvok) { /* ## UV >= UV ## */
		const UV auv = SvUVX(TOPm1s);
		const UV buv = SvUVX(TOPs);

		SP--;
		SETs(boolSV(auv >= buv));
		RETURN;
	    }
	    if (auvok) { /* ## UV >= IV ## */
		UV auv;
		const IV biv = SvIVX(TOPs);

		SP--;
		if (biv < 0) {
		    /* As (a) is a UV, it's >=0, so it must be >= */
		    SETs(&PL_sv_yes);
		    RETURN;
		}
		auv = SvUVX(TOPs);
		SETs(boolSV(auv >= (UV)biv));
		RETURN;
	    }
	    { /* ## IV >= UV ## */
		const IV aiv = SvIVX(TOPm1s);
		UV buv;

		if (aiv < 0) {
		    /* As (b) is a UV, it's >=0, so a cannot be >= */
		    SP--;
		    SETs(&PL_sv_no);
		    RETURN;
		}
		buv = SvUVX(TOPs);
		SP--;
		SETs(boolSV((UV)aiv >= buv));
		RETURN;
	    }
	}
    }
#endif
#ifndef NV_PRESERVES_UV
#ifdef PERL_PRESERVE_IVUV
    else
#endif
    if (SvROK(TOPs) && !SvAMAGIC(TOPs) && SvROK(TOPm1s) && !SvAMAGIC(TOPm1s)) {
        SP--;
        SETs(boolSV(SvRV(TOPs) >= SvRV(TOPp1s)));
        RETURN;
    }
#endif
    {
      dPOPnv;
      SETs(boolSV(TOPn >= value));
      RETURN;
    }
}

PP(pp_ne)
{
    dVAR; dSP; tryAMAGICbinSET(ne,0);
#ifndef NV_PRESERVES_UV
    if (SvROK(TOPs) && !SvAMAGIC(TOPs) && SvROK(TOPm1s) && !SvAMAGIC(TOPm1s)) {
        SP--;
	SETs(boolSV(SvRV(TOPs) != SvRV(TOPp1s)));
	RETURN;
    }
#endif
#ifdef PERL_PRESERVE_IVUV
    SvIV_please(TOPs);
    if (SvIOK(TOPs)) {
	SvIV_please(TOPm1s);
	if (SvIOK(TOPm1s)) {
	    const bool auvok = SvUOK(TOPm1s);
	    const bool buvok = SvUOK(TOPs);
	
	    if (auvok == buvok) { /* ## IV == IV or UV == UV ## */
                /* Casting IV to UV before comparison isn't going to matter
                   on 2s complement. On 1s complement or sign&magnitude
                   (if we have any of them) it could make negative zero
                   differ from normal zero. As I understand it. (Need to
                   check - is negative zero implementation defined behaviour
                   anyway?). NWC  */
		const UV buv = SvUVX(POPs);
		const UV auv = SvUVX(TOPs);

		SETs(boolSV(auv != buv));
		RETURN;
	    }
	    {			/* ## Mixed IV,UV ## */
		IV iv;
		UV uv;
		
		/* != is commutative so swap if needed (save code) */
		if (auvok) {
		    /* swap. top of stack (b) is the iv */
		    iv = SvIVX(TOPs);
		    SP--;
		    if (iv < 0) {
			/* As (a) is a UV, it's >0, so it cannot be == */
			SETs(&PL_sv_yes);
			RETURN;
		    }
		    uv = SvUVX(TOPs);
		} else {
		    iv = SvIVX(TOPm1s);
		    SP--;
		    if (iv < 0) {
			/* As (b) is a UV, it's >0, so it cannot be == */
			SETs(&PL_sv_yes);
			RETURN;
		    }
		    uv = SvUVX(*(SP+1)); /* Do I want TOPp1s() ? */
		}
		SETs(boolSV((UV)iv != uv));
		RETURN;
	    }
	}
    }
#endif
    {
      dPOPnv;
      SETs(boolSV(TOPn != value));
      RETURN;
    }
}

PP(pp_ncmp)
{
    dVAR; dSP; dTARGET; tryAMAGICbin(ncmp,0);
#ifndef NV_PRESERVES_UV
    if (SvROK(TOPs) && !SvAMAGIC(TOPs) && SvROK(TOPm1s) && !SvAMAGIC(TOPm1s)) {
	const UV right = PTR2UV(SvRV(POPs));
	const UV left = PTR2UV(SvRV(TOPs));
	SETi((left > right) - (left < right));
	RETURN;
    }
#endif
#ifdef PERL_PRESERVE_IVUV
    /* Fortunately it seems NaN isn't IOK */
    SvIV_please(TOPs);
    if (SvIOK(TOPs)) {
	SvIV_please(TOPm1s);
	if (SvIOK(TOPm1s)) {
	    const bool leftuvok = SvUOK(TOPm1s);
	    const bool rightuvok = SvUOK(TOPs);
	    I32 value;
	    if (!leftuvok && !rightuvok) { /* ## IV <=> IV ## */
		const IV leftiv = SvIVX(TOPm1s);
		const IV rightiv = SvIVX(TOPs);
		
		if (leftiv > rightiv)
		    value = 1;
		else if (leftiv < rightiv)
		    value = -1;
		else
		    value = 0;
	    } else if (leftuvok && rightuvok) { /* ## UV <=> UV ## */
		const UV leftuv = SvUVX(TOPm1s);
		const UV rightuv = SvUVX(TOPs);
		
		if (leftuv > rightuv)
		    value = 1;
		else if (leftuv < rightuv)
		    value = -1;
		else
		    value = 0;
	    } else if (leftuvok) { /* ## UV <=> IV ## */
		const IV rightiv = SvIVX(TOPs);
		if (rightiv < 0) {
		    /* As (a) is a UV, it's >=0, so it cannot be < */
		    value = 1;
		} else {
		    const UV leftuv = SvUVX(TOPm1s);
		    if (leftuv > (UV)rightiv) {
			value = 1;
		    } else if (leftuv < (UV)rightiv) {
			value = -1;
		    } else {
			value = 0;
		    }
		}
	    } else { /* ## IV <=> UV ## */
		const IV leftiv = SvIVX(TOPm1s);
		if (leftiv < 0) {
		    /* As (b) is a UV, it's >=0, so it must be < */
		    value = -1;
		} else {
		    const UV rightuv = SvUVX(TOPs);
		    if ((UV)leftiv > rightuv) {
			value = 1;
		    } else if ((UV)leftiv < rightuv) {
			value = -1;
		    } else {
			value = 0;
		    }
		}
	    }
	    SP--;
	    SETi(value);
	    RETURN;
	}
    }
#endif
    {
      dPOPTOPnnrl;
      I32 value;

#ifdef Perl_isnan
      if (Perl_isnan(left) || Perl_isnan(right)) {
	  SETs(&PL_sv_undef);
	  RETURN;
       }
      value = (left > right) - (left < right);
#else
      if (left == right)
	value = 0;
      else if (left < right)
	value = -1;
      else if (left > right)
	value = 1;
      else {
	SETs(&PL_sv_undef);
	RETURN;
      }
#endif
      SETi(value);
      RETURN;
    }
}

PP(pp_sle)
{
    dVAR; dSP;

    int amg_type = sle_amg;
    int multiplier = 1;
    int rhs = 1;

    switch (PL_op->op_type) {
    case OP_SLT:
	amg_type = slt_amg;
	/* cmp < 0 */
	rhs = 0;
	break;
    case OP_SGT:
	amg_type = sgt_amg;
	/* cmp > 0 */
	multiplier = -1;
	rhs = 0;
	break;
    case OP_SGE:
	amg_type = sge_amg;
	/* cmp >= 0 */
	multiplier = -1;
	break;
    }

    tryAMAGICbinSET_var(amg_type,0);
    {
      dPOPTOPssrl;
      const int cmp = (IN_LOCALE_RUNTIME
		 ? sv_cmp_locale(left, right)
		 : sv_cmp(left, right));
      SETs(boolSV(cmp * multiplier < rhs));
      RETURN;
    }
}

PP(pp_seq)
{
    dVAR; dSP; tryAMAGICbinSET(seq,0);
    {
      dPOPTOPssrl;
      SETs(boolSV(sv_eq(left, right)));
      RETURN;
    }
}

PP(pp_sne)
{
    dVAR; dSP; tryAMAGICbinSET(sne,0);
    {
      dPOPTOPssrl;
      SETs(boolSV(!sv_eq(left, right)));
      RETURN;
    }
}

PP(pp_scmp)
{
    dVAR; dSP; dTARGET;  tryAMAGICbin(scmp,0);
    {
      dPOPTOPssrl;
      const int cmp = (IN_LOCALE_RUNTIME
		 ? sv_cmp_locale(left, right)
		 : sv_cmp(left, right));
      SETi( cmp );
      RETURN;
    }
}

PP(pp_bit_and)
{
    dVAR; dSP; dATARGET; tryAMAGICbin(band,opASSIGN);
    {
      dPOPTOPssrl;
      SvGETMAGIC(left);
      SvGETMAGIC(right);
      if (SvNIOKp(left) || SvNIOKp(right)) {
	if (PL_op->op_private & HINT_INTEGER) {
	  const IV i = SvIV_nomg(left) & SvIV_nomg(right);
	  SETi(i);
	}
	else {
	  const UV u = SvUV_nomg(left) & SvUV_nomg(right);
	  SETu(u);
	}
      }
      else {
	do_vop(PL_op->op_type, TARG, left, right);
	SETTARG;
      }
      RETURN;
    }
}

PP(pp_bit_xor)
{
    dVAR; dSP; dATARGET; tryAMAGICbin(bxor,opASSIGN);
    {
      dPOPTOPssrl;
      SvGETMAGIC(left);
      SvGETMAGIC(right);
      if (SvNIOKp(left) || SvNIOKp(right)) {
	if (PL_op->op_private & HINT_INTEGER) {
	  const IV i = (USE_LEFT(left) ? SvIV_nomg(left) : 0) ^ SvIV_nomg(right);
	  SETi(i);
	}
	else {
	  const UV u = (USE_LEFT(left) ? SvUV_nomg(left) : 0) ^ SvUV_nomg(right);
	  SETu(u);
	}
      }
      else {
	do_vop(PL_op->op_type, TARG, left, right);
	SETTARG;
      }
      RETURN;
    }
}

PP(pp_bit_or)
{
    dVAR; dSP; dATARGET; tryAMAGICbin(bor,opASSIGN);
    {
      dPOPTOPssrl;
      SvGETMAGIC(left);
      SvGETMAGIC(right);
      if (SvNIOKp(left) || SvNIOKp(right)) {
	if (PL_op->op_private & HINT_INTEGER) {
	  const IV i = (USE_LEFT(left) ? SvIV_nomg(left) : 0) | SvIV_nomg(right);
	  SETi(i);
	}
	else {
	  const UV u = (USE_LEFT(left) ? SvUV_nomg(left) : 0) | SvUV_nomg(right);
	  SETu(u);
	}
      }
      else {
	do_vop(PL_op->op_type, TARG, left, right);
	SETTARG;
      }
      RETURN;
    }
}

PP(pp_negate)
{
    dVAR; dSP; dTARGET; tryAMAGICun(neg);
    {
	dTOPss;
	const int flags = SvFLAGS(sv);
	SvGETMAGIC(sv);
	if ((flags & SVf_IOK) || ((flags & (SVp_IOK | SVp_NOK)) == SVp_IOK)) {
	    /* It's publicly an integer, or privately an integer-not-float */
	oops_its_an_int:
	    if (SvIsUV(sv)) {
		if (SvIVX(sv) == IV_MIN) {
		    /* 2s complement assumption. */
		    SETi(SvIVX(sv));	/* special case: -((UV)IV_MAX+1) == IV_MIN */
		    RETURN;
		}
		else if (SvUVX(sv) <= IV_MAX) {
		    SETi(-SvIVX(sv));
		    RETURN;
		}
	    }
	    else if (SvIVX(sv) != IV_MIN) {
		SETi(-SvIVX(sv));
		RETURN;
	    }
#ifdef PERL_PRESERVE_IVUV
	    else {
		SETu((UV)IV_MIN);
		RETURN;
	    }
#endif
	}
	if (SvNIOKp(sv))
	    SETn(-SvNV(sv));
	else if (SvPOKp(sv)) {
	    STRLEN len;
	    const char * const s = SvPV_const(sv, len);
	    if (isIDFIRST(*s)) {
		sv_setpvn(TARG, "-", 1);
		sv_catsv(TARG, sv);
	    }
	    else if (*s == '+' || *s == '-') {
		sv_setsv(TARG, sv);
		*SvPV_force(TARG, len) = *s == '-' ? '+' : '-';
	    }
	    else if (DO_UTF8(sv)) {
		SvIV_please(sv);
		if (SvIOK(sv))
		    goto oops_its_an_int;
		if (SvNOK(sv))
		    sv_setnv(TARG, -SvNV(sv));
		else {
		    sv_setpvn(TARG, "-", 1);
		    sv_catsv(TARG, sv);
		}
	    }
	    else {
		SvIV_please(sv);
		if (SvIOK(sv))
		  goto oops_its_an_int;
		sv_setnv(TARG, -SvNV(sv));
	    }
	    SETTARG;
	}
	else
	    SETn(-SvNV(sv));
    }
    RETURN;
}

PP(pp_not)
{
    dVAR; dSP; tryAMAGICunSET(not);
    *PL_stack_sp = boolSV(!SvTRUE(*PL_stack_sp));
    return NORMAL;
}

PP(pp_complement)
{
    dVAR; dSP; dTARGET; tryAMAGICun(compl);
    {
      dTOPss;
      SvGETMAGIC(sv);
      if (SvNIOKp(sv)) {
	if (PL_op->op_private & HINT_INTEGER) {
	  const IV i = ~SvIV_nomg(sv);
	  SETi(i);
	}
	else {
	  const UV u = ~SvUV_nomg(sv);
	  SETu(u);
	}
      }
      else {
	register U8 *tmps;
	register I32 anum;
	STRLEN len;

	(void)SvPV_nomg_const(sv,len); /* force check for uninit var */
	sv_setsv_nomg(TARG, sv);
	tmps = (U8*)SvPV_force(TARG, len);
	anum = len;
	if (SvUTF8(TARG)) {
	  /* Calculate exact length, let's not estimate. */
	  STRLEN targlen = 0;
	  U8 *result;
	  U8 *send;
	  STRLEN l;
	  UV nchar = 0;
	  UV nwide = 0;

	  send = tmps + len;
	  while (tmps < send) {
	    const UV c = utf8n_to_uvchr(tmps, send-tmps, &l, UTF8_ALLOW_ANYUV);
	    tmps += UTF8SKIP(tmps);
	    targlen += UNISKIP(~c);
	    nchar++;
	    if (c > 0xff)
		nwide++;
	  }

	  /* Now rewind strings and write them. */
	  tmps -= len;

	  if (nwide) {
	      Newxz(result, targlen + 1, U8);
	      while (tmps < send) {
		  const UV c = utf8n_to_uvchr(tmps, send-tmps, &l, UTF8_ALLOW_ANYUV);
		  tmps += UTF8SKIP(tmps);
		  result = uvchr_to_utf8_flags(result, ~c, UNICODE_ALLOW_ANY);
	      }
	      *result = '\0';
	      result -= targlen;
	      sv_setpvn(TARG, (char*)result, targlen);
	      SvUTF8_on(TARG);
	  }
	  else {
	      Newxz(result, nchar + 1, U8);
	      while (tmps < send) {
		  const U8 c = (U8)utf8n_to_uvchr(tmps, 0, &l, UTF8_ALLOW_ANY);
		  tmps += UTF8SKIP(tmps);
		  *result++ = ~c;
	      }
	      *result = '\0';
	      result -= nchar;
	      sv_setpvn(TARG, (char*)result, nchar);
	      SvUTF8_off(TARG);
	  }
	  Safefree(result);
	  SETs(TARG);
	  RETURN;
	}
#ifdef LIBERAL
	{
	    register long *tmpl;
	    for ( ; anum && (unsigned long)tmps % sizeof(long); anum--, tmps++)
		*tmps = ~*tmps;
	    tmpl = (long*)tmps;
	    for ( ; anum >= sizeof(long); anum -= sizeof(long), tmpl++)
		*tmpl = ~*tmpl;
	    tmps = (U8*)tmpl;
	}
#endif
	for ( ; anum > 0; anum--, tmps++)
	    *tmps = ~*tmps;

	SETs(TARG);
      }
      RETURN;
    }
}

/* integer versions of some of the above */

PP(pp_i_multiply)
{
    dVAR; dSP; dATARGET; tryAMAGICbin(mult,opASSIGN);
    {
      dPOPTOPiirl;
      SETi( left * right );
      RETURN;
    }
}

PP(pp_i_divide)
{
    dVAR; dSP; dATARGET; tryAMAGICbin(div,opASSIGN);
    {
      dPOPiv;
      if (value == 0)
	DIE(aTHX_ "Illegal division by zero");
      value = POPi / value;
      PUSHi( value );
      RETURN;
    }
}

STATIC
PP(pp_i_modulo_0)
{
     /* This is the vanilla old i_modulo. */
     dVAR; dSP; dATARGET; tryAMAGICbin(modulo,opASSIGN);
     {
	  dPOPTOPiirl;
	  if (!right)
	       DIE(aTHX_ "Illegal modulus zero");
	  SETi( left % right );
	  RETURN;
     }
}

#if defined(__GLIBC__) && IVSIZE == 8
STATIC
PP(pp_i_modulo_1)
{
     /* This is the i_modulo with the workaround for the _moddi3 bug
      * in (at least) glibc 2.2.5 (the PERL_ABS() the workaround).
      * See below for pp_i_modulo. */
     dVAR; dVAR; dSP; dATARGET; tryAMAGICbin(modulo,opASSIGN);
     {
	  dPOPTOPiirl;
	  if (!right)
	       DIE(aTHX_ "Illegal modulus zero");
	  SETi( left % PERL_ABS(right) );
	  RETURN;
     }
}
#endif

PP(pp_i_modulo)
{
     dVAR; dSP; dATARGET; tryAMAGICbin(modulo,opASSIGN);
     {
	  dPOPTOPiirl;
	  if (!right)
	       DIE(aTHX_ "Illegal modulus zero");
	  /* The assumption is to use hereafter the old vanilla version... */
	  PL_op->op_ppaddr =
	       PL_ppaddr[OP_I_MODULO] =
	           Perl_pp_i_modulo_0;
	  /* .. but if we have glibc, we might have a buggy _moddi3
	   * (at least glicb 2.2.5 is known to have this bug), in other
	   * words our integer modulus with negative quad as the second
	   * argument might be broken.  Test for this and re-patch the
	   * opcode dispatch table if that is the case, remembering to
	   * also apply the workaround so that this first round works
	   * right, too.  See [perl #9402] for more information. */
#if defined(__GLIBC__) && IVSIZE == 8
	  {
	       IV l =   3;
	       IV r = -10;
	       /* Cannot do this check with inlined IV constants since
		* that seems to work correctly even with the buggy glibc. */
	       if (l % r == -3) {
		    /* Yikes, we have the bug.
		     * Patch in the workaround version. */
		    PL_op->op_ppaddr =
			 PL_ppaddr[OP_I_MODULO] =
			     &Perl_pp_i_modulo_1;
		    /* Make certain we work right this time, too. */
		    right = PERL_ABS(right);
	       }
	  }
#endif
	  SETi( left % right );
	  RETURN;
     }
}

PP(pp_i_add)
{
    dVAR; dSP; dATARGET; tryAMAGICbin(add,opASSIGN);
    {
      dPOPTOPiirl_ul;
      SETi( left + right );
      RETURN;
    }
}

PP(pp_i_subtract)
{
    dVAR; dSP; dATARGET; tryAMAGICbin(subtr,opASSIGN);
    {
      dPOPTOPiirl_ul;
      SETi( left - right );
      RETURN;
    }
}

PP(pp_i_lt)
{
    dVAR; dSP; tryAMAGICbinSET(lt,0);
    {
      dPOPTOPiirl;
      SETs(boolSV(left < right));
      RETURN;
    }
}

PP(pp_i_gt)
{
    dVAR; dSP; tryAMAGICbinSET(gt,0);
    {
      dPOPTOPiirl;
      SETs(boolSV(left > right));
      RETURN;
    }
}

PP(pp_i_le)
{
    dVAR; dSP; tryAMAGICbinSET(le,0);
    {
      dPOPTOPiirl;
      SETs(boolSV(left <= right));
      RETURN;
    }
}

PP(pp_i_ge)
{
    dVAR; dSP; tryAMAGICbinSET(ge,0);
    {
      dPOPTOPiirl;
      SETs(boolSV(left >= right));
      RETURN;
    }
}

PP(pp_i_eq)
{
    dVAR; dSP; tryAMAGICbinSET(eq,0);
    {
      dPOPTOPiirl;
      SETs(boolSV(left == right));
      RETURN;
    }
}

PP(pp_i_ne)
{
    dVAR; dSP; tryAMAGICbinSET(ne,0);
    {
      dPOPTOPiirl;
      SETs(boolSV(left != right));
      RETURN;
    }
}

PP(pp_i_ncmp)
{
    dVAR; dSP; dTARGET; tryAMAGICbin(ncmp,0);
    {
      dPOPTOPiirl;
      I32 value;

      if (left > right)
	value = 1;
      else if (left < right)
	value = -1;
      else
	value = 0;
      SETi(value);
      RETURN;
    }
}

PP(pp_i_negate)
{
    dVAR; dSP; dTARGET; tryAMAGICun(neg);
    SETi(-TOPi);
    RETURN;
}

/* High falutin' math. */

PP(pp_atan2)
{
    dVAR; dSP; dTARGET; tryAMAGICbin(atan2,0);
    {
      dPOPTOPnnrl;
      SETn(Perl_atan2(left, right));
      RETURN;
    }
}

PP(pp_sin)
{
    dVAR; dSP; dTARGET; tryAMAGICun(sin);
    {
      const NV value = POPn;
      XPUSHn(Perl_sin(value));
      RETURN;
    }
}

PP(pp_cos)
{
    dVAR; dSP; dTARGET; tryAMAGICun(cos);
    {
      const NV value = POPn;
      XPUSHn(Perl_cos(value));
      RETURN;
    }
}

/* Support Configure command-line overrides for rand() functions.
   After 5.005, perhaps we should replace this by Configure support
   for drand48(), random(), or rand().  For 5.005, though, maintain
   compatibility by calling rand() but allow the user to override it.
   See INSTALL for details.  --Andy Dougherty  15 July 1998
*/
/* Now it's after 5.005, and Configure supports drand48() and random(),
   in addition to rand().  So the overrides should not be needed any more.
   --Jarkko Hietaniemi	27 September 1998
 */

#ifndef HAS_DRAND48_PROTO
extern double drand48 (void);
#endif

PP(pp_rand)
{
    dVAR; dSP; dTARGET;
    NV value;
    if (MAXARG < 1)
	value = 1.0;
    else
	value = POPn;
    if (value == 0.0)
	value = 1.0;
    if (!PL_srand_called) {
	(void)seedDrand01((Rand_seed_t)seed());
	PL_srand_called = TRUE;
    }
    value *= Drand01();
    XPUSHn(value);
    RETURN;
}

PP(pp_srand)
{
    dVAR; dSP;
    const UV anum = (MAXARG < 1) ? seed() : POPu;
    (void)seedDrand01((Rand_seed_t)anum);
    PL_srand_called = TRUE;
    EXTEND(SP, 1);
    RETPUSHYES;
}

PP(pp_exp)
{
    dVAR; dSP; dTARGET; tryAMAGICun(exp);
    {
      NV value;
      value = POPn;
      value = Perl_exp(value);
      XPUSHn(value);
      RETURN;
    }
}

PP(pp_log)
{
    dVAR; dSP; dTARGET; tryAMAGICun(log);
    {
      const NV value = POPn;
      if (value <= 0.0) {
	SET_NUMERIC_STANDARD();
	DIE(aTHX_ "Can't take log of %"NVgf, value);
      }
      XPUSHn(Perl_log(value));
      RETURN;
    }
}

PP(pp_sqrt)
{
    dVAR; dSP; dTARGET; tryAMAGICun(sqrt);
    {
      const NV value = POPn;
      if (value < 0.0) {
	SET_NUMERIC_STANDARD();
	DIE(aTHX_ "Can't take sqrt of %"NVgf, value);
      }
      XPUSHn(Perl_sqrt(value));
      RETURN;
    }
}

PP(pp_int)
{
    dVAR; dSP; dTARGET; tryAMAGICun(int);
    {
      const IV iv = TOPi; /* attempt to convert to IV if possible. */
      /* XXX it's arguable that compiler casting to IV might be subtly
	 different from modf (for numbers inside (IV_MIN,UV_MAX)) in which
	 else preferring IV has introduced a subtle behaviour change bug. OTOH
	 relying on floating point to be accurate is a bug.  */

      if (!SvOK(TOPs))
        SETu(0);
      else if (SvIOK(TOPs)) {
	if (SvIsUV(TOPs)) {
	    const UV uv = TOPu;
	    SETu(uv);
	} else
	    SETi(iv);
      } else {
	  const NV value = TOPn;
	  if (value >= 0.0) {
	      if (value < (NV)UV_MAX + 0.5) {
		  SETu(U_V(value));
	      } else {
		  SETn(Perl_floor(value));
	      }
	  }
	  else {
	      if (value > (NV)IV_MIN - 0.5) {
		  SETi(I_V(value));
	      } else {
		  SETn(Perl_ceil(value));
	      }
	  }
      }
    }
    RETURN;
}

PP(pp_abs)
{
    dVAR; dSP; dTARGET; tryAMAGICun(abs);
    {
      /* This will cache the NV value if string isn't actually integer  */
      const IV iv = TOPi;

      if (!SvOK(TOPs))
        SETu(0);
      else if (SvIOK(TOPs)) {
	/* IVX is precise  */
	if (SvIsUV(TOPs)) {
	  SETu(TOPu);	/* force it to be numeric only */
	} else {
	  if (iv >= 0) {
	    SETi(iv);
	  } else {
	    if (iv != IV_MIN) {
	      SETi(-iv);
	    } else {
	      /* 2s complement assumption. Also, not really needed as
		 IV_MIN and -IV_MIN should both be %100...00 and NV-able  */
	      SETu(IV_MIN);
	    }
	  }
	}
      } else{
	const NV value = TOPn;
	if (value < 0.0)
	  SETn(-value);
	else
	  SETn(value);
      }
    }
    RETURN;
}


PP(pp_hex)
{
    dVAR; dSP; dTARGET;
    const char *tmps;
    I32 flags = PERL_SCAN_ALLOW_UNDERSCORES;
    STRLEN len;
    NV result_nv;
    UV result_uv;
    SV* const sv = POPs;

    tmps = (SvPV_const(sv, len));
    if (DO_UTF8(sv)) {
	 /* If Unicode, try to downgrade
	  * If not possible, croak. */
	 SV* const tsv = sv_2mortal(newSVsv(sv));
	
	 SvUTF8_on(tsv);
	 sv_utf8_downgrade(tsv, FALSE);
	 tmps = SvPV_const(tsv, len);
    }
    result_uv = grok_hex (tmps, &len, &flags, &result_nv);
    if (flags & PERL_SCAN_GREATER_THAN_UV_MAX) {
        XPUSHn(result_nv);
    }
    else {
        XPUSHu(result_uv);
    }
    RETURN;
}

PP(pp_oct)
{
    dVAR; dSP; dTARGET;
    const char *tmps;
    I32 flags = PERL_SCAN_ALLOW_UNDERSCORES;
    STRLEN len;
    NV result_nv;
    UV result_uv;
    SV* const sv = POPs;

    tmps = (SvPV_const(sv, len));
    if (DO_UTF8(sv)) {
	 /* If Unicode, try to downgrade
	  * If not possible, croak. */
	 SV* const tsv = sv_2mortal(newSVsv(sv));
	
	 SvUTF8_on(tsv);
	 sv_utf8_downgrade(tsv, FALSE);
	 tmps = SvPV_const(tsv, len);
    }
    while (*tmps && len && isSPACE(*tmps))
        tmps++, len--;
    if (*tmps == '0')
        tmps++, len--;
    if (*tmps == 'x')
        result_uv = grok_hex (tmps, &len, &flags, &result_nv);
    else if (*tmps == 'b')
        result_uv = grok_bin (tmps, &len, &flags, &result_nv);
    else
        result_uv = grok_oct (tmps, &len, &flags, &result_nv);

    if (flags & PERL_SCAN_GREATER_THAN_UV_MAX) {
        XPUSHn(result_nv);
    }
    else {
        XPUSHu(result_uv);
    }
    RETURN;
}

/* String stuff. */

PP(pp_length)
{
    dVAR; dSP; dTARGET;
    SV * const sv = TOPs;

    if (DO_UTF8(sv))
	SETi(sv_len_utf8(sv));
    else
	SETi(sv_len(sv));
    RETURN;
}

PP(pp_substr)
{
    dVAR; dSP; dTARGET;
    SV *sv;
    I32 len = 0;
    STRLEN curlen;
    STRLEN utf8_curlen;
    I32 pos;
    I32 rem;
    I32 fail;
    const I32 lvalue = PL_op->op_flags & OPf_MOD || LVRET;
    const char *tmps;
    const I32 arybase = PL_curcop->cop_arybase;
    SV *repl_sv = NULL;
    const char *repl = NULL;
    STRLEN repl_len;
    const int num_args = PL_op->op_private & 7;
    bool repl_need_utf8_upgrade = FALSE;
    bool repl_is_utf8 = FALSE;

    SvTAINTED_off(TARG);			/* decontaminate */
    SvUTF8_off(TARG);				/* decontaminate */
    if (num_args > 2) {
	if (num_args > 3) {
	    repl_sv = POPs;
	    repl = SvPV_const(repl_sv, repl_len);
	    repl_is_utf8 = DO_UTF8(repl_sv) && SvCUR(repl_sv);
	}
	len = POPi;
    }
    pos = POPi;
    sv = POPs;
    PUTBACK;
    if (repl_sv) {
	if (repl_is_utf8) {
	    if (!DO_UTF8(sv))
		sv_utf8_upgrade(sv);
	}
	else if (DO_UTF8(sv))
	    repl_need_utf8_upgrade = TRUE;
    }
    tmps = SvPV_const(sv, curlen);
    if (DO_UTF8(sv)) {
        utf8_curlen = sv_len_utf8(sv);
	if (utf8_curlen == curlen)
	    utf8_curlen = 0;
	else
	    curlen = utf8_curlen;
    }
    else
	utf8_curlen = 0;

    if (pos >= arybase) {
	pos -= arybase;
	rem = curlen-pos;
	fail = rem;
	if (num_args > 2) {
	    if (len < 0) {
		rem += len;
		if (rem < 0)
		    rem = 0;
	    }
	    else if (rem > len)
		     rem = len;
	}
    }
    else {
	pos += curlen;
	if (num_args < 3)
	    rem = curlen;
	else if (len >= 0) {
	    rem = pos+len;
	    if (rem > (I32)curlen)
		rem = curlen;
	}
	else {
	    rem = curlen+len;
	    if (rem < pos)
		rem = pos;
	}
	if (pos < 0)
	    pos = 0;
	fail = rem;
	rem -= pos;
    }
    if (fail < 0) {
	if (lvalue || repl)
	    Perl_croak(aTHX_ "substr outside of string");
	if (ckWARN(WARN_SUBSTR))
	    Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_SUBSTR), "substr outside of string");
	RETPUSHUNDEF;
    }
    else {
	const I32 upos = pos;
	const I32 urem = rem;
	if (utf8_curlen)
	    sv_pos_u2b(sv, &pos, &rem);
	tmps += pos;
	/* we either return a PV or an LV. If the TARG hasn't been used
	 * before, or is of that type, reuse it; otherwise use a mortal
	 * instead. Note that LVs can have an extended lifetime, so also
	 * dont reuse if refcount > 1 (bug #20933) */
	if (SvTYPE(TARG) > SVt_NULL) {
	    if ( (SvTYPE(TARG) == SVt_PVLV)
		    ? (!lvalue || SvREFCNT(TARG) > 1)
		    : lvalue)
	    {
		TARG = sv_newmortal();
	    }
	}

	sv_setpvn(TARG, tmps, rem);
#ifdef USE_LOCALE_COLLATE
	sv_unmagic(TARG, PERL_MAGIC_collxfrm);
#endif
	if (utf8_curlen)
	    SvUTF8_on(TARG);
	if (repl) {
	    SV* repl_sv_copy = NULL;

	    if (repl_need_utf8_upgrade) {
		repl_sv_copy = newSVsv(repl_sv);
		sv_utf8_upgrade(repl_sv_copy);
		repl = SvPV_const(repl_sv_copy, repl_len);
		repl_is_utf8 = DO_UTF8(repl_sv_copy) && SvCUR(sv);
	    }
	    sv_insert(sv, pos, rem, repl, repl_len);
	    if (repl_is_utf8)
		SvUTF8_on(sv);
	    if (repl_sv_copy)
		SvREFCNT_dec(repl_sv_copy);
	}
	else if (lvalue) {		/* it's an lvalue! */
	    if (!SvGMAGICAL(sv)) {
		if (SvROK(sv)) {
		    SvPV_force_nolen(sv);
		    if (ckWARN(WARN_SUBSTR))
			Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_SUBSTR),
				"Attempt to use reference as lvalue in substr");
		}
		if (SvOK(sv))		/* is it defined ? */
		    (void)SvPOK_only_UTF8(sv);
		else
		    sv_setpvn(sv,"",0);	/* avoid lexical reincarnation */
	    }

	    if (SvTYPE(TARG) < SVt_PVLV) {
		sv_upgrade(TARG, SVt_PVLV);
		sv_magic(TARG, NULL, PERL_MAGIC_substr, NULL, 0);
	    }
	    else
		SvOK_off(TARG);

	    LvTYPE(TARG) = 'x';
	    if (LvTARG(TARG) != sv) {
		if (LvTARG(TARG))
		    SvREFCNT_dec(LvTARG(TARG));
		LvTARG(TARG) = SvREFCNT_inc(sv);
	    }
	    LvTARGOFF(TARG) = upos;
	    LvTARGLEN(TARG) = urem;
	}
    }
    SPAGAIN;
    PUSHs(TARG);		/* avoid SvSETMAGIC here */
    RETURN;
}

PP(pp_vec)
{
    dVAR; dSP; dTARGET;
    register const IV size   = POPi;
    register const IV offset = POPi;
    register SV * const src = POPs;
    const I32 lvalue = PL_op->op_flags & OPf_MOD || LVRET;

    SvTAINTED_off(TARG);		/* decontaminate */
    if (lvalue) {			/* it's an lvalue! */
	if (SvREFCNT(TARG) > 1)	/* don't share the TARG (#20933) */
	    TARG = sv_newmortal();
	if (SvTYPE(TARG) < SVt_PVLV) {
	    sv_upgrade(TARG, SVt_PVLV);
	    sv_magic(TARG, NULL, PERL_MAGIC_vec, NULL, 0);
	}
	LvTYPE(TARG) = 'v';
	if (LvTARG(TARG) != src) {
	    if (LvTARG(TARG))
		SvREFCNT_dec(LvTARG(TARG));
	    LvTARG(TARG) = SvREFCNT_inc(src);
	}
	LvTARGOFF(TARG) = offset;
	LvTARGLEN(TARG) = size;
    }

    sv_setuv(TARG, do_vecget(src, offset, size));
    PUSHs(TARG);
    RETURN;
}

PP(pp_index)
{
    dVAR; dSP; dTARGET;
    SV *big;
    SV *little;
    SV *temp = NULL;
    I32 offset;
    I32 retval;
    const char *tmps;
    const char *tmps2;
    STRLEN biglen;
    const I32 arybase = PL_curcop->cop_arybase;
    bool big_utf8;
    bool little_utf8;

    if (MAXARG < 3)
	offset = 0;
    else
	offset = POPi - arybase;
    little = POPs;
    big = POPs;
    big_utf8 = DO_UTF8(big);
    little_utf8 = DO_UTF8(little);
    if (big_utf8 ^ little_utf8) {
	/* One needs to be upgraded.  */
	if (little_utf8 && !PL_encoding) {
	    /* Well, maybe instead we might be able to downgrade the small
	       string?  */
	    STRLEN little_len;
	    const U8 * const little_pv = (U8*) SvPV_const(little, little_len);
	    char * const pv = (char*)bytes_from_utf8(little_pv, &little_len,
						     &little_utf8);
	    if (little_utf8) {
		/* If the large string is ISO-8859-1, and it's not possible to
		   convert the small string to ISO-8859-1, then there is no
		   way that it could be found anywhere by index.  */
		retval = -1;
		goto fail;
	    }

	    /* At this point, pv is a malloc()ed string. So donate it to temp
	       to ensure it will get free()d  */
	    little = temp = newSV(0);
	    sv_usepvn(temp, pv, little_len);
	} else {
	    SV * const bytes = little_utf8 ? big : little;
	    STRLEN len;
	    const char * const p = SvPV_const(bytes, len);

	    temp = newSVpvn(p, len);

	    if (PL_encoding) {
		sv_recode_to_utf8(temp, PL_encoding);
	    } else {
		sv_utf8_upgrade(temp);
	    }
	    if (little_utf8) {
		big = temp;
		big_utf8 = TRUE;
	    } else {
		little = temp;
	    }
	}
    }
    if (big_utf8 && offset > 0)
	sv_pos_u2b(big, &offset, 0);
    tmps = SvPV_const(big, biglen);
    if (offset < 0)
	offset = 0;
    else if (offset > (I32)biglen)
	offset = biglen;
    if (!(tmps2 = fbm_instr((unsigned char*)tmps + offset,
      (unsigned char*)tmps + biglen, little, 0)))
	retval = -1;
    else {
	retval = tmps2 - tmps;
	if (big_utf8)
	    sv_pos_b2u(big, &retval);
    }
    if (temp)
	SvREFCNT_dec(temp);
 fail:
    PUSHi(retval + arybase);
    RETURN;
}

PP(pp_rindex)
{
    dVAR; dSP; dTARGET;
    SV *big;
    SV *little;
    SV *temp = NULL;
    STRLEN blen;
    STRLEN llen;
    I32 offset;
    I32 retval;
    const char *tmps;
    const char *tmps2;
    const I32 arybase = PL_curcop->cop_arybase;
    int big_utf8;
    int little_utf8;

    if (MAXARG >= 3)
	offset = POPi;
    little = POPs;
    big = POPs;
    big_utf8 = DO_UTF8(big);
    little_utf8 = DO_UTF8(little);
    if (big_utf8 ^ little_utf8) {
	/* One needs to be upgraded.  */
	SV * const bytes = little_utf8 ? big : little;
	STRLEN len;
	const char *p = SvPV_const(bytes, len);

	temp = newSVpvn(p, len);

	if (PL_encoding) {
	    sv_recode_to_utf8(temp, PL_encoding);
	} else {
	    sv_utf8_upgrade(temp);
	}
	if (little_utf8) {
	    big = temp;
	    big_utf8 = TRUE;
	} else {
	    little = temp;
	}
    }
    tmps2 = SvPV_const(little, llen);
    tmps = SvPV_const(big, blen);

    if (MAXARG < 3)
	offset = blen;
    else {
	/* arybase is in characters, like offset, so combine prior to the
	   UTF-8 to bytes calculation.  */
	offset -= arybase;
	if (offset > 0 && big_utf8)
	    sv_pos_u2b(big, &offset, 0);
	/* llen is in bytes.  */
	offset += llen;
    }
    if (offset < 0)
	offset = 0;
    else if (offset > (I32)blen)
	offset = blen;
    if (!(tmps2 = rninstr(tmps,  tmps  + offset,
			  tmps2, tmps2 + llen)))
	retval = -1;
    else
	retval = tmps2 - tmps;
    if (retval > 0 && big_utf8)
	sv_pos_b2u(big, &retval);
    if (temp)
	SvREFCNT_dec(temp);
    PUSHi(retval + arybase);
    RETURN;
}

PP(pp_sprintf)
{
    dVAR; dSP; dMARK; dORIGMARK; dTARGET;
    do_sprintf(TARG, SP-MARK, MARK+1);
    TAINT_IF(SvTAINTED(TARG));
    SP = ORIGMARK;
    PUSHTARG;
    RETURN;
}

PP(pp_ord)
{
    dVAR; dSP; dTARGET;
    SV *argsv = POPs;
    STRLEN len;
    const U8 *s = (U8*)SvPV_const(argsv, len);
    SV *tmpsv;

    if (PL_encoding && SvPOK(argsv) && !DO_UTF8(argsv)) {
        tmpsv = sv_2mortal(newSVsv(argsv));
        s = (U8*)sv_recode_to_utf8(tmpsv, PL_encoding);
        argsv = tmpsv;
    }

    XPUSHu(DO_UTF8(argsv) ?
	   utf8n_to_uvchr(s, UTF8_MAXBYTES, 0, UTF8_ALLOW_ANYUV) :
	   (*s & 0xff));

    RETURN;
}

PP(pp_chr)
{
    dVAR; dSP; dTARGET;
    char *tmps;
    UV value;

    if (((SvIOK_notUV(TOPs) && SvIV(TOPs) < 0)
	 ||
	 (SvNOK(TOPs) && SvNV(TOPs) < 0.0))) {
	if (IN_BYTES) {
	    value = POPu; /* chr(-1) eq chr(0xff), etc. */
	} else {
	    (void) POPs; /* Ignore the argument value. */
	    value = UNICODE_REPLACEMENT;
	}
    } else {
	value = POPu;
    }

    SvUPGRADE(TARG,SVt_PV);

    if (value > 255 && !IN_BYTES) {
	SvGROW(TARG, (STRLEN)UNISKIP(value)+1);
	tmps = (char*)uvchr_to_utf8_flags((U8*)SvPVX(TARG), value, 0);
	SvCUR_set(TARG, tmps - SvPVX_const(TARG));
	*tmps = '\0';
	(void)SvPOK_only(TARG);
	SvUTF8_on(TARG);
	XPUSHs(TARG);
	RETURN;
    }

    SvGROW(TARG,2);
    SvCUR_set(TARG, 1);
    tmps = SvPVX(TARG);
    *tmps++ = (char)value;
    *tmps = '\0';
    (void)SvPOK_only(TARG);
    if (PL_encoding && !IN_BYTES) {
        sv_recode_to_utf8(TARG, PL_encoding);
	tmps = SvPVX(TARG);
	if (SvCUR(TARG) == 0 || !is_utf8_string((U8*)tmps, SvCUR(TARG)) ||
	    memEQ(tmps, "\xef\xbf\xbd\0", 4)) {
	    SvGROW(TARG, 3);
	    tmps = SvPVX(TARG);
	    SvCUR_set(TARG, 2);
	    *tmps++ = (U8)UTF8_EIGHT_BIT_HI(value);
	    *tmps++ = (U8)UTF8_EIGHT_BIT_LO(value);
	    *tmps = '\0';
	    SvUTF8_on(TARG);
	}
    }
    XPUSHs(TARG);
    RETURN;
}

PP(pp_crypt)
{
#ifdef HAS_CRYPT
    dVAR; dSP; dTARGET;
    dPOPTOPssrl;
    STRLEN len;
    const char *tmps = SvPV_const(left, len);

    if (DO_UTF8(left)) {
         /* If Unicode, try to downgrade.
	  * If not possible, croak.
	  * Yes, we made this up.  */
	 SV* const tsv = sv_2mortal(newSVsv(left));

	 SvUTF8_on(tsv);
	 sv_utf8_downgrade(tsv, FALSE);
	 tmps = SvPV_const(tsv, len);
    }
#   ifdef USE_ITHREADS
#     ifdef HAS_CRYPT_R
    if (!PL_reentrant_buffer->_crypt_struct_buffer) {
      /* This should be threadsafe because in ithreads there is only
       * one thread per interpreter.  If this would not be true,
       * we would need a mutex to protect this malloc. */
        PL_reentrant_buffer->_crypt_struct_buffer =
	  (struct crypt_data *)safemalloc(sizeof(struct crypt_data));
#if defined(__GLIBC__) || defined(__EMX__)
	if (PL_reentrant_buffer->_crypt_struct_buffer) {
	    PL_reentrant_buffer->_crypt_struct_buffer->initialized = 0;
	    /* work around glibc-2.2.5 bug */
	    PL_reentrant_buffer->_crypt_struct_buffer->current_saltbits = 0;
	}
#endif
    }
#     endif /* HAS_CRYPT_R */
#   endif /* USE_ITHREADS */
#   ifdef FCRYPT
    sv_setpv(TARG, fcrypt(tmps, SvPV_nolen_const(right)));
#   else
    sv_setpv(TARG, PerlProc_crypt(tmps, SvPV_nolen_const(right)));
#   endif
    SETs(TARG);
    RETURN;
#else
    DIE(aTHX_
      "The crypt() function is unimplemented due to excessive paranoia.");
#endif
}

PP(pp_ucfirst)
{
    dVAR;
    dSP;
    SV *sv = TOPs;
    const U8 *s;
    STRLEN slen;
    const int op_type = PL_op->op_type;

    SvGETMAGIC(sv);
    if (DO_UTF8(sv) &&
	(s = (const U8*)SvPV_nomg_const(sv, slen)) && slen &&
	UTF8_IS_START(*s)) {
	U8 tmpbuf[UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1];
	STRLEN ulen;
	STRLEN tculen;

	utf8_to_uvchr(s, &ulen);
	if (op_type == OP_UCFIRST) {
	    toTITLE_utf8(s, tmpbuf, &tculen);
	} else {
	    toLOWER_utf8(s, tmpbuf, &tculen);
	}

	if (!SvPADTMP(sv) || SvREADONLY(sv) || ulen != tculen) {
	    dTARGET;
	    /* slen is the byte length of the whole SV.
	     * ulen is the byte length of the original Unicode character
	     * stored as UTF-8 at s.
	     * tculen is the byte length of the freshly titlecased (or
	     * lowercased) Unicode character stored as UTF-8 at tmpbuf.
	     * We first set the result to be the titlecased (/lowercased)
	     * character, and then append the rest of the SV data. */
	    sv_setpvn(TARG, (char*)tmpbuf, tculen);
	    if (slen > ulen)
	        sv_catpvn(TARG, (char*)(s + ulen), slen - ulen);
	    SvUTF8_on(TARG);
	    SETs(TARG);
	}
	else {
	    s = (U8*)SvPV_force_nomg(sv, slen);
	    Copy(tmpbuf, s, tculen, U8);
	}
    }
    else {
	U8 *s1;
	if (!SvPADTMP(sv) || SvREADONLY(sv)) {
	    dTARGET;
	    SvUTF8_off(TARG);				/* decontaminate */
	    sv_setsv_nomg(TARG, sv);
	    sv = TARG;
	    SETs(sv);
	}
	s1 = (U8*)SvPV_force_nomg(sv, slen);
	if (*s1) {
	    if (IN_LOCALE_RUNTIME) {
		TAINT;
		SvTAINTED_on(sv);
		*s1 = (op_type == OP_UCFIRST)
		    ? toUPPER_LC(*s1) : toLOWER_LC(*s1);
	    }
	    else
		*s1 = (op_type == OP_UCFIRST) ? toUPPER(*s1) : toLOWER(*s1);
	}
    }
    SvSETMAGIC(sv);
    RETURN;
}

PP(pp_uc)
{
    dVAR;
    dSP;
    SV *sv = TOPs;
    STRLEN len;

    SvGETMAGIC(sv);
    if (DO_UTF8(sv)) {
	dTARGET;
	STRLEN ulen;
	register U8 *d;
	const U8 *s;
	const U8 *send;
	U8 tmpbuf[UTF8_MAXBYTES+1];

	s = (const U8*)SvPV_nomg_const(sv,len);
	if (!len) {
	    SvUTF8_off(TARG);				/* decontaminate */
	    sv_setpvn(TARG, "", 0);
	    SETs(TARG);
	}
	else {
	    STRLEN min = len + 1;

	    SvUPGRADE(TARG, SVt_PV);
	    SvGROW(TARG, min);
	    (void)SvPOK_only(TARG);
	    d = (U8*)SvPVX(TARG);
	    send = s + len;
	    while (s < send) {
		STRLEN u = UTF8SKIP(s);

		toUPPER_utf8(s, tmpbuf, &ulen);
		if (ulen > u && (SvLEN(TARG) < (min += ulen - u))) {
		    /* If the eventually required minimum size outgrows
		     * the available space, we need to grow. */
		    const UV o = d - (U8*)SvPVX_const(TARG);

		    /* If someone uppercases one million U+03B0s we
		     * SvGROW() one million times.  Or we could try
		     * guessing how much to allocate without allocating
		     * too much. Such is life. */
		    SvGROW(TARG, min);
		    d = (U8*)SvPVX(TARG) + o;
		}
		Copy(tmpbuf, d, ulen, U8);
		d += ulen;
		s += u;
	    }
	    *d = '\0';
	    SvUTF8_on(TARG);
	    SvCUR_set(TARG, d - (U8*)SvPVX_const(TARG));
	    SETs(TARG);
	}
    }
    else {
	U8 *s;
	if (!SvPADTMP(sv) || SvREADONLY(sv)) {
	    dTARGET;
	    SvUTF8_off(TARG);				/* decontaminate */
	    sv_setsv_nomg(TARG, sv);
	    sv = TARG;
	    SETs(sv);
	}
	s = (U8*)SvPV_force_nomg(sv, len);
	if (len) {
	    register const U8 *send = s + len;

	    if (IN_LOCALE_RUNTIME) {
		TAINT;
		SvTAINTED_on(sv);
		for (; s < send; s++)
		    *s = toUPPER_LC(*s);
	    }
	    else {
		for (; s < send; s++)
		    *s = toUPPER(*s);
	    }
	}
    }
    SvSETMAGIC(sv);
    RETURN;
}

PP(pp_lc)
{
    dVAR;
    dSP;
    SV *sv = TOPs;
    STRLEN len;

    SvGETMAGIC(sv);
    if (DO_UTF8(sv)) {
	dTARGET;
	const U8 *s;
	STRLEN ulen;
	register U8 *d;
	const U8 *send;
	U8 tmpbuf[UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1];

	s = (const U8*)SvPV_nomg_const(sv,len);
	if (!len) {
	    SvUTF8_off(TARG);				/* decontaminate */
	    sv_setpvn(TARG, "", 0);
	    SETs(TARG);
	}
	else {
	    STRLEN min = len + 1;

	    SvUPGRADE(TARG, SVt_PV);
	    SvGROW(TARG, min);
	    (void)SvPOK_only(TARG);
	    d = (U8*)SvPVX(TARG);
	    send = s + len;
	    while (s < send) {
		const STRLEN u = UTF8SKIP(s);
		const UV uv = toLOWER_utf8(s, tmpbuf, &ulen);

#define GREEK_CAPITAL_LETTER_SIGMA 0x03A3 /* Unicode U+03A3 */
		if (uv == GREEK_CAPITAL_LETTER_SIGMA) {
		     /*
		      * Now if the sigma is NOT followed by
		      * /$ignorable_sequence$cased_letter/;
		      * and it IS preceded by
		      * /$cased_letter$ignorable_sequence/;
		      * where $ignorable_sequence is
		      * [\x{2010}\x{AD}\p{Mn}]*
		      * and $cased_letter is
		      * [\p{Ll}\p{Lo}\p{Lt}]
		      * then it should be mapped to 0x03C2,
		      * (GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA),
		      * instead of staying 0x03A3.
		      * "should be": in other words,
		      * this is not implemented yet.
		      * See lib/unicore/SpecialCasing.txt.
		      */
		}
		if (ulen > u && (SvLEN(TARG) < (min += ulen - u))) {
		    /* If the eventually required minimum size outgrows
		     * the available space, we need to grow. */
		    const UV o = d - (U8*)SvPVX_const(TARG);

		    /* If someone lowercases one million U+0130s we
		     * SvGROW() one million times.  Or we could try
		     * guessing how much to allocate without allocating.
		     * too much.  Such is life. */
		    SvGROW(TARG, min);
		    d = (U8*)SvPVX(TARG) + o;
		}
		Copy(tmpbuf, d, ulen, U8);
		d += ulen;
		s += u;
	    }
	    *d = '\0';
	    SvUTF8_on(TARG);
	    SvCUR_set(TARG, d - (U8*)SvPVX_const(TARG));
	    SETs(TARG);
	}
    }
    else {
	U8 *s;
	if (!SvPADTMP(sv) || SvREADONLY(sv)) {
	    dTARGET;
	    SvUTF8_off(TARG);				/* decontaminate */
	    sv_setsv_nomg(TARG, sv);
	    sv = TARG;
	    SETs(sv);
	}