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1 | |
2 | =encoding utf8 | |
3 | ||
4 | =head1 NAME | |
5 | ||
6 | perlunicook - cookbookish examples of handling Unicode in Perl | |
7 | ||
8 | =head1 DESCRIPTION | |
9 | ||
10 | This manpage contains short recipes demonstrating how to handle common Unicode | |
11 | operations in Perl, plus one complete program at the end. Any undeclared | |
12 | variables in individual recipes are assumed to have a previous appropriate | |
13 | value in them. | |
14 | ||
15 | =head1 EXAMPLES | |
16 | ||
17 | =head2 ℞ 0: Standard preamble | |
18 | ||
19 | Unless otherwise notes, all examples below require this standard preamble | |
20 | to work correctly, with the C<#!> adjusted to work on your system: | |
21 | ||
22 | #!/usr/bin/env perl | |
23 | ||
24 | use utf8; # so literals and identifiers can be in UTF-8 | |
25 | use v5.12; # or later to get "unicode_strings" feature | |
26 | use strict; # quote strings, declare variables | |
27 | use warnings; # on by default | |
28 | use warnings qw(FATAL utf8); # fatalize encoding glitches | |
29 | use open qw(:std :utf8); # undeclared streams in UTF-8 | |
30 | use charnames qw(:full :short); # unneeded in v5.16 | |
31 | ||
32 | This I<does> make even Unix programmers C<binmode> your binary streams, | |
33 | or open them with C<:raw>, but that's the only way to get at them | |
34 | portably anyway. | |
35 | ||
2a403855 MH |
36 | B<WARNING>: C<use autodie> (pre 2.26) and C<use open> do not get along with each |
37 | other. | |
2561daa4 RS |
38 | |
39 | =head2 ℞ 1: Generic Unicode-savvy filter | |
40 | ||
41 | Always decompose on the way in, then recompose on the way out. | |
42 | ||
43 | use Unicode::Normalize; | |
44 | ||
45 | while (<>) { | |
46 | $_ = NFD($_); # decompose + reorder canonically | |
47 | ... | |
48 | } continue { | |
49 | print NFC($_); # recompose (where possible) + reorder canonically | |
50 | } | |
51 | ||
52 | =head2 ℞ 2: Fine-tuning Unicode warnings | |
53 | ||
ddeccf1f | 54 | As of v5.14, Perl distinguishes three subclasses of UTF‑8 warnings. |
2561daa4 RS |
55 | |
56 | use v5.14; # subwarnings unavailable any earlier | |
57 | no warnings "nonchar"; # the 66 forbidden non-characters | |
58 | no warnings "surrogate"; # UTF-16/CESU-8 nonsense | |
59 | no warnings "non_unicode"; # for codepoints over 0x10_FFFF | |
60 | ||
61 | =head2 ℞ 3: Declare source in utf8 for identifiers and literals | |
62 | ||
63 | Without the all-critical C<use utf8> declaration, putting UTF‑8 in your | |
64 | literals and identifiers won’t work right. If you used the standard | |
65 | preamble just given above, this already happened. If you did, you can | |
66 | do things like this: | |
67 | ||
68 | use utf8; | |
69 | ||
70 | my $measure = "Ångström"; | |
71 | my @μsoft = qw( cp852 cp1251 cp1252 ); | |
72 | my @ὑπέρμεγας = qw( ὑπέρ μεγας ); | |
73 | my @鯉 = qw( koi8-f koi8-u koi8-r ); | |
74 | my $motto = "👪 💗 🐪"; # FAMILY, GROWING HEART, DROMEDARY CAMEL | |
75 | ||
76 | If you forget C<use utf8>, high bytes will be misunderstood as | |
77 | separate characters, and nothing will work right. | |
78 | ||
79 | =head2 ℞ 4: Characters and their numbers | |
80 | ||
81 | The C<ord> and C<chr> functions work transparently on all codepoints, | |
82 | not just on ASCII alone — nor in fact, not even just on Unicode alone. | |
83 | ||
84 | # ASCII characters | |
85 | ord("A") | |
86 | chr(65) | |
87 | ||
88 | # characters from the Basic Multilingual Plane | |
89 | ord("Σ") | |
90 | chr(0x3A3) | |
91 | ||
92 | # beyond the BMP | |
93 | ord("𝑛") # MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL N | |
94 | chr(0x1D45B) | |
95 | ||
96 | # beyond Unicode! (up to MAXINT) | |
97 | ord("\x{20_0000}") | |
98 | chr(0x20_0000) | |
99 | ||
100 | =head2 ℞ 5: Unicode literals by character number | |
101 | ||
102 | In an interpolated literal, whether a double-quoted string or a | |
103 | regex, you may specify a character by its number using the | |
104 | C<\x{I<HHHHHH>}> escape. | |
105 | ||
106 | String: "\x{3a3}" | |
107 | Regex: /\x{3a3}/ | |
108 | ||
109 | String: "\x{1d45b}" | |
110 | Regex: /\x{1d45b}/ | |
111 | ||
112 | # even non-BMP ranges in regex work fine | |
113 | /[\x{1D434}-\x{1D467}]/ | |
114 | ||
115 | =head2 ℞ 6: Get character name by number | |
116 | ||
117 | use charnames (); | |
118 | my $name = charnames::viacode(0x03A3); | |
119 | ||
120 | =head2 ℞ 7: Get character number by name | |
121 | ||
122 | use charnames (); | |
123 | my $number = charnames::vianame("GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA"); | |
124 | ||
125 | =head2 ℞ 8: Unicode named characters | |
126 | ||
127 | Use the C<< \N{I<charname>} >> notation to get the character | |
128 | by that name for use in interpolated literals (double-quoted | |
129 | strings and regexes). In v5.16, there is an implicit | |
130 | ||
131 | use charnames qw(:full :short); | |
132 | ||
133 | But prior to v5.16, you must be explicit about which set of charnames you | |
134 | want. The C<:full> names are the official Unicode character name, alias, or | |
135 | sequence, which all share a namespace. | |
136 | ||
137 | use charnames qw(:full :short latin greek); | |
138 | ||
139 | "\N{MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL N}" # :full | |
140 | "\N{GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA}" # :full | |
141 | ||
142 | Anything else is a Perl-specific convenience abbreviation. Specify one or | |
143 | more scripts by names if you want short names that are script-specific. | |
144 | ||
145 | "\N{Greek:Sigma}" # :short | |
146 | "\N{ae}" # latin | |
147 | "\N{epsilon}" # greek | |
148 | ||
149 | The v5.16 release also supports a C<:loose> import for loose matching of | |
150 | character names, which works just like loose matching of property names: | |
151 | that is, it disregards case, whitespace, and underscores: | |
152 | ||
153 | "\N{euro sign}" # :loose (from v5.16) | |
154 | ||
155 | =head2 ℞ 9: Unicode named sequences | |
156 | ||
157 | These look just like character names but return multiple codepoints. | |
158 | Notice the C<%vx> vector-print functionality in C<printf>. | |
159 | ||
160 | use charnames qw(:full); | |
161 | my $seq = "\N{LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH MACRON AND GRAVE}"; | |
162 | printf "U+%v04X\n", $seq; | |
163 | U+0100.0300 | |
164 | ||
165 | =head2 ℞ 10: Custom named characters | |
166 | ||
167 | Use C<:alias> to give your own lexically scoped nicknames to existing | |
168 | characters, or even to give unnamed private-use characters useful names. | |
169 | ||
170 | use charnames ":full", ":alias" => { | |
171 | ecute => "LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE", | |
172 | "APPLE LOGO" => 0xF8FF, # private use character | |
173 | }; | |
174 | ||
175 | "\N{ecute}" | |
176 | "\N{APPLE LOGO}" | |
177 | ||
178 | =head2 ℞ 11: Names of CJK codepoints | |
179 | ||
180 | Sinograms like “東京” come back with character names of | |
181 | C<CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6771> and C<CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4EAC>, | |
182 | because their “names” vary. The CPAN C<Unicode::Unihan> module | |
183 | has a large database for decoding these (and a whole lot more), provided you | |
184 | know how to understand its output. | |
185 | ||
186 | # cpan -i Unicode::Unihan | |
187 | use Unicode::Unihan; | |
188 | my $str = "東京"; | |
189 | my $unhan = new Unicode::Unihan; | |
190 | for my $lang (qw(Mandarin Cantonese Korean JapaneseOn JapaneseKun)) { | |
191 | printf "CJK $str in %-12s is ", $lang; | |
192 | say $unhan->$lang($str); | |
193 | } | |
194 | ||
195 | prints: | |
196 | ||
197 | CJK 東京 in Mandarin is DONG1JING1 | |
198 | CJK 東京 in Cantonese is dung1ging1 | |
199 | CJK 東京 in Korean is TONGKYENG | |
200 | CJK 東京 in JapaneseOn is TOUKYOU KEI KIN | |
201 | CJK 東京 in JapaneseKun is HIGASHI AZUMAMIYAKO | |
202 | ||
203 | If you have a specific romanization scheme in mind, | |
204 | use the specific module: | |
205 | ||
206 | # cpan -i Lingua::JA::Romanize::Japanese | |
207 | use Lingua::JA::Romanize::Japanese; | |
208 | my $k2r = new Lingua::JA::Romanize::Japanese; | |
209 | my $str = "東京"; | |
210 | say "Japanese for $str is ", $k2r->chars($str); | |
211 | ||
212 | prints | |
213 | ||
214 | Japanese for 東京 is toukyou | |
215 | ||
216 | =head2 ℞ 12: Explicit encode/decode | |
217 | ||
218 | On rare occasion, such as a database read, you may be | |
219 | given encoded text you need to decode. | |
220 | ||
221 | use Encode qw(encode decode); | |
222 | ||
223 | my $chars = decode("shiftjis", $bytes, 1); | |
224 | # OR | |
225 | my $bytes = encode("MIME-Header-ISO_2022_JP", $chars, 1); | |
226 | ||
227 | For streams all in the same encoding, don't use encode/decode; instead | |
228 | set the file encoding when you open the file or immediately after with | |
229 | C<binmode> as described later below. | |
230 | ||
231 | =head2 ℞ 13: Decode program arguments as utf8 | |
232 | ||
233 | $ perl -CA ... | |
234 | or | |
235 | $ export PERL_UNICODE=A | |
236 | or | |
237 | use Encode qw(decode_utf8); | |
238 | @ARGV = map { decode_utf8($_, 1) } @ARGV; | |
239 | ||
240 | =head2 ℞ 14: Decode program arguments as locale encoding | |
241 | ||
242 | # cpan -i Encode::Locale | |
243 | use Encode qw(locale); | |
244 | use Encode::Locale; | |
245 | ||
246 | # use "locale" as an arg to encode/decode | |
247 | @ARGV = map { decode(locale => $_, 1) } @ARGV; | |
248 | ||
249 | =head2 ℞ 15: Declare STD{IN,OUT,ERR} to be utf8 | |
250 | ||
251 | Use a command-line option, an environment variable, or else | |
252 | call C<binmode> explicitly: | |
253 | ||
254 | $ perl -CS ... | |
255 | or | |
256 | $ export PERL_UNICODE=S | |
257 | or | |
258 | use open qw(:std :utf8); | |
259 | or | |
260 | binmode(STDIN, ":utf8"); | |
261 | binmode(STDOUT, ":utf8"); | |
262 | binmode(STDERR, ":utf8"); | |
263 | ||
264 | =head2 ℞ 16: Declare STD{IN,OUT,ERR} to be in locale encoding | |
265 | ||
266 | # cpan -i Encode::Locale | |
267 | use Encode; | |
268 | use Encode::Locale; | |
269 | ||
270 | # or as a stream for binmode or open | |
271 | binmode STDIN, ":encoding(console_in)" if -t STDIN; | |
272 | binmode STDOUT, ":encoding(console_out)" if -t STDOUT; | |
273 | binmode STDERR, ":encoding(console_out)" if -t STDERR; | |
274 | ||
275 | =head2 ℞ 17: Make file I/O default to utf8 | |
276 | ||
ddeccf1f | 277 | Files opened without an encoding argument will be in UTF-8: |
2561daa4 RS |
278 | |
279 | $ perl -CD ... | |
280 | or | |
281 | $ export PERL_UNICODE=D | |
282 | or | |
283 | use open qw(:utf8); | |
284 | ||
285 | =head2 ℞ 18: Make all I/O and args default to utf8 | |
286 | ||
287 | $ perl -CSDA ... | |
288 | or | |
289 | $ export PERL_UNICODE=SDA | |
290 | or | |
291 | use open qw(:std :utf8); | |
292 | use Encode qw(decode_utf8); | |
293 | @ARGV = map { decode_utf8($_, 1) } @ARGV; | |
294 | ||
295 | =head2 ℞ 19: Open file with specific encoding | |
296 | ||
297 | Specify stream encoding. This is the normal way | |
298 | to deal with encoded text, not by calling low-level | |
299 | functions. | |
300 | ||
301 | # input file | |
302 | open(my $in_file, "< :encoding(UTF-16)", "wintext"); | |
303 | OR | |
304 | open(my $in_file, "<", "wintext"); | |
305 | binmode($in_file, ":encoding(UTF-16)"); | |
306 | THEN | |
307 | my $line = <$in_file>; | |
308 | ||
309 | # output file | |
310 | open($out_file, "> :encoding(cp1252)", "wintext"); | |
311 | OR | |
312 | open(my $out_file, ">", "wintext"); | |
313 | binmode($out_file, ":encoding(cp1252)"); | |
314 | THEN | |
315 | print $out_file "some text\n"; | |
316 | ||
317 | More layers than just the encoding can be specified here. For example, | |
318 | the incantation C<":raw :encoding(UTF-16LE) :crlf"> includes implicit | |
319 | CRLF handling. | |
320 | ||
321 | =head2 ℞ 20: Unicode casing | |
322 | ||
323 | Unicode casing is very different from ASCII casing. | |
324 | ||
325 | uc("henry ⅷ") # "HENRY Ⅷ" | |
326 | uc("tschüß") # "TSCHÜSS" notice ß => SS | |
327 | ||
328 | # both are true: | |
329 | "tschüß" =~ /TSCHÜSS/i # notice ß => SS | |
330 | "Σίσυφος" =~ /ΣΊΣΥΦΟΣ/i # notice Σ,σ,ς sameness | |
331 | ||
332 | =head2 ℞ 21: Unicode case-insensitive comparisons | |
333 | ||
334 | Also available in the CPAN L<Unicode::CaseFold> module, | |
335 | the new C<fc> “foldcase” function from v5.16 grants | |
336 | access to the same Unicode casefolding as the C</i> | |
337 | pattern modifier has always used: | |
338 | ||
339 | use feature "fc"; # fc() function is from v5.16 | |
340 | ||
341 | # sort case-insensitively | |
342 | my @sorted = sort { fc($a) cmp fc($b) } @list; | |
343 | ||
344 | # both are true: | |
345 | fc("tschüß") eq fc("TSCHÜSS") | |
346 | fc("Σίσυφος") eq fc("ΣΊΣΥΦΟΣ") | |
347 | ||
348 | =head2 ℞ 22: Match Unicode linebreak sequence in regex | |
349 | ||
350 | A Unicode linebreak matches the two-character CRLF | |
351 | grapheme or any of seven vertical whitespace characters. | |
352 | Good for dealing with textfiles coming from different | |
353 | operating systems. | |
354 | ||
355 | \R | |
356 | ||
357 | s/\R/\n/g; # normalize all linebreaks to \n | |
358 | ||
359 | =head2 ℞ 23: Get character category | |
360 | ||
361 | Find the general category of a numeric codepoint. | |
362 | ||
363 | use Unicode::UCD qw(charinfo); | |
364 | my $cat = charinfo(0x3A3)->{category}; # "Lu" | |
365 | ||
366 | =head2 ℞ 24: Disabling Unicode-awareness in builtin charclasses | |
367 | ||
368 | Disable C<\w>, C<\b>, C<\s>, C<\d>, and the POSIX | |
369 | classes from working correctly on Unicode either in this | |
370 | scope, or in just one regex. | |
371 | ||
372 | use v5.14; | |
373 | use re "/a"; | |
374 | ||
375 | # OR | |
376 | ||
377 | my($num) = $str =~ /(\d+)/a; | |
378 | ||
379 | Or use specific un-Unicode properties, like C<\p{ahex}> | |
380 | and C<\p{POSIX_Digit>}. Properties still work normally | |
381 | no matter what charset modifiers (C</d /u /l /a /aa>) | |
382 | should be effect. | |
383 | ||
384 | =head2 ℞ 25: Match Unicode properties in regex with \p, \P | |
385 | ||
386 | These all match a single codepoint with the given | |
387 | property. Use C<\P> in place of C<\p> to match | |
388 | one codepoint lacking that property. | |
389 | ||
390 | \pL, \pN, \pS, \pP, \pM, \pZ, \pC | |
391 | \p{Sk}, \p{Ps}, \p{Lt} | |
392 | \p{alpha}, \p{upper}, \p{lower} | |
393 | \p{Latin}, \p{Greek} | |
394 | \p{script=Latin}, \p{script=Greek} | |
395 | \p{East_Asian_Width=Wide}, \p{EA=W} | |
396 | \p{Line_Break=Hyphen}, \p{LB=HY} | |
397 | \p{Numeric_Value=4}, \p{NV=4} | |
398 | ||
399 | =head2 ℞ 26: Custom character properties | |
400 | ||
401 | Define at compile-time your own custom character | |
402 | properties for use in regexes. | |
403 | ||
404 | # using private-use characters | |
405 | sub In_Tengwar { "E000\tE07F\n" } | |
406 | ||
407 | if (/\p{In_Tengwar}/) { ... } | |
408 | ||
409 | # blending existing properties | |
410 | sub Is_GraecoRoman_Title {<<'END_OF_SET'} | |
411 | +utf8::IsLatin | |
412 | +utf8::IsGreek | |
413 | &utf8::IsTitle | |
414 | END_OF_SET | |
415 | ||
416 | if (/\p{Is_GraecoRoman_Title}/ { ... } | |
417 | ||
418 | =head2 ℞ 27: Unicode normalization | |
419 | ||
420 | Typically render into NFD on input and NFC on output. Using NFKC or NFKD | |
421 | functions improves recall on searches, assuming you've already done to the | |
422 | same text to be searched. Note that this is about much more than just pre- | |
423 | combined compatibility glyphs; it also reorders marks according to their | |
424 | canonical combining classes and weeds out singletons. | |
425 | ||
426 | use Unicode::Normalize; | |
427 | my $nfd = NFD($orig); | |
428 | my $nfc = NFC($orig); | |
429 | my $nfkd = NFKD($orig); | |
430 | my $nfkc = NFKC($orig); | |
431 | ||
432 | =head2 ℞ 28: Convert non-ASCII Unicode numerics | |
433 | ||
434 | Unless you’ve used C</a> or C</aa>, C<\d> matches more than | |
435 | ASCII digits only, but Perl’s implicit string-to-number | |
436 | conversion does not current recognize these. Here’s how to | |
437 | convert such strings manually. | |
438 | ||
439 | use v5.14; # needed for num() function | |
440 | use Unicode::UCD qw(num); | |
441 | my $str = "got Ⅻ and ४५६७ and ⅞ and here"; | |
442 | my @nums = (); | |
7b237c8f | 443 | while ($str =~ /(\d+|\N)/g) { # not just ASCII! |
2561daa4 RS |
444 | push @nums, num($1); |
445 | } | |
446 | say "@nums"; # 12 4567 0.875 | |
447 | ||
448 | use charnames qw(:full); | |
449 | my $nv = num("\N{RUMI DIGIT ONE}\N{RUMI DIGIT TWO}"); | |
450 | ||
451 | =head2 ℞ 29: Match Unicode grapheme cluster in regex | |
452 | ||
453 | Programmer-visible “characters” are codepoints matched by C</./s>, | |
454 | but user-visible “characters” are graphemes matched by C</\X/>. | |
455 | ||
456 | # Find vowel *plus* any combining diacritics,underlining,etc. | |
457 | my $nfd = NFD($orig); | |
458 | $nfd =~ / (?=[aeiou]) \X /xi | |
459 | ||
460 | =head2 ℞ 30: Extract by grapheme instead of by codepoint (regex) | |
461 | ||
462 | # match and grab five first graphemes | |
463 | my($first_five) = $str =~ /^ ( \X{5} ) /x; | |
464 | ||
465 | =head2 ℞ 31: Extract by grapheme instead of by codepoint (substr) | |
466 | ||
467 | # cpan -i Unicode::GCString | |
468 | use Unicode::GCString; | |
469 | my $gcs = Unicode::GCString->new($str); | |
470 | my $first_five = $gcs->substr(0, 5); | |
471 | ||
472 | =head2 ℞ 32: Reverse string by grapheme | |
473 | ||
474 | Reversing by codepoint messes up diacritics, mistakenly converting | |
475 | C<crème brûlée> into C<éel̂urb em̀erc> instead of into C<eélûrb emèrc>; | |
476 | so reverse by grapheme instead. Both these approaches work | |
477 | right no matter what normalization the string is in: | |
478 | ||
479 | $str = join("", reverse $str =~ /\X/g); | |
480 | ||
481 | # OR: cpan -i Unicode::GCString | |
482 | use Unicode::GCString; | |
483 | $str = reverse Unicode::GCString->new($str); | |
484 | ||
485 | =head2 ℞ 33: String length in graphemes | |
486 | ||
487 | The string C<brûlée> has six graphemes but up to eight codepoints. | |
488 | This counts by grapheme, not by codepoint: | |
489 | ||
490 | my $str = "brûlée"; | |
491 | my $count = 0; | |
492 | while ($str =~ /\X/g) { $count++ } | |
493 | ||
494 | # OR: cpan -i Unicode::GCString | |
495 | use Unicode::GCString; | |
496 | my $gcs = Unicode::GCString->new($str); | |
497 | my $count = $gcs->length; | |
498 | ||
499 | =head2 ℞ 34: Unicode column-width for printing | |
500 | ||
501 | Perl’s C<printf>, C<sprintf>, and C<format> think all | |
502 | codepoints take up 1 print column, but many take 0 or 2. | |
503 | Here to show that normalization makes no difference, | |
504 | we print out both forms: | |
505 | ||
506 | use Unicode::GCString; | |
507 | use Unicode::Normalize; | |
508 | ||
509 | my @words = qw/crème brûlée/; | |
510 | @words = map { NFC($_), NFD($_) } @words; | |
511 | ||
512 | for my $str (@words) { | |
513 | my $gcs = Unicode::GCString->new($str); | |
514 | my $cols = $gcs->columns; | |
515 | my $pad = " " x (10 - $cols); | |
516 | say str, $pad, " |"; | |
517 | } | |
518 | ||
519 | generates this to show that it pads correctly no matter | |
520 | the normalization: | |
521 | ||
522 | crème | | |
523 | crème | | |
524 | brûlée | | |
525 | brûlée | | |
526 | ||
527 | =head2 ℞ 35: Unicode collation | |
528 | ||
529 | Text sorted by numeric codepoint follows no reasonable alphabetic order; | |
530 | use the UCA for sorting text. | |
531 | ||
532 | use Unicode::Collate; | |
533 | my $col = Unicode::Collate->new(); | |
534 | my @list = $col->sort(@old_list); | |
535 | ||
536 | See the I<ucsort> program from the L<Unicode::Tussle> CPAN module | |
ddeccf1f | 537 | for a convenient command-line interface to this module. |
2561daa4 RS |
538 | |
539 | =head2 ℞ 36: Case- I<and> accent-insensitive Unicode sort | |
540 | ||
541 | Specify a collation strength of level 1 to ignore case and | |
542 | diacritics, only looking at the basic character. | |
543 | ||
544 | use Unicode::Collate; | |
545 | my $col = Unicode::Collate->new(level => 1); | |
546 | my @list = $col->sort(@old_list); | |
547 | ||
548 | =head2 ℞ 37: Unicode locale collation | |
549 | ||
550 | Some locales have special sorting rules. | |
551 | ||
552 | # either use v5.12, OR: cpan -i Unicode::Collate::Locale | |
553 | use Unicode::Collate::Locale; | |
554 | my $col = Unicode::Collate::Locale->new(locale => "de__phonebook"); | |
555 | my @list = $col->sort(@old_list); | |
556 | ||
557 | The I<ucsort> program mentioned above accepts a C<--locale> parameter. | |
558 | ||
559 | =head2 ℞ 38: Making C<cmp> work on text instead of codepoints | |
560 | ||
561 | Instead of this: | |
562 | ||
563 | @srecs = sort { | |
564 | $b->{AGE} <=> $a->{AGE} | |
565 | || | |
566 | $a->{NAME} cmp $b->{NAME} | |
567 | } @recs; | |
568 | ||
569 | Use this: | |
570 | ||
571 | my $coll = Unicode::Collate->new(); | |
572 | for my $rec (@recs) { | |
573 | $rec->{NAME_key} = $coll->getSortKey( $rec->{NAME} ); | |
574 | } | |
575 | @srecs = sort { | |
576 | $b->{AGE} <=> $a->{AGE} | |
577 | || | |
578 | $a->{NAME_key} cmp $b->{NAME_key} | |
579 | } @recs; | |
580 | ||
581 | =head2 ℞ 39: Case- I<and> accent-insensitive comparisons | |
582 | ||
583 | Use a collator object to compare Unicode text by character | |
584 | instead of by codepoint. | |
585 | ||
586 | use Unicode::Collate; | |
587 | my $es = Unicode::Collate->new( | |
588 | level => 1, | |
589 | normalization => undef | |
590 | ); | |
591 | ||
592 | # now both are true: | |
593 | $es->eq("García", "GARCIA" ); | |
594 | $es->eq("Márquez", "MARQUEZ"); | |
595 | ||
596 | =head2 ℞ 40: Case- I<and> accent-insensitive locale comparisons | |
597 | ||
598 | Same, but in a specific locale. | |
599 | ||
600 | my $de = Unicode::Collate::Locale->new( | |
601 | locale => "de__phonebook", | |
602 | ); | |
603 | ||
604 | # now this is true: | |
605 | $de->eq("tschüß", "TSCHUESS"); # notice ü => UE, ß => SS | |
606 | ||
607 | =head2 ℞ 41: Unicode linebreaking | |
608 | ||
609 | Break up text into lines according to Unicode rules. | |
610 | ||
611 | # cpan -i Unicode::LineBreak | |
612 | use Unicode::LineBreak; | |
613 | use charnames qw(:full); | |
614 | ||
615 | my $para = "This is a super\N{HYPHEN}long string. " x 20; | |
616 | my $fmt = new Unicode::LineBreak; | |
617 | print $fmt->break($para), "\n"; | |
618 | ||
619 | =head2 ℞ 42: Unicode text in DBM hashes, the tedious way | |
620 | ||
621 | Using a regular Perl string as a key or value for a DBM | |
622 | hash will trigger a wide character exception if any codepoints | |
623 | won’t fit into a byte. Here’s how to manually manage the translation: | |
624 | ||
625 | use DB_File; | |
626 | use Encode qw(encode decode); | |
627 | tie %dbhash, "DB_File", "pathname"; | |
628 | ||
629 | # STORE | |
630 | ||
631 | # assume $uni_key and $uni_value are abstract Unicode strings | |
632 | my $enc_key = encode("UTF-8", $uni_key, 1); | |
633 | my $enc_value = encode("UTF-8", $uni_value, 1); | |
634 | $dbhash{$enc_key} = $enc_value; | |
635 | ||
636 | # FETCH | |
637 | ||
638 | # assume $uni_key holds a normal Perl string (abstract Unicode) | |
639 | my $enc_key = encode("UTF-8", $uni_key, 1); | |
640 | my $enc_value = $dbhash{$enc_key}; | |
7b237c8f | 641 | my $uni_value = decode("UTF-8", $enc_value, 1); |
2561daa4 RS |
642 | |
643 | =head2 ℞ 43: Unicode text in DBM hashes, the easy way | |
644 | ||
645 | Here’s how to implicitly manage the translation; all encoding | |
646 | and decoding is done automatically, just as with streams that | |
647 | have a particular encoding attached to them: | |
648 | ||
649 | use DB_File; | |
650 | use DBM_Filter; | |
651 | ||
652 | my $dbobj = tie %dbhash, "DB_File", "pathname"; | |
653 | $dbobj->Filter_Value("utf8"); # this is the magic bit | |
654 | ||
655 | # STORE | |
656 | ||
657 | # assume $uni_key and $uni_value are abstract Unicode strings | |
658 | $dbhash{$uni_key} = $uni_value; | |
659 | ||
660 | # FETCH | |
661 | ||
662 | # $uni_key holds a normal Perl string (abstract Unicode) | |
663 | my $uni_value = $dbhash{$uni_key}; | |
664 | ||
665 | =head2 ℞ 44: PROGRAM: Demo of Unicode collation and printing | |
666 | ||
667 | Here’s a full program showing how to make use of locale-sensitive | |
668 | sorting, Unicode casing, and managing print widths when some of the | |
669 | characters take up zero or two columns, not just one column each time. | |
670 | When run, the following program produces this nicely aligned output: | |
671 | ||
672 | Crème Brûlée....... €2.00 | |
673 | Éclair............. €1.60 | |
674 | Fideuà............. €4.20 | |
675 | Hamburger.......... €6.00 | |
676 | Jamón Serrano...... €4.45 | |
677 | Linguiça........... €7.00 | |
678 | Pâté............... €4.15 | |
679 | Pears.............. €2.00 | |
680 | Pêches............. €2.25 | |
681 | Smørbrød........... €5.75 | |
682 | Spätzle............ €5.50 | |
683 | Xoriço............. €3.00 | |
684 | Γύρος.............. €6.50 | |
685 | 막걸리............. €4.00 | |
686 | おもち............. €2.65 | |
687 | お好み焼き......... €8.00 | |
688 | シュークリーム..... €1.85 | |
689 | 寿司............... €9.99 | |
690 | 包子............... €7.50 | |
691 | ||
692 | Here's that program; tested on v5.14. | |
693 | ||
694 | #!/usr/bin/env perl | |
695 | # umenu - demo sorting and printing of Unicode food | |
696 | # | |
697 | # (obligatory and increasingly long preamble) | |
698 | # | |
699 | use utf8; | |
700 | use v5.14; # for locale sorting | |
701 | use strict; | |
702 | use warnings; | |
703 | use warnings qw(FATAL utf8); # fatalize encoding faults | |
704 | use open qw(:std :utf8); # undeclared streams in UTF-8 | |
705 | use charnames qw(:full :short); # unneeded in v5.16 | |
706 | ||
707 | # std modules | |
708 | use Unicode::Normalize; # std perl distro as of v5.8 | |
709 | use List::Util qw(max); # std perl distro as of v5.10 | |
710 | use Unicode::Collate::Locale; # std perl distro as of v5.14 | |
711 | ||
712 | # cpan modules | |
713 | use Unicode::GCString; # from CPAN | |
714 | ||
715 | # forward defs | |
716 | sub pad($$$); | |
717 | sub colwidth(_); | |
718 | sub entitle(_); | |
719 | ||
720 | my %price = ( | |
721 | "γύρος" => 6.50, # gyros | |
722 | "pears" => 2.00, # like um, pears | |
723 | "linguiça" => 7.00, # spicy sausage, Portuguese | |
724 | "xoriço" => 3.00, # chorizo sausage, Catalan | |
725 | "hamburger" => 6.00, # burgermeister meisterburger | |
726 | "éclair" => 1.60, # dessert, French | |
727 | "smørbrød" => 5.75, # sandwiches, Norwegian | |
728 | "spätzle" => 5.50, # Bayerisch noodles, little sparrows | |
729 | "包子" => 7.50, # bao1 zi5, steamed pork buns, Mandarin | |
730 | "jamón serrano" => 4.45, # country ham, Spanish | |
731 | "pêches" => 2.25, # peaches, French | |
732 | "シュークリーム" => 1.85, # cream-filled pastry like eclair | |
733 | "막걸리" => 4.00, # makgeolli, Korean rice wine | |
734 | "寿司" => 9.99, # sushi, Japanese | |
735 | "おもち" => 2.65, # omochi, rice cakes, Japanese | |
736 | "crème brûlée" => 2.00, # crema catalana | |
720a02e2 FC |
737 | "fideuà" => 4.20, # more noodles, Valencian |
738 | # (Catalan=fideuada) | |
2561daa4 RS |
739 | "pâté" => 4.15, # gooseliver paste, French |
740 | "お好み焼き" => 8.00, # okonomiyaki, Japanese | |
741 | ); | |
742 | ||
743 | my $width = 5 + max map { colwidth } keys %price; | |
744 | ||
745 | # So the Asian stuff comes out in an order that someone | |
746 | # who reads those scripts won't freak out over; the | |
747 | # CJK stuff will be in JIS X 0208 order that way. | |
748 | my $coll = new Unicode::Collate::Locale locale => "ja"; | |
749 | ||
750 | for my $item ($coll->sort(keys %price)) { | |
751 | print pad(entitle($item), $width, "."); | |
752 | printf " €%.2f\n", $price{$item}; | |
753 | } | |
754 | ||
755 | sub pad($$$) { | |
756 | my($str, $width, $padchar) = @_; | |
757 | return $str . ($padchar x ($width - colwidth($str))); | |
758 | } | |
759 | ||
760 | sub colwidth(_) { | |
761 | my($str) = @_; | |
762 | return Unicode::GCString->new($str)->columns; | |
763 | } | |
764 | ||
765 | sub entitle(_) { | |
766 | my($str) = @_; | |
767 | $str =~ s{ (?=\pL)(\S) (\S*) } | |
768 | { ucfirst($1) . lc($2) }xge; | |
769 | return $str; | |
770 | } | |
771 | ||
772 | =head1 SEE ALSO | |
773 | ||
774 | See these manpages, some of which are CPAN modules: | |
775 | L<perlunicode>, L<perluniprops>, | |
776 | L<perlre>, L<perlrecharclass>, | |
777 | L<perluniintro>, L<perlunitut>, L<perlunifaq>, | |
778 | L<PerlIO>, L<DB_File>, L<DBM_Filter>, L<DBM_Filter::utf8>, | |
779 | L<Encode>, L<Encode::Locale>, | |
780 | L<Unicode::UCD>, | |
781 | L<Unicode::Normalize>, | |
782 | L<Unicode::GCString>, L<Unicode::LineBreak>, | |
783 | L<Unicode::Collate>, L<Unicode::Collate::Locale>, | |
784 | L<Unicode::Unihan>, | |
785 | L<Unicode::CaseFold>, | |
786 | L<Unicode::Tussle>, | |
787 | L<Lingua::JA::Romanize::Japanese>, | |
788 | L<Lingua::ZH::Romanize::Pinyin>, | |
789 | L<Lingua::KO::Romanize::Hangul>. | |
790 | ||
791 | The L<Unicode::Tussle> CPAN module includes many programs | |
792 | to help with working with Unicode, including | |
793 | these programs to fully or partly replace standard utilities: | |
794 | I<tcgrep> instead of I<egrep>, | |
795 | I<uniquote> instead of I<cat -v> or I<hexdump>, | |
796 | I<uniwc> instead of I<wc>, | |
797 | I<unilook> instead of I<look>, | |
798 | I<unifmt> instead of I<fmt>, | |
799 | and | |
800 | I<ucsort> instead of I<sort>. | |
801 | For exploring Unicode character names and character properties, | |
802 | see its I<uniprops>, I<unichars>, and I<uninames> programs. | |
803 | It also supplies these programs, all of which are general filters that do Unicode-y things: | |
804 | I<unititle> and I<unicaps>; | |
805 | I<uniwide> and I<uninarrow>; | |
806 | I<unisupers> and I<unisubs>; | |
807 | I<nfd>, I<nfc>, I<nfkd>, and I<nfkc>; | |
808 | and I<uc>, I<lc>, and I<tc>. | |
809 | ||
810 | Finally, see the published Unicode Standard (page numbers are from version | |
811 | 6.0.0), including these specific annexes and technical reports: | |
812 | ||
813 | =over | |
814 | ||
815 | =item §3.13 Default Case Algorithms, page 113; | |
816 | §4.2 Case, pages 120–122; | |
817 | Case Mappings, page 166–172, especially Caseless Matching starting on page 170. | |
818 | ||
2561daa4 RS |
819 | =item UAX #44: Unicode Character Database |
820 | ||
821 | =item UTS #18: Unicode Regular Expressions | |
822 | ||
823 | =item UAX #15: Unicode Normalization Forms | |
824 | ||
825 | =item UTS #10: Unicode Collation Algorithm | |
826 | ||
827 | =item UAX #29: Unicode Text Segmentation | |
828 | ||
829 | =item UAX #14: Unicode Line Breaking Algorithm | |
830 | ||
831 | =item UAX #11: East Asian Width | |
832 | ||
833 | =back | |
834 | ||
835 | =head1 AUTHOR | |
836 | ||
837 | Tom Christiansen E<lt>tchrist@perl.comE<gt> wrote this, with occasional | |
838 | kibbitzing from Larry Wall and Jeffrey Friedl in the background. | |
839 | ||
840 | =head1 COPYRIGHT AND LICENCE | |
841 | ||
842 | Copyright © 2012 Tom Christiansen. | |
843 | ||
844 | This program is free software; you may redistribute it and/or modify it | |
845 | under the same terms as Perl itself. | |
846 | ||
847 | Most of these examples taken from the current edition of the “Camel Book”; | |
848 | that is, from the 4ᵗʰ Edition of I<Programming Perl>, Copyright © 2012 Tom | |
849 | Christiansen <et al.>, 2012-02-13 by O’Reilly Media. The code itself is | |
850 | freely redistributable, and you are encouraged to transplant, fold, | |
851 | spindle, and mutilate any of the examples in this manpage however you please | |
852 | for inclusion into your own programs without any encumbrance whatsoever. | |
853 | Acknowledgement via code comment is polite but not required. | |
854 | ||
ddeccf1f | 855 | =head1 REVISION HISTORY |
2561daa4 RS |
856 | |
857 | v1.0.0 – first public release, 2012-02-27 | |
858 |