[perl5.git] / op.c

#line 2 "op.c"
/*    op.c
 *
 *    Copyright (C) 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000,
 *    2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 by Larry Wall and others
 *
 *    You may distribute under the terms of either the GNU General Public
 *    License or the Artistic License, as specified in the README file.
 *
 */

/*
 * 'You see: Mr. Drogo, he married poor Miss Primula Brandybuck.  She was
 *  our Mr. Bilbo's first cousin on the mother's side (her mother being the
 *  youngest of the Old Took's daughters); and Mr. Drogo was his second
 *  cousin.  So Mr. Frodo is his first *and* second cousin, once removed
 *  either way, as the saying is, if you follow me.'       --the Gaffer
 *
 *     [p.23 of _The Lord of the Rings_, I/i: "A Long-Expected Party"]
 */

/* This file contains the functions that create, manipulate and optimize
 * the OP structures that hold a compiled perl program.
 *
 * A Perl program is compiled into a tree of OPs. Each op contains
 * structural pointers (eg to its siblings and the next op in the
 * execution sequence), a pointer to the function that would execute the
 * op, plus any data specific to that op. For example, an OP_CONST op
 * points to the pp_const() function and to an SV containing the constant
 * value. When pp_const() is executed, its job is to push that SV onto the
 * stack.
 *
 * OPs are mainly created by the newFOO() functions, which are mainly
 * called from the parser (in perly.y) as the code is parsed. For example
 * the Perl code $a + $b * $c would cause the equivalent of the following
 * to be called (oversimplifying a bit):
 *
 *  newBINOP(OP_ADD, flags,
 *	newSVREF($a),
 *	newBINOP(OP_MULTIPLY, flags, newSVREF($b), newSVREF($c))
 *  )
 *
 * Note that during the build of miniperl, a temporary copy of this file
 * is made, called opmini.c.
 */

/*
Perl's compiler is essentially a 3-pass compiler with interleaved phases:

    A bottom-up pass
    A top-down pass
    An execution-order pass

The bottom-up pass is represented by all the "newOP" routines and
the ck_ routines.  The bottom-upness is actually driven by yacc.
So at the point that a ck_ routine fires, we have no idea what the
context is, either upward in the syntax tree, or either forward or
backward in the execution order.  (The bottom-up parser builds that
part of the execution order it knows about, but if you follow the "next"
links around, you'll find it's actually a closed loop through the
top level node.)

Whenever the bottom-up parser gets to a node that supplies context to
its components, it invokes that portion of the top-down pass that applies
to that part of the subtree (and marks the top node as processed, so
if a node further up supplies context, it doesn't have to take the
plunge again).  As a particular subcase of this, as the new node is
built, it takes all the closed execution loops of its subcomponents
and links them into a new closed loop for the higher level node.  But
it's still not the real execution order.

The actual execution order is not known till we get a grammar reduction
to a top-level unit like a subroutine or file that will be called by
"name" rather than via a "next" pointer.  At that point, we can call
into peep() to do that code's portion of the 3rd pass.  It has to be
recursive, but it's recursive on basic blocks, not on tree nodes.
*/

/* To implement user lexical pragmas, there needs to be a way at run time to
   get the compile time state of %^H for that block.  Storing %^H in every
   block (or even COP) would be very expensive, so a different approach is
   taken.  The (running) state of %^H is serialised into a tree of HE-like
   structs.  Stores into %^H are chained onto the current leaf as a struct
   refcounted_he * with the key and the value.  Deletes from %^H are saved
   with a value of PL_sv_placeholder.  The state of %^H at any point can be
   turned back into a regular HV by walking back up the tree from that point's
   leaf, ignoring any key you've already seen (placeholder or not), storing
   the rest into the HV structure, then removing the placeholders. Hence
   memory is only used to store the %^H deltas from the enclosing COP, rather
   than the entire %^H on each COP.

   To cause actions on %^H to write out the serialisation records, it has
   magic type 'H'. This magic (itself) does nothing, but its presence causes
   the values to gain magic type 'h', which has entries for set and clear.
   C<Perl_magic_sethint> updates C<PL_compiling.cop_hints_hash> with a store
   record, with deletes written by C<Perl_magic_clearhint>. C<SAVEHINTS>
   saves the current C<PL_compiling.cop_hints_hash> on the save stack, so that
   it will be correctly restored when any inner compiling scope is exited.
*/

#include "EXTERN.h"
#define PERL_IN_OP_C
#include "perl.h"
#include "keywords.h"
#include "feature.h"
#include "regcomp.h"

#define CALL_PEEP(o) PL_peepp(aTHX_ o)
#define CALL_RPEEP(o) PL_rpeepp(aTHX_ o)
#define CALL_OPFREEHOOK(o) if (PL_opfreehook) PL_opfreehook(aTHX_ o)

/* See the explanatory comments above struct opslab in op.h. */

#ifdef PERL_DEBUG_READONLY_OPS
#  define PERL_SLAB_SIZE 128
#  define PERL_MAX_SLAB_SIZE 4096
#  include <sys/mman.h>
#endif

#ifndef PERL_SLAB_SIZE
#  define PERL_SLAB_SIZE 64
#endif
#ifndef PERL_MAX_SLAB_SIZE
#  define PERL_MAX_SLAB_SIZE 2048
#endif

/* rounds up to nearest pointer */
#define SIZE_TO_PSIZE(x)	(((x) + sizeof(I32 *) - 1)/sizeof(I32 *))
#define DIFF(o,p)		((size_t)((I32 **)(p) - (I32**)(o)))

static OPSLAB *
S_new_slab(pTHX_ size_t sz)
{
#ifdef PERL_DEBUG_READONLY_OPS
    OPSLAB *slab = (OPSLAB *) mmap(0, sz * sizeof(I32 *),
				   PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE,
				   MAP_ANON|MAP_PRIVATE, -1, 0);
    DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "mapped %lu at %p\n",
			  (unsigned long) sz, slab));
    if (slab == MAP_FAILED) {
	perror("mmap failed");
	abort();
    }
    slab->opslab_size = (U16)sz;
#else
    OPSLAB *slab = (OPSLAB *)PerlMemShared_calloc(sz, sizeof(I32 *));
#endif
    slab->opslab_first = (OPSLOT *)((I32 **)slab + sz - 1);
    return slab;
}

/* requires double parens and aTHX_ */
#define DEBUG_S_warn(args)					       \
    DEBUG_S( 								\
	PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%s", SvPVx_nolen(Perl_mess args)) \
    )

void *
Perl_Slab_Alloc(pTHX_ size_t sz)
{
    dVAR;
    OPSLAB *slab;
    OPSLAB *slab2;
    OPSLOT *slot;
    OP *o;
    size_t opsz, space;

    /* We only allocate ops from the slab during subroutine compilation.
       We find the slab via PL_compcv, hence that must be non-NULL. It could
       also be pointing to a subroutine which is now fully set up (CvROOT()
       pointing to the top of the optree for that sub), or a subroutine
       which isn't using the slab allocator. If our sanity checks aren't met,
       don't use a slab, but allocate the OP directly from the heap.  */
    if (!PL_compcv || CvROOT(PL_compcv)
     || (CvSTART(PL_compcv) && !CvSLABBED(PL_compcv)))
	return PerlMemShared_calloc(1, sz);

    /* While the subroutine is under construction, the slabs are accessed via
       CvSTART(), to avoid needing to expand PVCV by one pointer for something
       unneeded at runtime. Once a subroutine is constructed, the slabs are
       accessed via CvROOT(). So if CvSTART() is NULL, no slab has been
       allocated yet.  See the commit message for 8be227ab5eaa23f2 for more
       details.  */
    if (!CvSTART(PL_compcv)) {
	CvSTART(PL_compcv) =
	    (OP *)(slab = S_new_slab(aTHX_ PERL_SLAB_SIZE));
	CvSLABBED_on(PL_compcv);
	slab->opslab_refcnt = 2; /* one for the CV; one for the new OP */
    }
    else ++(slab = (OPSLAB *)CvSTART(PL_compcv))->opslab_refcnt;

    opsz = SIZE_TO_PSIZE(sz);
    sz = opsz + OPSLOT_HEADER_P;

    /* The slabs maintain a free list of OPs. In particular, constant folding
       will free up OPs, so it makes sense to re-use them where possible. A
       freed up slot is used in preference to a new allocation.  */
    if (slab->opslab_freed) {
	OP **too = &slab->opslab_freed;
	o = *too;
	DEBUG_S_warn((aTHX_ "found free op at %p, slab %p", o, slab));
	while (o && DIFF(OpSLOT(o), OpSLOT(o)->opslot_next) < sz) {
	    DEBUG_S_warn((aTHX_ "Alas! too small"));
	    o = *(too = &o->op_next);
	    if (o) { DEBUG_S_warn((aTHX_ "found another free op at %p", o)); }
	}
	if (o) {
	    *too = o->op_next;
	    Zero(o, opsz, I32 *);
	    o->op_slabbed = 1;
	    return (void *)o;
	}
    }

#define INIT_OPSLOT \
	    slot->opslot_slab = slab;			\
	    slot->opslot_next = slab2->opslab_first;	\
	    slab2->opslab_first = slot;			\
	    o = &slot->opslot_op;			\
	    o->op_slabbed = 1

    /* The partially-filled slab is next in the chain. */
    slab2 = slab->opslab_next ? slab->opslab_next : slab;
    if ((space = DIFF(&slab2->opslab_slots, slab2->opslab_first)) < sz) {
	/* Remaining space is too small. */

	/* If we can fit a BASEOP, add it to the free chain, so as not
	   to waste it. */
	if (space >= SIZE_TO_PSIZE(sizeof(OP)) + OPSLOT_HEADER_P) {
	    slot = &slab2->opslab_slots;
	    INIT_OPSLOT;
	    o->op_type = OP_FREED;
	    o->op_next = slab->opslab_freed;
	    slab->opslab_freed = o;
	}

	/* Create a new slab.  Make this one twice as big. */
	slot = slab2->opslab_first;
	while (slot->opslot_next) slot = slot->opslot_next;
	slab2 = S_new_slab(aTHX_
			    (DIFF(slab2, slot)+1)*2 > PERL_MAX_SLAB_SIZE
					? PERL_MAX_SLAB_SIZE
					: (DIFF(slab2, slot)+1)*2);
	slab2->opslab_next = slab->opslab_next;
	slab->opslab_next = slab2;
    }
    assert(DIFF(&slab2->opslab_slots, slab2->opslab_first) >= sz);

    /* Create a new op slot */
    slot = (OPSLOT *)((I32 **)slab2->opslab_first - sz);
    assert(slot >= &slab2->opslab_slots);
    if (DIFF(&slab2->opslab_slots, slot)
	 < SIZE_TO_PSIZE(sizeof(OP)) + OPSLOT_HEADER_P)
	slot = &slab2->opslab_slots;
    INIT_OPSLOT;
    DEBUG_S_warn((aTHX_ "allocating op at %p, slab %p", o, slab));
    return (void *)o;
}

#undef INIT_OPSLOT

#ifdef PERL_DEBUG_READONLY_OPS
void
Perl_Slab_to_ro(pTHX_ OPSLAB *slab)
{
    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_SLAB_TO_RO;

    if (slab->opslab_readonly) return;
    slab->opslab_readonly = 1;
    for (; slab; slab = slab->opslab_next) {
	/*DEBUG_U(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"mprotect ->ro %lu at %p\n",
			      (unsigned long) slab->opslab_size, slab));*/
	if (mprotect(slab, slab->opslab_size * sizeof(I32 *), PROT_READ))
	    Perl_warn(aTHX_ "mprotect for %p %lu failed with %d", slab,
			     (unsigned long)slab->opslab_size, errno);
    }
}

void
Perl_Slab_to_rw(pTHX_ OPSLAB *const slab)
{
    OPSLAB *slab2;

    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_SLAB_TO_RW;

    if (!slab->opslab_readonly) return;
    slab2 = slab;
    for (; slab2; slab2 = slab2->opslab_next) {
	/*DEBUG_U(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"mprotect ->rw %lu at %p\n",
			      (unsigned long) size, slab2));*/
	if (mprotect((void *)slab2, slab2->opslab_size * sizeof(I32 *),
		     PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE)) {
	    Perl_warn(aTHX_ "mprotect RW for %p %lu failed with %d", slab,
			     (unsigned long)slab2->opslab_size, errno);
	}
    }
    slab->opslab_readonly = 0;
}

#else
#  define Slab_to_rw(op)    NOOP
#endif

/* This cannot possibly be right, but it was copied from the old slab
   allocator, to which it was originally added, without explanation, in
   commit 083fcd5. */
#ifdef NETWARE
#    define PerlMemShared PerlMem
#endif

void
Perl_Slab_Free(pTHX_ void *op)
{
    dVAR;
    OP * const o = (OP *)op;
    OPSLAB *slab;

    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_SLAB_FREE;

    if (!o->op_slabbed) {
        if (!o->op_static)
	    PerlMemShared_free(op);
	return;
    }

    slab = OpSLAB(o);
    /* If this op is already freed, our refcount will get screwy. */
    assert(o->op_type != OP_FREED);
    o->op_type = OP_FREED;
    o->op_next = slab->opslab_freed;
    slab->opslab_freed = o;
    DEBUG_S_warn((aTHX_ "free op at %p, recorded in slab %p", o, slab));
    OpslabREFCNT_dec_padok(slab);
}

void
Perl_opslab_free_nopad(pTHX_ OPSLAB *slab)
{
    dVAR;
    const bool havepad = !!PL_comppad;
    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_OPSLAB_FREE_NOPAD;
    if (havepad) {
	ENTER;
	PAD_SAVE_SETNULLPAD();
    }
    opslab_free(slab);
    if (havepad) LEAVE;
}

void
Perl_opslab_free(pTHX_ OPSLAB *slab)
{
    dVAR;
    OPSLAB *slab2;
    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_OPSLAB_FREE;
    DEBUG_S_warn((aTHX_ "freeing slab %p", slab));
    assert(slab->opslab_refcnt == 1);
    for (; slab; slab = slab2) {
	slab2 = slab->opslab_next;
#ifdef DEBUGGING
	slab->opslab_refcnt = ~(size_t)0;
#endif
#ifdef PERL_DEBUG_READONLY_OPS
	DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Deallocate slab at %p\n",
					       slab));
	if (munmap(slab, slab->opslab_size * sizeof(I32 *))) {
	    perror("munmap failed");
	    abort();
	}
#else
	PerlMemShared_free(slab);
#endif
    }
}

void
Perl_opslab_force_free(pTHX_ OPSLAB *slab)
{
    OPSLAB *slab2;
    OPSLOT *slot;
#ifdef DEBUGGING
    size_t savestack_count = 0;
#endif
    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_OPSLAB_FORCE_FREE;
    slab2 = slab;
    do {
	for (slot = slab2->opslab_first;
	     slot->opslot_next;
	     slot = slot->opslot_next) {
	    if (slot->opslot_op.op_type != OP_FREED
	     && !(slot->opslot_op.op_savefree
#ifdef DEBUGGING
		  && ++savestack_count
#endif
		 )
	    ) {
		assert(slot->opslot_op.op_slabbed);
		op_free(&slot->opslot_op);
		if (slab->opslab_refcnt == 1) goto free;
	    }
	}
    } while ((slab2 = slab2->opslab_next));
    /* > 1 because the CV still holds a reference count. */
    if (slab->opslab_refcnt > 1) { /* still referenced by the savestack */
#ifdef DEBUGGING
	assert(savestack_count == slab->opslab_refcnt-1);
#endif
	/* Remove the CV’s reference count. */
	slab->opslab_refcnt--;
	return;
    }
   free:
    opslab_free(slab);
}

#ifdef PERL_DEBUG_READONLY_OPS
OP *
Perl_op_refcnt_inc(pTHX_ OP *o)
{
    if(o) {
        OPSLAB *const slab = o->op_slabbed ? OpSLAB(o) : NULL;
        if (slab && slab->opslab_readonly) {
            Slab_to_rw(slab);
            ++o->op_targ;
            Slab_to_ro(slab);
        } else {
            ++o->op_targ;
        }
    }
    return o;

}

PADOFFSET
Perl_op_refcnt_dec(pTHX_ OP *o)
{
    PADOFFSET result;
    OPSLAB *const slab = o->op_slabbed ? OpSLAB(o) : NULL;

    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_OP_REFCNT_DEC;

    if (slab && slab->opslab_readonly) {
        Slab_to_rw(slab);
        result = --o->op_targ;
        Slab_to_ro(slab);
    } else {
        result = --o->op_targ;
    }
    return result;
}
#endif
/*
 * In the following definition, the ", (OP*)0" is just to make the compiler
 * think the expression is of the right type: croak actually does a Siglongjmp.
 */
#define CHECKOP(type,o) \
    ((PL_op_mask && PL_op_mask[type])				\
     ? ( op_free((OP*)o),					\
	 Perl_croak(aTHX_ "'%s' trapped by operation mask", PL_op_desc[type]),	\
	 (OP*)0 )						\
     : PL_check[type](aTHX_ (OP*)o))

#define RETURN_UNLIMITED_NUMBER (PERL_INT_MAX / 2)

#define CHANGE_TYPE(o,type) \
    STMT_START {				\
	o->op_type = (OPCODE)type;		\
	o->op_ppaddr = PL_ppaddr[type];		\
    } STMT_END

STATIC SV*
S_gv_ename(pTHX_ GV *gv)
{
    SV* const tmpsv = sv_newmortal();

    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_GV_ENAME;

    gv_efullname3(tmpsv, gv, NULL);
    return tmpsv;
}

STATIC OP *
S_no_fh_allowed(pTHX_ OP *o)
{
    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_NO_FH_ALLOWED;

    yyerror(Perl_form(aTHX_ "Missing comma after first argument to %s function",
		 OP_DESC(o)));
    return o;
}

STATIC OP *
S_too_few_arguments_sv(pTHX_ OP *o, SV *namesv, U32 flags)
{
    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_TOO_FEW_ARGUMENTS_SV;
    yyerror_pv(Perl_form(aTHX_ "Not enough arguments for %"SVf, namesv),
                                    SvUTF8(namesv) | flags);
    return o;
}

STATIC OP *
S_too_few_arguments_pv(pTHX_ OP *o, const char* name, U32 flags)
{
    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_TOO_FEW_ARGUMENTS_PV;
    yyerror_pv(Perl_form(aTHX_ "Not enough arguments for %s", name), flags);
    return o;
}
 
STATIC OP *
S_too_many_arguments_pv(pTHX_ OP *o, const char *name, U32 flags)
{
    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_TOO_MANY_ARGUMENTS_PV;

    yyerror_pv(Perl_form(aTHX_ "Too many arguments for %s", name), flags);
    return o;
}

STATIC OP *
S_too_many_arguments_sv(pTHX_ OP *o, SV *namesv, U32 flags)
{
    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_TOO_MANY_ARGUMENTS_SV;

    yyerror_pv(Perl_form(aTHX_ "Too many arguments for %"SVf, SVfARG(namesv)),
                SvUTF8(namesv) | flags);
    return o;
}

STATIC void
S_bad_type_pv(pTHX_ I32 n, const char *t, const char *name, U32 flags, const OP *kid)
{
    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_BAD_TYPE_PV;

    yyerror_pv(Perl_form(aTHX_ "Type of arg %d to %s must be %s (not %s)",
		 (int)n, name, t, OP_DESC(kid)), flags);
}

STATIC void
S_bad_type_gv(pTHX_ I32 n, const char *t, GV *gv, U32 flags, const OP *kid)
{
    SV * const namesv = gv_ename(gv);
    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_BAD_TYPE_GV;
 
    yyerror_pv(Perl_form(aTHX_ "Type of arg %d to %"SVf" must be %s (not %s)",
		 (int)n, SVfARG(namesv), t, OP_DESC(kid)), SvUTF8(namesv) | flags);
}

STATIC void
S_no_bareword_allowed(pTHX_ OP *o)
{
    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_NO_BAREWORD_ALLOWED;

    if (PL_madskills)
	return;		/* various ok barewords are hidden in extra OP_NULL */
    qerror(Perl_mess(aTHX_
		     "Bareword \"%"SVf"\" not allowed while \"strict subs\" in use",
		     SVfARG(cSVOPo_sv)));
    o->op_private &= ~OPpCONST_STRICT; /* prevent warning twice about the same OP */
}

/* "register" allocation */

PADOFFSET
Perl_allocmy(pTHX_ const char *const name, const STRLEN len, const U32 flags)
{
    dVAR;
    PADOFFSET off;
    const bool is_our = (PL_parser->in_my == KEY_our);

    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_ALLOCMY;

    if (flags & ~SVf_UTF8)
	Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: allocmy illegal flag bits 0x%" UVxf,
		   (UV)flags);

    /* Until we're using the length for real, cross check that we're being
       told the truth.  */
    assert(strlen(name) == len);

    /* complain about "my $<special_var>" etc etc */
    if (len &&
	!(is_our ||
	  isALPHA(name[1]) ||
	  ((flags & SVf_UTF8) && isIDFIRST_utf8((U8 *)name+1)) ||
	  (name[1] == '_' && (*name == '$' || len > 2))))
    {
	/* name[2] is true if strlen(name) > 2  */
	if (!(flags & SVf_UTF8 && UTF8_IS_START(name[1]))
	 && (!isPRINT(name[1]) || strchr("\t\n\r\f", name[1]))) {
	    yyerror(Perl_form(aTHX_ "Can't use global %c^%c%.*s in \"%s\"",
			      name[0], toCTRL(name[1]), (int)(len - 2), name + 2,
			      PL_parser->in_my == KEY_state ? "state" : "my"));
	} else {
	    yyerror_pv(Perl_form(aTHX_ "Can't use global %.*s in \"%s\"", (int) len, name,
			      PL_parser->in_my == KEY_state ? "state" : "my"), flags & SVf_UTF8);
	}
    }
    else if (len == 2 && name[1] == '_' && !is_our)
	/* diag_listed_as: Use of my $_ is experimental */
	Perl_ck_warner_d(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_EXPERIMENTAL__LEXICAL_TOPIC),
			      "Use of %s $_ is experimental",
			       PL_parser->in_my == KEY_state
				 ? "state"
				 : "my");

    /* allocate a spare slot and store the name in that slot */

    off = pad_add_name_pvn(name, len,
		       (is_our ? padadd_OUR :
		        PL_parser->in_my == KEY_state ? padadd_STATE : 0)
                            | ( flags & SVf_UTF8 ? SVf_UTF8 : 0 ),
		    PL_parser->in_my_stash,
		    (is_our
		        /* $_ is always in main::, even with our */
			? (PL_curstash && !strEQ(name,"$_") ? PL_curstash : PL_defstash)
			: NULL
		    )
    );
    /* anon sub prototypes contains state vars should always be cloned,
     * otherwise the state var would be shared between anon subs */

    if (PL_parser->in_my == KEY_state && CvANON(PL_compcv))
	CvCLONE_on(PL_compcv);

    return off;
}

/*
=for apidoc alloccopstash

Available only under threaded builds, this function allocates an entry in
C<PL_stashpad> for the stash passed to it.

=cut
*/

#ifdef USE_ITHREADS
PADOFFSET
Perl_alloccopstash(pTHX_ HV *hv)
{
    PADOFFSET off = 0, o = 1;
    bool found_slot = FALSE;

    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_ALLOCCOPSTASH;

    if (PL_stashpad[PL_stashpadix] == hv) return PL_stashpadix;

    for (; o < PL_stashpadmax; ++o) {
	if (PL_stashpad[o] == hv) return PL_stashpadix = o;
	if (!PL_stashpad[o] || SvTYPE(PL_stashpad[o]) != SVt_PVHV)
	    found_slot = TRUE, off = o;
    }
    if (!found_slot) {
	Renew(PL_stashpad, PL_stashpadmax + 10, HV *);
	Zero(PL_stashpad + PL_stashpadmax, 10, HV *);
	off = PL_stashpadmax;
	PL_stashpadmax += 10;
    }

    PL_stashpad[PL_stashpadix = off] = hv;
    return off;
}
#endif

/* free the body of an op without examining its contents.
 * Always use this rather than FreeOp directly */

static void
S_op_destroy(pTHX_ OP *o)
{
    FreeOp(o);
}

/* Destructor */

void
Perl_op_free(pTHX_ OP *o)
{
    dVAR;
    OPCODE type;

    /* Though ops may be freed twice, freeing the op after its slab is a
       big no-no. */
    assert(!o || !o->op_slabbed || OpSLAB(o)->opslab_refcnt != ~(size_t)0); 
    /* During the forced freeing of ops after compilation failure, kidops
       may be freed before their parents. */
    if (!o || o->op_type == OP_FREED)
	return;

    type = o->op_type;
    if (o->op_private & OPpREFCOUNTED) {
	switch (type) {
	case OP_LEAVESUB:
	case OP_LEAVESUBLV:
	case OP_LEAVEEVAL:
	case OP_LEAVE:
	case OP_SCOPE:
	case OP_LEAVEWRITE:
	    {
	    PADOFFSET refcnt;
	    OP_REFCNT_LOCK;
	    refcnt = OpREFCNT_dec(o);
	    OP_REFCNT_UNLOCK;
	    if (refcnt) {
		/* Need to find and remove any pattern match ops from the list
		   we maintain for reset().  */
		find_and_forget_pmops(o);
		return;
	    }
	    }
	    break;
	default:
	    break;
	}
    }

    /* Call the op_free hook if it has been set. Do it now so that it's called
     * at the right time for refcounted ops, but still before all of the kids
     * are freed. */
    CALL_OPFREEHOOK(o);

    if (o->op_flags & OPf_KIDS) {
        OP *kid, *nextkid;
	for (kid = cUNOPo->op_first; kid; kid = nextkid) {
	    nextkid = kid->op_sibling; /* Get before next freeing kid */
	    op_free(kid);
	}
    }
    if (type == OP_NULL)
	type = (OPCODE)o->op_targ;

    if (o->op_slabbed)
        Slab_to_rw(OpSLAB(o));

    /* COP* is not cleared by op_clear() so that we may track line
     * numbers etc even after null() */
    if (type == OP_NEXTSTATE || type == OP_DBSTATE) {
	cop_free((COP*)o);
    }

    op_clear(o);
    FreeOp(o);
#ifdef DEBUG_LEAKING_SCALARS
    if (PL_op == o)
	PL_op = NULL;
#endif
}

void
Perl_op_clear(pTHX_ OP *o)
{

    dVAR;

    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_OP_CLEAR;

#ifdef PERL_MAD
    mad_free(o->op_madprop);
    o->op_madprop = 0;
#endif    

 retry:
    switch (o->op_type) {
    case OP_NULL:	/* Was holding old type, if any. */
	if (PL_madskills && o->op_targ != OP_NULL) {
	    o->op_type = (Optype)o->op_targ;
	    o->op_targ = 0;
	    goto retry;
	}
    case OP_ENTERTRY:
    case OP_ENTEREVAL:	/* Was holding hints. */
	o->op_targ = 0;
	break;
    default:
	if (!(o->op_flags & OPf_REF)
	    || (PL_check[o->op_type] != Perl_ck_ftst))
	    break;
	/* FALL THROUGH */
    case OP_GVSV:
    case OP_GV:
    case OP_AELEMFAST:
	{
	    GV *gv = (o->op_type == OP_GV || o->op_type == OP_GVSV)
#ifdef USE_ITHREADS
			&& PL_curpad
#endif
			? cGVOPo_gv : NULL;
	    /* It's possible during global destruction that the GV is freed
	       before the optree. Whilst the SvREFCNT_inc is happy to bump from
	       0 to 1 on a freed SV, the corresponding SvREFCNT_dec from 1 to 0
	       will trigger an assertion failure, because the entry to sv_clear
	       checks that the scalar is not already freed.  A check of for
	       !SvIS_FREED(gv) turns out to be invalid, because during global
	       destruction the reference count can be forced down to zero
	       (with SVf_BREAK set).  In which case raising to 1 and then
	       dropping to 0 triggers cleanup before it should happen.  I
	       *think* that this might actually be a general, systematic,
	       weakness of the whole idea of SVf_BREAK, in that code *is*
	       allowed to raise and lower references during global destruction,
	       so any *valid* code that happens to do this during global
	       destruction might well trigger premature cleanup.  */
	    bool still_valid = gv && SvREFCNT(gv);

	    if (still_valid)
		SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void(gv);
#ifdef USE_ITHREADS
	    if (cPADOPo->op_padix > 0) {
		/* No GvIN_PAD_off(cGVOPo_gv) here, because other references
		 * may still exist on the pad */
		pad_swipe(cPADOPo->op_padix, TRUE);
		cPADOPo->op_padix = 0;
	    }
#else
	    SvREFCNT_dec(cSVOPo->op_sv);
	    cSVOPo->op_sv = NULL;
#endif
	    if (still_valid) {
		int try_downgrade = SvREFCNT(gv) == 2;
		SvREFCNT_dec_NN(gv);
		if (try_downgrade)
		    gv_try_downgrade(gv);
	    }
	}
	break;
    case OP_METHOD_NAMED:
    case OP_CONST:
    case OP_HINTSEVAL:
	SvREFCNT_dec(cSVOPo->op_sv);
	cSVOPo->op_sv = NULL;
#ifdef USE_ITHREADS
	/** Bug #15654
	  Even if op_clear does a pad_free for the target of the op,
	  pad_free doesn't actually remove the sv that exists in the pad;
	  instead it lives on. This results in that it could be reused as 
	  a target later on when the pad was reallocated.
	**/
        if(o->op_targ) {
          pad_swipe(o->op_targ,1);
          o->op_targ = 0;
        }
#endif
	break;
    case OP_DUMP:
    case OP_GOTO:
    case OP_NEXT:
    case OP_LAST:
    case OP_REDO:
	if (o->op_flags & (OPf_SPECIAL|OPf_STACKED|OPf_KIDS))
	    break;
	/* FALL THROUGH */
    case OP_TRANS:
    case OP_TRANSR:
	if (o->op_private & (OPpTRANS_FROM_UTF|OPpTRANS_TO_UTF)) {
	    assert(o->op_type == OP_TRANS || o->op_type == OP_TRANSR);
#ifdef USE_ITHREADS
	    if (cPADOPo->op_padix > 0) {
		pad_swipe(cPADOPo->op_padix, TRUE);
		cPADOPo->op_padix = 0;
	    }
#else
	    SvREFCNT_dec(cSVOPo->op_sv);
	    cSVOPo->op_sv = NULL;
#endif
	}
	else {
	    PerlMemShared_free(cPVOPo->op_pv);
	    cPVOPo->op_pv = NULL;
	}
	break;
    case OP_SUBST:
	op_free(cPMOPo->op_pmreplrootu.op_pmreplroot);
	goto clear_pmop;
    case OP_PUSHRE:
#ifdef USE_ITHREADS
        if (cPMOPo->op_pmreplrootu.op_pmtargetoff) {
	    /* No GvIN_PAD_off here, because other references may still
	     * exist on the pad */
	    pad_swipe(cPMOPo->op_pmreplrootu.op_pmtargetoff, TRUE);
	}
#else
	SvREFCNT_dec(MUTABLE_SV(cPMOPo->op_pmreplrootu.op_pmtargetgv));
#endif
	/* FALL THROUGH */
    case OP_MATCH:
    case OP_QR:
clear_pmop:
	if (!(cPMOPo->op_pmflags & PMf_CODELIST_PRIVATE))
	    op_free(cPMOPo->op_code_list);
	cPMOPo->op_code_list = NULL;
	forget_pmop(cPMOPo);
	cPMOPo->op_pmreplrootu.op_pmreplroot = NULL;
        /* we use the same protection as the "SAFE" version of the PM_ macros
         * here since sv_clean_all might release some PMOPs
         * after PL_regex_padav has been cleared
         * and the clearing of PL_regex_padav needs to
         * happen before sv_clean_all
         */
#ifdef USE_ITHREADS
	if(PL_regex_pad) {        /* We could be in destruction */
	    const IV offset = (cPMOPo)->op_pmoffset;
	    ReREFCNT_dec(PM_GETRE(cPMOPo));
	    PL_regex_pad[offset] = &PL_sv_undef;
            sv_catpvn_nomg(PL_regex_pad[0], (const char *)&offset,
			   sizeof(offset));
        }
#else
	ReREFCNT_dec(PM_GETRE(cPMOPo));
	PM_SETRE(cPMOPo, NULL);
#endif

	break;
    }

    if (o->op_targ > 0) {
	pad_free(o->op_targ);
	o->op_targ = 0;
    }
}

STATIC void
S_cop_free(pTHX_ COP* cop)
{
    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_COP_FREE;

    CopFILE_free(cop);
    if (! specialWARN(cop->cop_warnings))
	PerlMemShared_free(cop->cop_warnings);
    cophh_free(CopHINTHASH_get(cop));
    if (PL_curcop == cop)
       PL_curcop = NULL;
}

STATIC void
S_forget_pmop(pTHX_ PMOP *const o
	      )
{
    HV * const pmstash = PmopSTASH(o);

    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_FORGET_PMOP;

    if (pmstash && !SvIS_FREED(pmstash) && SvMAGICAL(pmstash)) {
	MAGIC * const mg = mg_find((const SV *)pmstash, PERL_MAGIC_symtab);
	if (mg) {
	    PMOP **const array = (PMOP**) mg->mg_ptr;
	    U32 count = mg->mg_len / sizeof(PMOP**);
	    U32 i = count;

	    while (i--) {
		if (array[i] == o) {
		    /* Found it. Move the entry at the end to overwrite it.  */
		    array[i] = array[--count];
		    mg->mg_len = count * sizeof(PMOP**);
		    /* Could realloc smaller at this point always, but probably
		       not worth it. Probably worth free()ing if we're the
		       last.  */
		    if(!count) {
			Safefree(mg->mg_ptr);
			mg->mg_ptr = NULL;
		    }
		    break;
		}
	    }
	}
    }
    if (PL_curpm == o) 
	PL_curpm = NULL;
}

STATIC void
S_find_and_forget_pmops(pTHX_ OP *o)
{
    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_FIND_AND_FORGET_PMOPS;

    if (o->op_flags & OPf_KIDS) {
        OP *kid = cUNOPo->op_first;
	while (kid) {
	    switch (kid->op_type) {
	    case OP_SUBST:
	    case OP_PUSHRE:
	    case OP_MATCH:
	    case OP_QR:
		forget_pmop((PMOP*)kid);
	    }
	    find_and_forget_pmops(kid);
	    kid = kid->op_sibling;
	}
    }
}

void
Perl_op_null(pTHX_ OP *o)
{
    dVAR;

    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_OP_NULL;

    if (o->op_type == OP_NULL)
	return;
    if (!PL_madskills)
	op_clear(o);
    o->op_targ = o->op_type;
    o->op_type = OP_NULL;
    o->op_ppaddr = PL_ppaddr[OP_NULL];
}

void
Perl_op_refcnt_lock(pTHX)
{
    dVAR;
    PERL_UNUSED_CONTEXT;
    OP_REFCNT_LOCK;
}

void
Perl_op_refcnt_unlock(pTHX)
{
    dVAR;
    PERL_UNUSED_CONTEXT;
    OP_REFCNT_UNLOCK;
}

/* Contextualizers */

/*
=for apidoc Am|OP *|op_contextualize|OP *o|I32 context

Applies a syntactic context to an op tree representing an expression.
I<o> is the op tree, and I<context> must be C<G_SCALAR>, C<G_ARRAY>,
or C<G_VOID> to specify the context to apply.  The modified op tree
is returned.

=cut
*/

OP *
Perl_op_contextualize(pTHX_ OP *o, I32 context)
{
    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_OP_CONTEXTUALIZE;
    switch (context) {
	case G_SCALAR: return scalar(o);
	case G_ARRAY:  return list(o);
	case G_VOID:   return scalarvoid(o);
	default:
	    Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: op_contextualize bad context %ld",
		       (long) context);
	    return o;
    }
}

/*
=head1 Optree Manipulation Functions

=for apidoc Am|OP*|op_linklist|OP *o
This function is the implementation of the L</LINKLIST> macro. It should
not be called directly.

=cut
*/

OP *
Perl_op_linklist(pTHX_ OP *o)
{
    OP *first;

    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_OP_LINKLIST;

    if (o->op_next)
	return o->op_next;

    /* establish postfix order */
    first = cUNOPo->op_first;
    if (first) {
        OP *kid;
	o->op_next = LINKLIST(first);
	kid = first;
	for (;;) {
	    if (kid->op_sibling) {
		kid->op_next = LINKLIST(kid->op_sibling);
		kid = kid->op_sibling;
	    } else {
		kid->op_next = o;
		break;
	    }
	}
    }
    else
	o->op_next = o;

    return o->op_next;
}

static OP *
S_scalarkids(pTHX_ OP *o)
{
    if (o && o->op_flags & OPf_KIDS) {
        OP *kid;
	for (kid = cLISTOPo->op_first; kid; kid = kid->op_sibling)
	    scalar(kid);
    }
    return o;
}

STATIC OP *
S_scalarboolean(pTHX_ OP *o)
{
    dVAR;

    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_SCALARBOOLEAN;

    if (o->op_type == OP_SASSIGN && cBINOPo->op_first->op_type == OP_CONST
     && !(cBINOPo->op_first->op_flags & OPf_SPECIAL)) {
	if (ckWARN(WARN_SYNTAX)) {
	    const line_t oldline = CopLINE(PL_curcop);

	    if (PL_parser && PL_parser->copline != NOLINE) {
		/* This ensures that warnings are reported at the first line
                   of the conditional, not the last.  */
		CopLINE_set(PL_curcop, PL_parser->copline);
            }
	    Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_SYNTAX), "Found = in conditional, should be ==");
	    CopLINE_set(PL_curcop, oldline);
	}
    }
    return scalar(o);
}

static SV *
S_op_varname(pTHX_ const OP *o)
{
    assert(o);
    assert(o->op_type == OP_PADAV || o->op_type == OP_RV2AV ||
	   o->op_type == OP_PADHV || o->op_type == OP_RV2HV);
    {
	const char funny  = o->op_type == OP_PADAV
			 || o->op_type == OP_RV2AV ? '@' : '%';
	if (o->op_type == OP_RV2AV || o->op_type == OP_RV2HV) {
	    GV *gv;
	    if (cUNOPo->op_first->op_type != OP_GV
	     || !(gv = cGVOPx_gv(cUNOPo->op_first)))
		return NULL;
	    return varname(gv, funny, 0, NULL, 0, 1);
	}
	return
	    varname(MUTABLE_GV(PL_compcv), funny, o->op_targ, NULL, 0, 1);
    }
}

OP *
Perl_scalar(pTHX_ OP *o)
{
    dVAR;
    OP *kid;

    /* assumes no premature commitment */
    if (!o || (PL_parser && PL_parser->error_count)
	 || (o->op_flags & OPf_WANT)
	 || o->op_type == OP_RETURN)
    {
	return o;
    }

    o->op_flags = (o->op_flags & ~OPf_WANT) | OPf_WANT_SCALAR;

    switch (o->op_type) {
    case OP_REPEAT:
	scalar(cBINOPo->op_first);
	break;
    case OP_OR:
    case OP_AND:
    case OP_COND_EXPR:
	for (kid = cUNOPo->op_first->op_sibling; kid; kid = kid->op_sibling)
	    scalar(kid);
	break;
	/* FALL THROUGH */
    case OP_SPLIT:
    case OP_MATCH:
    case OP_QR:
    case OP_SUBST:
    case OP_NULL:
    default:
	if (o->op_flags & OPf_KIDS) {
	    for (kid = cUNOPo->op_first; kid; kid = kid->op_sibling)
		scalar(kid);
	}
	break;
    case OP_LEAVE:
    case OP_LEAVETRY:
	kid = cLISTOPo->op_first;
	scalar(kid);
	kid = kid->op_sibling;
    do_kids:
	while (kid) {
	    OP *sib = kid->op_sibling;
	    if (sib && kid->op_type != OP_LEAVEWHEN)
		scalarvoid(kid);
	    else
		scalar(kid);
	    kid = sib;
	}
	PL_curcop = &PL_compiling;
	break;
    case OP_SCOPE:
    case OP_LINESEQ:
    case OP_LIST:
	kid = cLISTOPo->op_first;
	goto do_kids;
    case OP_SORT:
	Perl_ck_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_VOID), "Useless use of sort in scalar context");
	break;
    case OP_KVHSLICE:
    case OP_KVASLICE:
	if (o->op_private & OPpSLICEWARNING) {
	    OP *kid = cLISTOPo->op_first;
	    if (kid) {
		kid = kid->op_sibling; /* get past pushmark */
		/* weed out false positives: op_list and op_entersub */
		if (kid->op_type != OP_LIST && kid->op_type != OP_ENTERSUB
		 && kid->op_sibling) {
		    const char lbrack =
			o->op_type == OP_KVHSLICE ? '{' : '[';
		    const char rbrack =
			o->op_type == OP_KVHSLICE ? '}' : ']';
		    SV * const name = S_op_varname(aTHX_ kid->op_sibling);
		    SV *keysv;
		    const char *key = NULL;
		    if (!name) /* XS module fiddling with the op tree */
			break;
		    if (kid->op_type == OP_CONST) {
			keysv = kSVOP_sv;
			if (SvPOK(kSVOP_sv)) {
			    SV *sv = keysv;
			    keysv = sv_newmortal();
			    pv_pretty(keysv, SvPVX_const(sv), SvCUR(sv),
				      32, NULL, NULL,
				      PERL_PV_PRETTY_DUMP
				     |PERL_PV_ESCAPE_UNI_DETECT);
			}
			else if (!SvOK(keysv))
			    key = "undef";
		    }
		    else key = "...";
		    assert(name);
		    assert(SvPOK(name));
		    sv_chop(name,SvPVX(name)+1);
		    if (key)
       /* diag_listed_as: Scalar value %%s[%s] better written as $%s[%s] */
			Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_SYNTAX),
				   "Scalar value %%%"SVf
				   "%c%s%c better written as $%"SVf
				   "%c%s%c",
				    SVfARG(name), lbrack, key, rbrack,
				    SVfARG(name), lbrack, key, rbrack);
		    else
       /* diag_listed_as: Scalar value %%s[%s] better written as $%s[%s] */
			Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_SYNTAX),
				   "Scalar value %%%"SVf"%c%"SVf
				   "%c better written as $%"SVf
				   "%c%"SVf"%c",
				    SVfARG(name), lbrack, keysv, rbrack,
				    SVfARG(name), lbrack, keysv, rbrack);
		}
	    }
	}
    }
    return o;
}

OP *
Perl_scalarvoid(pTHX_ OP *o)
{
    dVAR;
    OP *kid;
    SV *useless_sv = NULL;
    const char* useless = NULL;
    SV* sv;
    U8 want;

    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_SCALARVOID;

    /* trailing mad null ops don't count as "there" for void processing */
    if (PL_madskills &&
    	o->op_type != OP_NULL &&
	o->op_sibling &&
	o->op_sibling->op_type == OP_NULL)
    {
	OP *sib;
	for (sib = o->op_sibling;
		sib && sib->op_type == OP_NULL;
		sib = sib->op_sibling) ;
	
	if (!sib)
	    return o;
    }

    if (o->op_type == OP_NEXTSTATE
	|| o->op_type == OP_DBSTATE
	|| (o->op_type == OP_NULL && (o->op_targ == OP_NEXTSTATE
				      || o->op_targ == OP_DBSTATE)))
	PL_curcop = (COP*)o;		/* for warning below */

    /* assumes no premature commitment */
    want = o->op_flags & OPf_WANT;
    if ((want && want != OPf_WANT_SCALAR)
	 || (PL_parser && PL_parser->error_count)
	 || o->op_type == OP_RETURN || o->op_type == OP_REQUIRE || o->op_type == OP_LEAVEWHEN)
    {
	return o;
    }

    if ((o->op_private & OPpTARGET_MY)
	&& (PL_opargs[o->op_type] & OA_TARGLEX))/* OPp share the meaning */
    {
	return scalar(o);			/* As if inside SASSIGN */
    }

    o->op_flags = (o->op_flags & ~OPf_WANT) | OPf_WANT_VOID;

    switch (o->op_type) {
    default:
	if (!(PL_opargs[o->op_type] & OA_FOLDCONST))
	    break;
	/* FALL THROUGH */
    case OP_REPEAT:
	if (o->op_flags & OPf_STACKED)
	    break;
	goto func_ops;
    case OP_SUBSTR:
	if (o->op_private == 4)
	    break;
	/* FALL THROUGH */
    case OP_GVSV:
    case OP_WANTARRAY:
    case OP_GV:
    case OP_SMARTMATCH:
    case OP_PADSV:
    case OP_PADAV:
    case OP_PADHV:
    case OP_PADANY:
    case OP_AV2ARYLEN:
    case OP_REF:
    case OP_REFGEN:
    case OP_SREFGEN:
    case OP_DEFINED:
    case OP_HEX:
    case OP_OCT:
    case OP_LENGTH:
    case OP_VEC:
    case OP_INDEX:
    case OP_RINDEX:
    case OP_SPRINTF:
    case OP_AELEM:
    case OP_AELEMFAST:
    case OP_AELEMFAST_LEX:
    case OP_ASLICE:
    case OP_KVASLICE:
    case OP_HELEM:
    case OP_HSLICE:
    case OP_KVHSLICE:
    case OP_UNPACK:
    case OP_PACK:
    case OP_JOIN:
    case OP_LSLICE:
    case OP_ANONLIST:
    case OP_ANONHASH:
    case OP_SORT:
    case OP_REVERSE:
    case OP_RANGE:
    case OP_FLIP:
    case OP_FLOP:
    case OP_CALLER:
    case OP_FILENO:
    case OP_EOF:
    case OP_TELL:
    case OP_GETSOCKNAME:
    case OP_GETPEERNAME:
    case OP_READLINK:
    case OP_TELLDIR:
    case OP_GETPPID:
    case OP_GETPGRP:
    case OP_GETPRIORITY:
    case OP_TIME:
    case OP_TMS:
    case OP_LOCALTIME:
    case OP_GMTIME:
    case OP_GHBYNAME:
    case OP_GHBYADDR:
    case OP_GHOSTENT:
    case OP_GNBYNAME:
    case OP_GNBYADDR:
    case OP_GNETENT:
    case OP_GPBYNAME:
    case OP_GPBYNUMBER:
    case OP_GPROTOENT:
    case OP_GSBYNAME:
    case OP_GSBYPORT:
    case OP_GSERVENT:
    case OP_GPWNAM:
    case OP_GPWUID:
    case OP_GGRNAM:
    case OP_GGRGID:
    case OP_GETLOGIN:
    case OP_PROTOTYPE:
    case OP_RUNCV:
      func_ops:
	if (!(o->op_private & (OPpLVAL_INTRO|OPpOUR_INTRO)))
	    /* Otherwise it's "Useless use of grep iterator" */
	    useless = OP_DESC(o);
	break;

    case OP_SPLIT:
	kid = cLISTOPo->op_first;
	if (kid && kid->op_type == OP_PUSHRE
#ifdef USE_ITHREADS
		&& !((PMOP*)kid)->op_pmreplrootu.op_pmtargetoff)
#else
		&& !((PMOP*)kid)->op_pmreplrootu.op_pmtargetgv)
#endif
	    useless = OP_DESC(o);
	break;

    case OP_NOT:
       kid = cUNOPo->op_first;
       if (kid->op_type != OP_MATCH && kid->op_type != OP_SUBST &&
           kid->op_type != OP_TRANS && kid->op_type != OP_TRANSR) {
	        goto func_ops;
       }
       useless = "negative pattern binding (!~)";
       break;

    case OP_SUBST:
	if (cPMOPo->op_pmflags & PMf_NONDESTRUCT)
	    useless = "non-destructive substitution (s///r)";
	break;

    case OP_TRANSR:
	useless = "non-destructive transliteration (tr///r)";
	break;

    case OP_RV2GV:
    case OP_RV2SV:
    case OP_RV2AV:
    case OP_RV2HV:
	if (!(o->op_private & (OPpLVAL_INTRO|OPpOUR_INTRO)) &&
		(!o->op_sibling || o->op_sibling->op_type != OP_READLINE))
	    useless = "a variable";
	break;

    case OP_CONST:
	sv = cSVOPo_sv;
	if (cSVOPo->op_private & OPpCONST_STRICT)
	    no_bareword_allowed(o);
	else {
	    if (ckWARN(WARN_VOID)) {
		/* don't warn on optimised away booleans, eg 
		 * use constant Foo, 5; Foo || print; */
		if (cSVOPo->op_private & OPpCONST_SHORTCIRCUIT)
		    useless = NULL;
		/* the constants 0 and 1 are permitted as they are
		   conventionally used as dummies in constructs like
		        1 while some_condition_with_side_effects;  */
		else if (SvNIOK(sv) && (SvNV(sv) == 0.0 || SvNV(sv) == 1.0))
		    useless = NULL;
		else if (SvPOK(sv)) {
                    SV * const dsv = newSVpvs("");
                    useless_sv
                        = Perl_newSVpvf(aTHX_
                                        "a constant (%s)",
                                        pv_pretty(dsv, SvPVX_const(sv),
                                                  SvCUR(sv), 32, NULL, NULL,
                                                  PERL_PV_PRETTY_DUMP
                                                  | PERL_PV_ESCAPE_NOCLEAR
                                                  | PERL_PV_ESCAPE_UNI_DETECT));
                    SvREFCNT_dec_NN(dsv);
		}
		else if (SvOK(sv)) {
		    useless_sv = Perl_newSVpvf(aTHX_ "a constant (%"SVf")", sv);
		}
		else
		    useless = "a constant (undef)";
	    }
	}
	op_null(o);		/* don't execute or even remember it */
	break;

    case OP_POSTINC:
	o->op_type = OP_PREINC;		/* pre-increment is faster */
	o->op_ppaddr = PL_ppaddr[OP_PREINC];
	break;

    case OP_POSTDEC:
	o->op_type = OP_PREDEC;		/* pre-decrement is faster */
	o->op_ppaddr = PL_ppaddr[OP_PREDEC];
	break;

    case OP_I_POSTINC:
	o->op_type = OP_I_PREINC;	/* pre-increment is faster */
	o->op_ppaddr = PL_ppaddr[OP_I_PREINC];
	break;

    case OP_I_POSTDEC:
	o->op_type = OP_I_PREDEC;	/* pre-decrement is faster */
	o->op_ppaddr = PL_ppaddr[OP_I_PREDEC];
	break;

    case OP_SASSIGN: {
	OP *rv2gv;
	UNOP *refgen, *rv2cv;
	LISTOP *exlist;

	if ((o->op_private & ~OPpASSIGN_BACKWARDS) != 2)
	    break;

	rv2gv = ((BINOP *)o)->op_last;
	if (!rv2gv || rv2gv->op_type != OP_RV2GV)
	    break;

	refgen = (UNOP *)((BINOP *)o)->op_first;

	if (!refgen || refgen->op_type != OP_REFGEN)
	    break;

	exlist = (LISTOP *)refgen->op_first;
	if (!exlist || exlist->op_type != OP_NULL
	    || exlist->op_targ != OP_LIST)
	    break;

	if (exlist->op_first->op_type != OP_PUSHMARK)
	    break;

	rv2cv = (UNOP*)exlist->op_last;

	if (rv2cv->op_type != OP_RV2CV)
	    break;

	assert ((rv2gv->op_private & OPpDONT_INIT_GV) == 0);
	assert ((o->op_private & OPpASSIGN_CV_TO_GV) == 0);
	assert ((rv2cv->op_private & OPpMAY_RETURN_CONSTANT) == 0);

	o->op_private |= OPpASSIGN_CV_TO_GV;
	rv2gv->op_private |= OPpDONT_INIT_GV;
	rv2cv->op_private |= OPpMAY_RETURN_CONSTANT;

	break;
    }

    case OP_AASSIGN: {
	inplace_aassign(o);
	break;
    }

    case OP_OR:
    case OP_AND:
	kid = cLOGOPo->op_first;
	if (kid->op_type == OP_NOT
	    && (kid->op_flags & OPf_KIDS)
	    && !PL_madskills) {
	    if (o->op_type == OP_AND) {
		o->op_type = OP_OR;
		o->op_ppaddr = PL_ppaddr[OP_OR];
	    } else {
		o->op_type = OP_AND;
		o->op_ppaddr = PL_ppaddr[OP_AND];
	    }
	    op_null(kid);
	}

    case OP_DOR:
    case OP_COND_EXPR:
    case OP_ENTERGIVEN:
    case OP_ENTERWHEN:
	for (kid = cUNOPo->op_first->op_sibling; kid; kid = kid->op_sibling)
	    scalarvoid(kid);
	break;

    case OP_NULL:
	if (o->op_flags & OPf_STACKED)
	    break;
	/* FALL THROUGH */
    case OP_NEXTSTATE:
    case OP_DBSTATE:
    case OP_ENTERTRY:
    case OP_ENTER:
	if (!(o->op_flags & OPf_KIDS))
	    break;
	/* FALL THROUGH */
    case OP_SCOPE:
    case OP_LEAVE:
    case OP_LEAVETRY:
    case OP_LEAVELOOP:
    case OP_LINESEQ:
    case OP_LIST:
    case OP_LEAVEGIVEN:
    case OP_LEAVEWHEN:
	for (kid = cLISTOPo->op_first; kid; kid = kid->op_sibling)
	    scalarvoid(kid);
	break;
    case OP_ENTEREVAL:
	scalarkids(o);
	break;
    case OP_SCALAR:
	return scalar(o);
    }

    if (useless_sv) {
        /* mortalise it, in case warnings are fatal.  */
        Perl_ck_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_VOID),
                       "Useless use of %"SVf" in void context",
                       sv_2mortal(useless_sv));
    }
    else if (useless) {
       Perl_ck_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_VOID),
                      "Useless use of %s in void context",
                      useless);
    }
    return o;
}

static OP *
S_listkids(pTHX_ OP *o)
{
    if (o && o->op_flags & OPf_KIDS) {
        OP *kid;
	for (kid = cLISTOPo->op_first; kid; kid = kid->op_sibling)
	    list(kid);
    }
    return o;
}

OP *
Perl_list(pTHX_ OP *o)
{
    dVAR;
    OP *kid;

    /* assumes no premature commitment */
    if (!o || (o->op_flags & OPf_WANT)
	 || (PL_parser && PL_parser->error_count)
	 || o->op_type == OP_RETURN)
    {
	return o;
    }

    if ((o->op_private & OPpTARGET_MY)
	&& (PL_opargs[o->op_type] & OA_TARGLEX))/* OPp share the meaning */
    {
	return o;				/* As if inside SASSIGN */
    }

    o->op_flags = (o->op_flags & ~OPf_WANT) | OPf_WANT_LIST;

    switch (o->op_type) {
    case OP_FLOP:
    case OP_REPEAT:
	list(cBINOPo->op_first);
	break;
    case OP_OR:
    case OP_AND:
    case OP_COND_EXPR:
	for (kid = cUNOPo->op_first->op_sibling; kid; kid = kid->op_sibling)
	    list(kid);
	break;
    default:
    case OP_MATCH:
    case OP_QR:
    case OP_SUBST:
    case OP_NULL:
	if (!(o->op_flags & OPf_KIDS))
	    break;
	if (!o->op_next && cUNOPo->op_first->op_type == OP_FLOP) {
	    list(cBINOPo->op_first);
	    return gen_constant_list(o);
	}
    case OP_LIST:
	listkids(o);
	break;
    case OP_LEAVE:
    case OP_LEAVETRY:
	kid = cLISTOPo->op_first;
	list(kid);
	kid = kid->op_sibling;
    do_kids:
	while (kid) {
	    OP *sib = kid->op_sibling;
	    if (sib && kid->op_type != OP_LEAVEWHEN)
		scalarvoid(kid);
	    else
		list(kid);
	    kid = sib;
	}
	PL_curcop = &PL_compiling;
	break;
    case OP_SCOPE:
    case OP_LINESEQ:
	kid = cLISTOPo->op_first;
	goto do_kids;
    }
    return o;
}

static OP *
S_scalarseq(pTHX_ OP *o)
{
    dVAR;
    if (o) {
	const OPCODE type = o->op_type;

	if (type == OP_LINESEQ || type == OP_SCOPE ||
	    type == OP_LEAVE || type == OP_LEAVETRY)
	{
            OP *kid;
	    for (kid = cLISTOPo->op_first; kid; kid = kid->op_sibling) {
		if (kid->op_sibling) {
		    scalarvoid(kid);
		}
	    }
	    PL_curcop = &PL_compiling;
	}
	o->op_flags &= ~OPf_PARENS;
	if (PL_hints & HINT_BLOCK_SCOPE)
	    o->op_flags |= OPf_PARENS;
    }
    else
	o = newOP(OP_STUB, 0);
    return o;
}

STATIC OP *
S_modkids(pTHX_ OP *o, I32 type)
{
    if (o && o->op_flags & OPf_KIDS) {
        OP *kid;
	for (kid = cLISTOPo->op_first; kid; kid = kid->op_sibling)
	    op_lvalue(kid, type);
    }
    return o;
}

/*
=for apidoc finalize_optree

This function finalizes the optree. Should be called directly after
the complete optree is built. It does some additional
checking which can't be done in the normal ck_xxx functions and makes
the tree thread-safe.

=cut
*/
void
Perl_finalize_optree(pTHX_ OP* o)
{
    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_FINALIZE_OPTREE;

    ENTER;
    SAVEVPTR(PL_curcop);

    finalize_op(o);

    LEAVE;
}

STATIC void
S_finalize_op(pTHX_ OP* o)
{
    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_FINALIZE_OP;

#if defined(PERL_MAD) && defined(USE_ITHREADS)
    {
	/* Make sure mad ops are also thread-safe */
	MADPROP *mp = o->op_madprop;
	while (mp) {
	    if (mp->mad_type == MAD_OP && mp->mad_vlen) {
		OP *prop_op = (OP *) mp->mad_val;
		/* We only need "Relocate sv to the pad for thread safety.", but this
		   easiest way to make sure it traverses everything */
		if (prop_op->op_type == OP_CONST)
		    cSVOPx(prop_op)->op_private &= ~OPpCONST_STRICT;
		finalize_op(prop_op);
	    }
	    mp = mp->mad_next;
	}
    }
#endif

    switch (o->op_type) {
    case OP_NEXTSTATE:
    case OP_DBSTATE:
	PL_curcop = ((COP*)o);		/* for warnings */
	break;
    case OP_EXEC:
	if ( o->op_sibling
	    && (o->op_sibling->op_type == OP_NEXTSTATE || o->op_sibling->op_type == OP_DBSTATE)
	    && ckWARN(WARN_EXEC))
	    {
		if (o->op_sibling->op_sibling) {
		    const OPCODE type = o->op_sibling->op_sibling->op_type;
		    if (type != OP_EXIT && type != OP_WARN && type != OP_DIE) {
			const line_t oldline = CopLINE(PL_curcop);
			CopLINE_set(PL_curcop, CopLINE((COP*)o->op_sibling));
			Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_EXEC),
			    "Statement unlikely to be reached");
			Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_EXEC),
			    "\t(Maybe you meant system() when you said exec()?)\n");
			CopLINE_set(PL_curcop, oldline);
		    }
		}
	    }
	break;

    case OP_GV:
	if ((o->op_private & OPpEARLY_CV) && ckWARN(WARN_PROTOTYPE)) {
	    GV * const gv = cGVOPo_gv;
	    if (SvTYPE(gv) == SVt_PVGV && GvCV(gv) && SvPVX_const(GvCV(gv))) {
		/* XXX could check prototype here instead of just carping */
		SV * const sv = sv_newmortal();
		gv_efullname3(sv, gv, NULL);
		Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_PROTOTYPE),
		    "%"SVf"() called too early to check prototype",
		    SVfARG(sv));
	    }
	}
	break;

    case OP_CONST:
	if (cSVOPo->op_private & OPpCONST_STRICT)
	    no_bareword_allowed(o);
	/* FALLTHROUGH */
#ifdef USE_ITHREADS
    case OP_HINTSEVAL:
    case OP_METHOD_NAMED:
	/* Relocate sv to the pad for thread safety.
	 * Despite being a "constant", the SV is written to,
	 * for reference counts, sv_upgrade() etc. */
	if (cSVOPo->op_sv) {
	    const PADOFFSET ix = pad_alloc(OP_CONST, SVf_READONLY);
	    SvREFCNT_dec(PAD_SVl(ix));
	    PAD_SETSV(ix, cSVOPo->op_sv);
	    /* XXX I don't know how this isn't readonly already. */
	    if (!SvIsCOW(PAD_SVl(ix))) SvREADONLY_on(PAD_SVl(ix));
	    cSVOPo->op_sv = NULL;
	    o->op_targ = ix;
	}
#endif
	break;

    case OP_HELEM: {
	UNOP *rop;
	SV *lexname;
	GV **fields;
	SV **svp, *sv;
	const char *key = NULL;
	STRLEN keylen;

	if (((BINOP*)o)->op_last->op_type != OP_CONST)
	    break;

	/* Make the CONST have a shared SV */
	svp = cSVOPx_svp(((BINOP*)o)->op_last);
	if ((!SvIsCOW_shared_hash(sv = *svp))
	    && SvTYPE(sv) < SVt_PVMG && SvOK(sv) && !SvROK(sv)) {
	    key = SvPV_const(sv, keylen);
	    lexname = newSVpvn_share(key,
		SvUTF8(sv) ? -(I32)keylen : (I32)keylen,
		0);
	    SvREFCNT_dec_NN(sv);
	    *svp = lexname;
	}

	if ((o->op_private & (OPpLVAL_INTRO)))
	    break;

	rop = (UNOP*)((BINOP*)o)->op_first;
	if (rop->op_type != OP_RV2HV || rop->op_first->op_type != OP_PADSV)
	    break;
	lexname = *av_fetch(PL_comppad_name, rop->op_first->op_targ, TRUE);
	if (!SvPAD_TYPED(lexname))
	    break;
	fields = (GV**)hv_fetchs(SvSTASH(lexname), "FIELDS", FALSE);
	if (!fields || !GvHV(*fields))
	    break;
	key = SvPV_const(*svp, keylen);
	if (!hv_fetch(GvHV(*fields), key,
		SvUTF8(*svp) ? -(I32)keylen : (I32)keylen, FALSE)) {
	    Perl_croak(aTHX_ "No such class field \"%"SVf"\" " 
			   "in variable %"SVf" of type %"HEKf, 
		      SVfARG(*svp), SVfARG(lexname),
                      HEKfARG(HvNAME_HEK(SvSTASH(lexname))));
	}
	break;
    }

    case OP_HSLICE: {
	UNOP *rop;
	SV *lexname;
	GV **fields;
	SV **svp;
	const char *key;
	STRLEN keylen;
	SVOP *first_key_op, *key_op;

	if ((o->op_private & (OPpLVAL_INTRO))
	    /* I bet there's always a pushmark... */
	    || ((LISTOP*)o)->op_first->op_sibling->op_type != OP_LIST)
	    /* hmmm, no optimization if list contains only one key. */
	    break;
	rop = (UNOP*)((LISTOP*)o)->op_last;
	if (rop->op_type != OP_RV2HV)
	    break;
	if (rop->op_first->op_type == OP_PADSV)
	    /* @$hash{qw(keys here)} */
	    rop = (UNOP*)rop->op_first;
	else {
	    /* @{$hash}{qw(keys here)} */
	    if (rop->op_first->op_type == OP_SCOPE
		&& cLISTOPx(rop->op_first)->op_last->op_type == OP_PADSV)
		{
		    rop = (UNOP*)cLISTOPx(rop->op_first)->op_last;
		}
	    else
		break;
	}

	lexname = *av_fetch(PL_comppad_name, rop->op_targ, TRUE);
	if (!SvPAD_TYPED(lexname))
	    break;
	fields = (GV**)hv_fetchs(SvSTASH(lexname), "FIELDS", FALSE);
	if (!fields || !GvHV(*fields))
	    break;
	/* Again guessing that the pushmark can be jumped over.... */
	first_key_op = (SVOP*)((LISTOP*)((LISTOP*)o)->op_first->op_sibling)
	    ->op_first->op_sibling;
	for (key_op = first_key_op; key_op;
	     key_op = (SVOP*)key_op->op_sibling) {
	    if (key_op->op_type != OP_CONST)
		continue;
	    svp = cSVOPx_svp(key_op);
	    key = SvPV_const(*svp, keylen);
	    if (!hv_fetch(GvHV(*fields), key,
		    SvUTF8(*svp) ? -(I32)keylen : (I32)keylen, FALSE)) {
		Perl_croak(aTHX_ "No such class field \"%"SVf"\" " 
			   "in variable %"SVf" of type %"HEKf, 
		      SVfARG(*svp), SVfARG(lexname),
                      HEKfARG(HvNAME_HEK(SvSTASH(lexname))));
	    }
	}
	break;
    }

    case OP_SUBST: {
	if (cPMOPo->op_pmreplrootu.op_pmreplroot)
	    finalize_op(cPMOPo->op_pmreplrootu.op_pmreplroot);
	break;
    }
    default:
	break;
    }

    if (o->op_flags & OPf_KIDS) {
	OP *kid;
	for (kid = cUNOPo->op_first; kid; kid = kid->op_sibling)
	    finalize_op(kid);
    }
}

/*
=for apidoc Amx|OP *|op_lvalue|OP *o|I32 type

Propagate lvalue ("modifiable") context to an op and its children.
I<type> represents the context type, roughly based on the type of op that
would do the modifying, although C<local()> is represented by OP_NULL,
because it has no op type of its own (it is signalled by a flag on
the lvalue op).

This function detects things that can't be modified, such as C<$x+1>, and
generates errors for them. For example, C<$x+1 = 2> would cause it to be
called with an op of type OP_ADD and a C<type> argument of OP_SASSIGN.

It also flags things that need to behave specially in an lvalue context,
such as C<$$x = 5> which might have to vivify a reference in C<$x>.

=cut
*/

OP *
Perl_op_lvalue_flags(pTHX_ OP *o, I32 type, U32 flags)
{
    dVAR;
    OP *kid;
    /* -1 = error on localize, 0 = ignore localize, 1 = ok to localize */
    int localize = -1;

    if (!o || (PL_parser && PL_parser->error_count))
	return o;

    if ((o->op_private & OPpTARGET_MY)
	&& (PL_opargs[o->op_type] & OA_TARGLEX))/* OPp share the meaning */
    {
	return o;
    }

    assert( (o->op_flags & OPf_WANT) != OPf_WANT_VOID );

    if (type == OP_PRTF || type == OP_SPRINTF) type = OP_ENTERSUB;

    switch (o->op_type) {
    case OP_UNDEF:
	PL_modcount++;
	return o;
    case OP_STUB:
	if ((o->op_flags & OPf_PARENS) || PL_madskills)
	    break;
	goto nomod;
    case OP_ENTERSUB:
	if ((type == OP_UNDEF || type == OP_REFGEN || type == OP_LOCK) &&
	    !(o->op_flags & OPf_STACKED)) {
	    o->op_type = OP_RV2CV;		/* entersub => rv2cv */
	    /* Both ENTERSUB and RV2CV use this bit, but for different pur-
	       poses, so we need it clear.  */
	    o->op_private &= ~1;
	    o->op_ppaddr = PL_ppaddr[OP_RV2CV];
	    assert(cUNOPo->op_first->op_type == OP_NULL);
	    op_null(((LISTOP*)cUNOPo->op_first)->op_first);/* disable pushmark */
	    break;
	}
	else {				/* lvalue subroutine call */
	    o->op_private |= OPpLVAL_INTRO
	                   |(OPpENTERSUB_INARGS * (type == OP_LEAVESUBLV));
	    PL_modcount = RETURN_UNLIMITED_NUMBER;
	    if (type == OP_GREPSTART || type == OP_ENTERSUB || type == OP_REFGEN) {
		/* Potential lvalue context: */
		o->op_private |= OPpENTERSUB_INARGS;
		break;
	    }
	    else {                      /* Compile-time error message: */
		OP *kid = cUNOPo->op_first;
		CV *cv;

		if (kid->op_type != OP_PUSHMARK) {
		    if (kid->op_type != OP_NULL || kid->op_targ != OP_LIST)
			Perl_croak(aTHX_
				"panic: unexpected lvalue entersub "
				"args: type/targ %ld:%"UVuf,
				(long)kid->op_type, (UV)kid->op_targ);
		    kid = kLISTOP->op_first;
		}
		while (kid->op_sibling)
		    kid = kid->op_sibling;
		if (!(kid->op_type == OP_NULL && kid->op_targ == OP_RV2CV)) {
		    break;	/* Postpone until runtime */
		}

		kid = kUNOP->op_first;
		if (kid->op_type == OP_NULL && kid->op_targ == OP_RV2SV)
		    kid = kUNOP->op_first;
		if (kid->op_type == OP_NULL)
		    Perl_croak(aTHX_
			       "Unexpected constant lvalue entersub "
			       "entry via type/targ %ld:%"UVuf,
			       (long)kid->op_type, (UV)kid->op_targ);
		if (kid->op_type != OP_GV) {
		    break;
		}

		cv = GvCV(kGVOP_gv);
		if (!cv)
		    break;
		if (CvLVALUE(cv))
		    break;
	    }
	}
	/* FALL THROUGH */
    default:
      nomod:
	if (flags & OP_LVALUE_NO_CROAK) return NULL;
	/* grep, foreach, subcalls, refgen */
	if (type == OP_GREPSTART || type == OP_ENTERSUB
	 || type == OP_REFGEN    || type == OP_LEAVESUBLV)
	    break;
	yyerror(Perl_form(aTHX_ "Can't modify %s in %s",
		     (o->op_type == OP_NULL && (o->op_flags & OPf_SPECIAL)
		      ? "do block"
		      : (o->op_type == OP_ENTERSUB
			? "non-lvalue subroutine call"
			: OP_DESC(o))),
		     type ? PL_op_desc[type] : "local"));
	return o;

    case OP_PREINC:
    case OP_PREDEC:
    case OP_POW:
    case OP_MULTIPLY:
    case OP_DIVIDE:
    case OP_MODULO:
    case OP_REPEAT:
    case OP_ADD:
    case OP_SUBTRACT:
    case OP_CONCAT:
    case OP_LEFT_SHIFT:
    case OP_RIGHT_SHIFT:
    case OP_BIT_AND:
    case OP_BIT_XOR:
    case OP_BIT_OR:
    case OP_I_MULTIPLY:
    case OP_I_DIVIDE:
    case OP_I_MODULO:
    case OP_I_ADD:
    case OP_I_SUBTRACT:
	if (!(o->op_flags & OPf_STACKED))
	    goto nomod;
	PL_modcount++;
	break;

    case OP_COND_EXPR:
	localize = 1;
	for (kid = cUNOPo->op_first->op_sibling; kid; kid = kid->op_sibling)
	    op_lvalue(kid, type);
	break;

    case OP_RV2AV:
    case OP_RV2HV:
	if (type == OP_REFGEN && o->op_flags & OPf_PARENS) {
           PL_modcount = RETURN_UNLIMITED_NUMBER;
	    return o;		/* Treat \(@foo) like ordinary list. */
	}
	/* FALL THROUGH */
    case OP_RV2GV:
	if (scalar_mod_type(o, type))
	    goto nomod;
	ref(cUNOPo->op_first, o->op_type);
	/* FALL THROUGH */
    case OP_ASLICE:
    case OP_HSLICE:
	localize = 1;
	/* FALL THROUGH */
    case OP_AASSIGN:
	if (type == OP_LEAVESUBLV)
	    o->op_private |= OPpMAYBE_LVSUB;
	/* FALL THROUGH */
    case OP_NEXTSTATE:
    case OP_DBSTATE:
       PL_modcount = RETURN_UNLIMITED_NUMBER;
	break;
    case OP_KVHSLICE:
    case OP_KVASLICE:
	if (type == OP_LEAVESUBLV)
	    o->op_private |= OPpMAYBE_LVSUB;
        goto nomod;
    case OP_AV2ARYLEN:
	PL_hints |= HINT_BLOCK_SCOPE;
	if (type == OP_LEAVESUBLV)
	    o->op_private |= OPpMAYBE_LVSUB;
	PL_modcount++;
	break;
    case OP_RV2SV:
	ref(cUNOPo->op_first, o->op_type);
	localize = 1;
	/* FALL THROUGH */
    case OP_GV:
	PL_hints |= HINT_BLOCK_SCOPE;
    case OP_SASSIGN:
    case OP_ANDASSIGN:
    case OP_ORASSIGN:
    case OP_DORASSIGN:
	PL_modcount++;
	break;

    case OP_AELEMFAST:
    case OP_AELEMFAST_LEX:
	localize = -1;
	PL_modcount++;
	break;

    case OP_PADAV:
    case OP_PADHV:
       PL_modcount = RETURN_UNLIMITED_NUMBER;
	if (type == OP_REFGEN && o->op_flags & OPf_PARENS)
	    return o;		/* Treat \(@foo) like ordinary list. */
	if (scalar_mod_type(o, type))
	    goto nomod;
	if (type == OP_LEAVESUBLV)
	    o->op_private |= OPpMAYBE_LVSUB;
	/* FALL THROUGH */
    case OP_PADSV:
	PL_modcount++;
	if (!type) /* local() */
	    Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Can't localize lexical variable %"SVf,
		 PAD_COMPNAME_SV(o->op_targ));
	break;

    case OP_PUSHMARK:
	localize = 0;
	break;

    case OP_KEYS:
    case OP_RKEYS:
	if (type != OP_SASSIGN && type != OP_LEAVESUBLV)
	    goto nomod;
	goto lvalue_func;
    case OP_SUBSTR:
	if (o->op_private == 4) /* don't allow 4 arg substr as lvalue */
	    goto nomod;
	/* FALL THROUGH */
    case OP_POS:
    case OP_VEC:
      lvalue_func:
	if (type == OP_LEAVESUBLV)
	    o->op_private |= OPpMAYBE_LVSUB;
	if (o->op_flags & OPf_KIDS)
	    op_lvalue(cBINOPo->op_first->op_sibling, type);
	break;

    case OP_AELEM:
    case OP_HELEM:
	ref(cBINOPo->op_first, o->op_type);
	if (type == OP_ENTERSUB &&
	     !(o->op_private & (OPpLVAL_INTRO | OPpDEREF)))
	    o->op_private |= OPpLVAL_DEFER;
	if (type == OP_LEAVESUBLV)
	    o->op_private |= OPpMAYBE_LVSUB;
	localize = 1;
	PL_modcount++;
	break;

    case OP_SCOPE:
    case OP_LEAVE:
    case OP_ENTER:
    case OP_LINESEQ:
	localize = 0;
	if (o->op_flags & OPf_KIDS)
	    op_lvalue(cLISTOPo->op_last, type);
	break;

    case OP_NULL:
	localize = 0;
	if (o->op_flags & OPf_SPECIAL)		/* do BLOCK */
	    goto nomod;
	else if (!(o->op_flags & OPf_KIDS))
	    break;
	if (o->op_targ != OP_LIST) {
	    op_lvalue(cBINOPo->op_first, type);
	    break;
	}
	/* FALL THROUGH */
    case OP_LIST:
	localize = 0;
	for (kid = cLISTOPo->op_first; kid; kid = kid->op_sibling)
	    /* elements might be in void context because the list is
	       in scalar context or because they are attribute sub calls */
	    if ( (kid->op_flags & OPf_WANT) != OPf_WANT_VOID )
		op_lvalue(kid, type);
	break;

    case OP_RETURN:
	if (type != OP_LEAVESUBLV)
	    goto nomod;
	break; /* op_lvalue()ing was handled by ck_return() */

    case OP_COREARGS:
	return o;
    }

    /* [20011101.069] File test operators interpret OPf_REF to mean that
       their argument is a filehandle; thus \stat(".") should not set
       it. AMS 20011102 */
    if (type == OP_REFGEN &&
        PL_check[o->op_type] == Perl_ck_ftst)
        return o;

    if (type != OP_LEAVESUBLV)
        o->op_flags |= OPf_MOD;

    if (type == OP_AASSIGN || type == OP_SASSIGN)
	o->op_flags |= OPf_SPECIAL|OPf_REF;
    else if (!type) { /* local() */
	switch (localize) {
	case 1:
	    o->op_private |= OPpLVAL_INTRO;
	    o->op_flags &= ~OPf_SPECIAL;
	    PL_hints |= HINT_BLOCK_SCOPE;
	    break;
	case 0:
	    break;
	case -1:
	    Perl_ck_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_SYNTAX),
			   "Useless localization of %s", OP_DESC(o));
	}
    }
    else if (type != OP_GREPSTART && type != OP_ENTERSUB
             && type != OP_LEAVESUBLV)
	o->op_flags |= OPf_REF;
    return o;
}

STATIC bool
S_scalar_mod_type(const OP *o, I32 type)
{
    switch (type) {
    case OP_POS:
    case OP_SASSIGN:
	if (o && o->op_type == OP_RV2GV)
	    return FALSE;
	/* FALL THROUGH */
    case OP_PREINC:
    case OP_PREDEC:
    case OP_POSTINC:
    case OP_POSTDEC:
    case OP_I_PREINC:
    case OP_I_PREDEC:
    case OP_I_POSTINC:
    case OP_I_POSTDEC:
    case OP_POW:
    case OP_MULTIPLY:
    case OP_DIVIDE:
    case OP_MODULO:
    case OP_REPEAT:
    case OP_ADD:
    case OP_SUBTRACT:
    case OP_I_MULTIPLY:
    case OP_I_DIVIDE:
    case OP_I_MODULO:
    case OP_I_ADD:
    case OP_I_SUBTRACT:
    case OP_LEFT_SHIFT:
    case OP_RIGHT_SHIFT:
    case OP_BIT_AND:
    case OP_BIT_XOR:
    case OP_BIT_OR:
    case OP_CONCAT:
    case OP_SUBST:
    case OP_TRANS:
    case OP_TRANSR:
    case OP_READ:
    case OP_SYSREAD:
    case OP_RECV:
    case OP_ANDASSIGN:
    case OP_ORASSIGN:
    case OP_DORASSIGN:
	return TRUE;
    default:
	return FALSE;
    }
}

STATIC bool
S_is_handle_constructor(const OP *o, I32 numargs)
{
    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_IS_HANDLE_CONSTRUCTOR;

    switch (o->op_type) {
    case OP_PIPE_OP:
    case OP_SOCKPAIR:
	if (numargs == 2)
	    return TRUE;
	/* FALL THROUGH */
    case OP_SYSOPEN:
    case OP_OPEN:
    case OP_SELECT:		/* XXX c.f. SelectSaver.pm */
    case OP_SOCKET:
    case OP_OPEN_DIR:
    case OP_ACCEPT:
	if (numargs == 1)
	    return TRUE;
	/* FALLTHROUGH */
    default:
	return FALSE;
    }
}

static OP *
S_refkids(pTHX_ OP *o, I32 type)
{
    if (o && o->op_flags & OPf_KIDS) {
        OP *kid;
	for (kid = cLISTOPo->op_first; kid; kid = kid->op_sibling)
	    ref(kid, type);
    }
    return o;
}

OP *
Perl_doref(pTHX_ OP *o, I32 type, bool set_op_ref)
{
    dVAR;
    OP *kid;

    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_DOREF;

    if (!o || (PL_parser && PL_parser->error_count))
	return o;

    switch (o->op_type) {
    case OP_ENTERSUB:
	if ((type == OP_EXISTS || type == OP_DEFINED) &&
	    !(o->op_flags & OPf_STACKED)) {
	    o->op_type = OP_RV2CV;             /* entersub => rv2cv */
	    o->op_ppaddr = PL_ppaddr[OP_RV2CV];
	    assert(cUNOPo->op_first->op_type == OP_NULL);
	    op_null(((LISTOP*)cUNOPo->op_first)->op_first);	/* disable pushmark */
	    o->op_flags |= OPf_SPECIAL;
	    o->op_private &= ~1;
	}
	else if (type == OP_RV2SV || type == OP_RV2AV || type == OP_RV2HV){
	    o->op_private |= (type == OP_RV2AV ? OPpDEREF_AV
			      : type == OP_RV2HV ? OPpDEREF_HV
			      : OPpDEREF_SV);
	    o->op_flags |= OPf_MOD;
	}

	break;

    case OP_COND_EXPR:
	for (kid = cUNOPo->op_first->op_sibling; kid; kid = kid->op_sibling)
	    doref(kid, type, set_op_ref);
	break;
    case OP_RV2SV:
	if (type == OP_DEFINED)
	    o->op_flags |= OPf_SPECIAL;		/* don't create GV */
	doref(cUNOPo->op_first, o->op_type, set_op_ref);
	/* FALL THROUGH */
    case OP_PADSV:
	if (type == OP_RV2SV || type == OP_RV2AV || type == OP_RV2HV) {
	    o->op_private |= (type == OP_RV2AV ? OPpDEREF_AV
			      : type == OP_RV2HV ? OPpDEREF_HV
			      : OPpDEREF_SV);
	    o->op_flags |= OPf_MOD;
	}
	break;

    case OP_RV2AV:
    case OP_RV2HV:
	if (set_op_ref)
	    o->op_flags |= OPf_REF;
	/* FALL THROUGH */
    case OP_RV2GV:
	if (type == OP_DEFINED)
	    o->op_flags |= OPf_SPECIAL;		/* don't create GV */
	doref(cUNOPo->op_first, o->op_type, set_op_ref);
	break;

    case OP_PADAV:
    case OP_PADHV:
	if (set_op_ref)
	    o->op_flags |= OPf_REF;
	break;

    case OP_SCALAR:
    case OP_NULL:
	if (!(o->op_flags & OPf_KIDS) || type == OP_DEFINED)
	    break;
	doref(cBINOPo->op_first, type, set_op_ref);
	break;
    case OP_AELEM:
    case OP_HELEM:
	doref(cBINOPo->op_first, o->op_type, set_op_ref);
	if (type == OP_RV2SV || type == OP_RV2AV || type == OP_RV2HV) {
	    o->op_private |= (type == OP_RV2AV ? OPpDEREF_AV
			      : type == OP_RV2HV ? OPpDEREF_HV
			      : OPpDEREF_SV);
	    o->op_flags |= OPf_MOD;
	}
	break;

    case OP_SCOPE:
    case OP_LEAVE:
	set_op_ref = FALSE;
	/* FALL THROUGH */
    case OP_ENTER:
    case OP_LIST:
	if (!(o->op_flags & OPf_KIDS))
	    break;
	doref(cLISTOPo->op_last, type, set_op_ref);
	break;
    default:
	break;
    }
    return scalar(o);

}

STATIC OP *
S_dup_attrlist(pTHX_ OP *o)
{
    dVAR;
    OP *rop;

    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_DUP_ATTRLIST;

    /* An attrlist is either a simple OP_CONST or an OP_LIST with kids,
     * where the first kid is OP_PUSHMARK and the remaining ones
     * are OP_CONST.  We need to push the OP_CONST values.
     */
    if (o->op_type == OP_CONST)
	rop = newSVOP(OP_CONST, o->op_flags, SvREFCNT_inc_NN(cSVOPo->op_sv));
#ifdef PERL_MAD
    else if (o->op_type == OP_NULL)
	rop = NULL;
#endif
    else {
	assert((o->op_type == OP_LIST) && (o->op_flags & OPf_KIDS));
	rop = NULL;
	for (o = cLISTOPo->op_first; o; o=o->op_sibling) {
	    if (o->op_type == OP_CONST)
		rop = op_append_elem(OP_LIST, rop,
				  newSVOP(OP_CONST, o->op_flags,
					  SvREFCNT_inc_NN(cSVOPo->op_sv)));
	}
    }
    return rop;
}

STATIC void
S_apply_attrs(pTHX_ HV *stash, SV *target, OP *attrs)
{
    dVAR;
    SV * const stashsv = stash ? newSVhek(HvNAME_HEK(stash)) : &PL_sv_no;

    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_APPLY_ATTRS;

    /* fake up C<use attributes $pkg,$rv,@attrs> */
    ENTER;		/* need to protect against side-effects of 'use' */

#define ATTRSMODULE "attributes"
#define ATTRSMODULE_PM "attributes.pm"

    Perl_load_module(aTHX_ PERL_LOADMOD_IMPORT_OPS,
			 newSVpvs(ATTRSMODULE),
			 NULL,
			 op_prepend_elem(OP_LIST,
				      newSVOP(OP_CONST, 0, stashsv),
				      op_prepend_elem(OP_LIST,
						   newSVOP(OP_CONST, 0,
							   newRV(target)),
						   dup_attrlist(attrs))));
    LEAVE;
}

STATIC void
S_apply_attrs_my(pTHX_ HV *stash, OP *target, OP *attrs, OP **imopsp)
{
    dVAR;
    OP *pack, *imop, *arg;
    SV *meth, *stashsv, **svp;

    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_APPLY_ATTRS_MY;

    if (!attrs)
	return;

    assert(target->op_type == OP_PADSV ||
	   target->op_type == OP_PADHV ||
	   target->op_type == OP_PADAV);

    /* Ensure that attributes.pm is loaded. */
    ENTER;		/* need to protect against side-effects of 'use' */
    /* Don't force the C<use> if we don't need it. */
    svp = hv_fetchs(GvHVn(PL_incgv), ATTRSMODULE_PM, FALSE);
    if (svp && *svp != &PL_sv_undef)
	NOOP;	/* already in %INC */
    else
	Perl_load_module(aTHX_ PERL_LOADMOD_NOIMPORT,
			       newSVpvs(ATTRSMODULE), NULL);
    LEAVE;

    /* Need package name for method call. */
    pack = newSVOP(OP_CONST, 0, newSVpvs(ATTRSMODULE));

    /* Build up the real arg-list. */
    stashsv = stash ? newSVhek(HvNAME_HEK(stash)) : &PL_sv_no;

    arg = newOP(OP_PADSV, 0);
    arg->op_targ = target->op_targ;
    arg = op_prepend_elem(OP_LIST,
		       newSVOP(OP_CONST, 0, stashsv),
		       op_prepend_elem(OP_LIST,
				    newUNOP(OP_REFGEN, 0,
					    op_lvalue(arg, OP_REFGEN)),
				    dup_attrlist(attrs)));

    /* Fake up a method call to import */
    meth = newSVpvs_share("import");
    imop = convert(OP_ENTERSUB, OPf_STACKED|OPf_SPECIAL|OPf_WANT_VOID,
		   op_append_elem(OP_LIST,
			       op_prepend_elem(OP_LIST, pack, list(arg)),
			       newSVOP(OP_METHOD_NAMED, 0, meth)));

    /* Combine the ops. */
    *imopsp = op_append_elem(OP_LIST, *imopsp, imop);
}

/*
=notfor apidoc apply_attrs_string

Attempts to apply a list of attributes specified by the C<attrstr> and
C<len> arguments to the subroutine identified by the C<cv> argument which
is expected to be associated with the package identified by the C<stashpv>
argument (see L<attributes>).  It gets this wrong, though, in that it
does not correctly identify the boundaries of the individual attribute
specifications within C<attrstr>.  This is not really intended for the
public API, but has to be listed here for systems such as AIX which
need an explicit export list for symbols.  (It's called from XS code
in support of the C<ATTRS:> keyword from F<xsubpp>.)  Patches to fix it
to respect attribute syntax properly would be welcome.

=cut
*/

void
Perl_apply_attrs_string(pTHX_ const char *stashpv, CV *cv,
                        const char *attrstr, STRLEN len)
{
    OP *attrs = NULL;

    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_APPLY_ATTRS_STRING;

    if (!len) {
        len = strlen(attrstr);
    }

    while (len) {
        for (; isSPACE(*attrstr) && len; --len, ++attrstr) ;
        if (len) {
            const char * const sstr = attrstr;
            for (; !isSPACE(*attrstr) && len; --len, ++attrstr) ;
            attrs = op_append_elem(OP_LIST, attrs,
                                newSVOP(OP_CONST, 0,
                                        newSVpvn(sstr, attrstr-sstr)));
        }
    }

    Perl_load_module(aTHX_ PERL_LOADMOD_IMPORT_OPS,
		     newSVpvs(ATTRSMODULE),
                     NULL, op_prepend_elem(OP_LIST,
				  newSVOP(OP_CONST, 0, newSVpv(stashpv,0)),
				  op_prepend_elem(OP_LIST,
					       newSVOP(OP_CONST, 0,
						       newRV(MUTABLE_SV(cv))),
                                               attrs)));
}

STATIC OP *
S_my_kid(pTHX_ OP *o, OP *attrs, OP **imopsp)
{
    dVAR;
    I32 type;
    const bool stately = PL_parser && PL_parser->in_my == KEY_state;

    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_MY_KID;

    if (!o || (PL_parser && PL_parser->error_count))
	return o;

    type = o->op_type;
    if (PL_madskills && type == OP_NULL && o->op_flags & OPf_KIDS) {
	(void)my_kid(cUNOPo->op_first, attrs, imopsp);
	return o;
    }

    if (type == OP_LIST) {
        OP *kid;
	for (kid = cLISTOPo->op_first; kid; kid = kid->op_sibling)
	    my_kid(kid, attrs, imopsp);
	return o;
    } else if (type == OP_UNDEF || type == OP_STUB) {
	return o;
    } else if (type == OP_RV2SV ||	/* "our" declaration */
	       type == OP_RV2AV ||
	       type == OP_RV2HV) { /* XXX does this let anything illegal in? */
	if (cUNOPo->op_first->op_type != OP_GV) { /* MJD 20011224 */
	    yyerror(Perl_form(aTHX_ "Can't declare %s in \"%s\"",
			OP_DESC(o),
			PL_parser->in_my == KEY_our
			    ? "our"
			    : PL_parser->in_my == KEY_state ? "state" : "my"));
	} else if (attrs) {
	    GV * const gv = cGVOPx_gv(cUNOPo->op_first);
	    PL_parser->in_my = FALSE;
	    PL_parser->in_my_stash = NULL;
	    apply_attrs(GvSTASH(gv),
			(type == OP_RV2SV ? GvSV(gv) :
			 type == OP_RV2AV ? MUTABLE_SV(GvAV(gv)) :
			 type == OP_RV2HV ? MUTABLE_SV(GvHV(gv)) : MUTABLE_SV(gv)),
			attrs);
	}
	o->op_private |= OPpOUR_INTRO;
	return o;
    }
    else if (type != OP_PADSV &&
	     type != OP_PADAV &&
	     type != OP_PADHV &&
	     type != OP_PUSHMARK)
    {
	yyerror(Perl_form(aTHX_ "Can't declare %s in \"%s\"",
			  OP_DESC(o),
			  PL_parser->in_my == KEY_our
			    ? "our"
			    : PL_parser->in_my == KEY_state ? "state" : "my"));
	return o;
    }
    else if (attrs && type != OP_PUSHMARK) {
	HV *stash;

	PL_parser->in_my = FALSE;
	PL_parser->in_my_stash = NULL;

	/* check for C<my Dog $spot> when deciding package */
	stash = PAD_COMPNAME_TYPE(o->op_targ);
	if (!stash)
	    stash = PL_curstash;
	apply_attrs_my(stash, o, attrs, imopsp);
    }
    o->op_flags |= OPf_MOD;
    o->op_private |= OPpLVAL_INTRO;
    if (stately)
	o->op_private |= OPpPAD_STATE;
    return o;
}

OP *
Perl_my_attrs(pTHX_ OP *o, OP *attrs)
{
    dVAR;
    OP *rops;
    int maybe_scalar = 0;

    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_MY_ATTRS;

/* [perl #17376]: this appears to be premature, and results in code such as
   C< our(%x); > executing in list mode rather than void mode */
#if 0
    if (o->op_flags & OPf_PARENS)
	list(o);
    else
	maybe_scalar = 1;
#else
    maybe_scalar = 1;
#endif
    if (attrs)
	SAVEFREEOP(attrs);
    rops = NULL;
    o = my_kid(o, attrs, &rops);
    if (rops) {
	if (maybe_scalar && o->op_type == OP_PADSV) {
	    o = scalar(op_append_list(OP_LIST, rops, o));
	    o->op_private |= OPpLVAL_INTRO;
	}
	else {
	    /* The listop in rops might have a pushmark at the beginning,
	       which will mess up list assignment. */
	    LISTOP * const lrops = (LISTOP *)rops; /* for brevity */
	    if (rops->op_type == OP_LIST && 
	        lrops->op_first && lrops->op_first->op_type == OP_PUSHMARK)
	    {
		OP * const pushmark = lrops->op_first;
		lrops->op_first = pushmark->op_sibling;
		op_free(pushmark);
	    }
	    o = op_append_list(OP_LIST, o, rops);
	}
    }
    PL_parser->in_my = FALSE;
    PL_parser->in_my_stash = NULL;
    return o;
}

OP *
Perl_sawparens(pTHX_ OP *o)
{
    PERL_UNUSED_CONTEXT;
    if (o)
	o->op_flags |= OPf_PARENS;
    return o;
}

OP *
Perl_bind_match(pTHX_ I32 type, OP *left, OP *right)
{
    OP *o;
    bool ismatchop = 0;
    const OPCODE ltype = left->op_type;
    const OPCODE rtype = right->op_type;

    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_BIND_MATCH;

    if ( (ltype == OP_RV2AV || ltype == OP_RV2HV || ltype == OP_PADAV
	  || ltype == OP_PADHV) && ckWARN(WARN_MISC))
    {
      const char * const desc
	  = PL_op_desc[(
		          rtype == OP_SUBST || rtype == OP_TRANS
		       || rtype == OP_TRANSR
		       )
		       ? (int)rtype : OP_MATCH];
      const bool isary = ltype == OP_RV2AV || ltype == OP_PADAV;
      SV * const name =
	S_op_varname(aTHX_ left);
      if (name)
	Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_MISC),
             "Applying %s to %"SVf" will act on scalar(%"SVf")",
             desc, name, name);
      else {
	const char * const sample = (isary
	     ? "@array" : "%hash");
	Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_MISC),
             "Applying %s to %s will act on scalar(%s)",
             desc, sample, sample);
      }
    }

    if (rtype == OP_CONST &&
	cSVOPx(right)->op_private & OPpCONST_BARE &&
	cSVOPx(right)->op_private & OPpCONST_STRICT)
    {
	no_bareword_allowed(right);
    }

    /* !~ doesn't make sense with /r, so error on it for now */
    if (rtype == OP_SUBST && (cPMOPx(right)->op_pmflags & PMf_NONDESTRUCT) &&
	type == OP_NOT)
	yyerror("Using !~ with s///r doesn't make sense");
    if (rtype == OP_TRANSR && type == OP_NOT)
	yyerror("Using !~ with tr///r doesn't make sense");

    ismatchop = (rtype == OP_MATCH ||
		 rtype == OP_SUBST ||
		 rtype == OP_TRANS || rtype == OP_TRANSR)
	     && !(right->op_flags & OPf_SPECIAL);
    if (ismatchop && right->op_private & OPpTARGET_MY) {
	right->op_targ = 0;
	right->op_private &= ~OPpTARGET_MY;
    }
    if (!(right->op_flags & OPf_STACKED) && ismatchop) {
	OP *newleft;

	right->op_flags |= OPf_STACKED;
	if (rtype != OP_MATCH && rtype != OP_TRANSR &&
            ! (rtype == OP_TRANS &&
               right->op_private & OPpTRANS_IDENTICAL) &&
	    ! (rtype == OP_SUBST &&
	       (cPMOPx(right)->op_pmflags & PMf_NONDESTRUCT)))
	    newleft = op_lvalue(left, rtype);
	else
	    newleft = left;
	if (right->op_type == OP_TRANS || right->op_type == OP_TRANSR)
	    o = newBINOP(OP_NULL, OPf_STACKED, scalar(newleft), right);
	else
	    o = op_prepend_elem(rtype, scalar(newleft), right);
	if (type == OP_NOT)
	    return newUNOP(OP_NOT, 0, scalar(o));
	return o;
    }
    else
	return bind_match(type, left,
		pmruntime(newPMOP(OP_MATCH, 0), right, 0, 0));
}

OP *
Perl_invert(pTHX_ OP *o)
{
    if (!o)
	return NULL;
    return newUNOP(OP_NOT, OPf_SPECIAL, scalar(o));
}

/*
=for apidoc Amx|OP *|op_scope|OP *o

Wraps up an op tree with some additional ops so that at runtime a dynamic
scope will be created.  The original ops run in the new dynamic scope,
and then, provided that they exit normally, the scope will be unwound.
The additional ops used to create and unwind the dynamic scope will
normally be an C<enter>/C<leave> pair, but a C<scope> op may be used
instead if the ops are simple enough to not need the full dynamic scope
structure.

=cut
*/

OP *
Perl_op_scope(pTHX_ OP *o)
{
    dVAR;
    if (o) {
	if (o->op_flags & OPf_PARENS || PERLDB_NOOPT || TAINTING_get) {
	    o = op_prepend_elem(OP_LINESEQ, newOP(OP_ENTER, 0), o);
	    o->op_type = OP_LEAVE;
	    o->op_ppaddr = PL_ppaddr[OP_LEAVE];
	}
	else if (o->op_type == OP_LINESEQ) {
	    OP *kid;
	    o->op_type = OP_SCOPE;
	    o->op_ppaddr = PL_ppaddr[OP_SCOPE];
	    kid = ((LISTOP*)o)->op_first;
	    if (kid->op_type == OP_NEXTSTATE || kid->op_type == OP_DBSTATE) {
		op_null(kid);

		/* The following deals with things like 'do {1 for 1}' */
		kid = kid->op_sibling;
		if (kid &&
		    (kid->op_type == OP_NEXTSTATE || kid->op_type == OP_DBSTATE))
		    op_null(kid);
	    }
	}
	else
	    o = newLISTOP(OP_SCOPE, 0, o, NULL);
    }
    return o;
}

OP *
Perl_op_unscope(pTHX_ OP *o)
{
    if (o && o->op_type == OP_LINESEQ) {
	OP *kid = cLISTOPo->op_first;
	for(; kid; kid = kid->op_sibling)
	    if (kid->op_type == OP_NEXTSTATE || kid->op_type == OP_DBSTATE)
		op_null(kid);
    }
    return o;
}

int
Perl_block_start(pTHX_ int full)
{
    dVAR;
    const int retval = PL_savestack_ix;

    pad_block_start(full);
    SAVEHINTS();
    PL_hints &= ~HINT_BLOCK_SCOPE;
    SAVECOMPILEWARNINGS();
    PL_compiling.cop_warnings = DUP_WARNINGS(PL_compiling.cop_warnings);

    CALL_BLOCK_HOOKS(bhk_start, full);

    return retval;
}

OP*
Perl_block_end(pTHX_ I32 floor, OP *seq)
{
    dVAR;
    const int needblockscope = PL_hints & HINT_BLOCK_SCOPE;
    OP* retval = scalarseq(seq);
    OP *o;

    CALL_BLOCK_HOOKS(bhk_pre_end, &retval);

    LEAVE_SCOPE(floor);
    if (needblockscope)
	PL_hints |= HINT_BLOCK_SCOPE; /* propagate out */
    o = pad_leavemy();

    if (o) {
	/* pad_leavemy has created a sequence of introcv ops for all my
	   subs declared in the block.  We have to replicate that list with
	   clonecv ops, to deal with this situation:

	       sub {
		   my sub s1;
		   my sub s2;
		   sub s1 { state sub foo { \&s2 } }
	       }->()

	   Originally, I was going to have introcv clone the CV and turn
	   off the stale flag.  Since &s1 is declared before &s2, the
	   introcv op for &s1 is executed (on sub entry) before the one for
	   &s2.  But the &foo sub inside &s1 (which is cloned when &s1 is
	   cloned, since it is a state sub) closes over &s2 and expects
	   to see it in its outer CV’s pad.  If the introcv op clones &s1,
	   then &s2 is still marked stale.  Since &s1 is not active, and
	   &foo closes over &s1’s implicit entry for &s2, we get a ‘Varia-
	   ble will not stay shared’ warning.  Because it is the same stub
	   that will be used when the introcv op for &s2 is executed, clos-
	   ing over it is safe.  Hence, we have to turn off the stale flag
	   on all lexical subs in the block before we clone any of them.
	   Hence, having introcv clone the sub cannot work.  So we create a
	   list of ops like this:

	       lineseq
		  |
		  +-- introcv
		  |
		  +-- introcv
		  |
		  +-- introcv
		  |
		  .
		  .
		  .
		  |
		  +-- clonecv
		  |
		  +-- clonecv
		  |
		  +-- clonecv
		  |
		  .
		  .
		  .
	 */
	OP *kid = o->op_flags & OPf_KIDS ? cLISTOPo->op_first : o;
	OP * const last = o->op_flags & OPf_KIDS ? cLISTOPo->op_last : o;
	for (;; kid = kid->op_sibling) {
	    OP *newkid = newOP(OP_CLONECV, 0);
	    newkid->op_targ = kid->op_targ;
	    o = op_append_elem(OP_LINESEQ, o, newkid);
	    if (kid == last) break;
	}
	retval = op_prepend_elem(OP_LINESEQ, o, retval);
    }

    CALL_BLOCK_HOOKS(bhk_post_end, &retval);

    return retval;
}

/*
=head1 Compile-time scope hooks

=for apidoc Aox||blockhook_register

Register a set of hooks to be called when the Perl lexical scope changes
at compile time. See L<perlguts/"Compile-time scope hooks">.

=cut
*/

void
Perl_blockhook_register(pTHX_ BHK *hk)
{
    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_BLOCKHOOK_REGISTER;

    Perl_av_create_and_push(aTHX_ &PL_blockhooks, newSViv(PTR2IV(hk)));
}

STATIC OP *
S_newDEFSVOP(pTHX)
{
    dVAR;
    const PADOFFSET offset = pad_findmy_pvs("$_", 0);
    if (offset == NOT_IN_PAD || PAD_COMPNAME_FLAGS_isOUR(offset)) {
	return newSVREF(newGVOP(OP_GV, 0, PL_defgv));
    }
    else {
	OP * const o = newOP(OP_PADSV, 0);
	o->op_targ = offset;
	return o;
    }
}

void
Perl_newPROG(pTHX_ OP *o)
{
    dVAR;

    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_NEWPROG;

    if (PL_in_eval) {
	PERL_CONTEXT *cx;
	I32 i;
	if (PL_eval_root)
		return;
	PL_eval_root = newUNOP(OP_LEAVEEVAL,
			       ((PL_in_eval & EVAL_KEEPERR)
				? OPf_SPECIAL : 0), o);

	cx = &cxstack[cxstack_ix];
	assert(CxTYPE(cx) == CXt_EVAL);

	if ((cx->blk_gimme & G_WANT) == G_VOID)
	    scalarvoid(PL_eval_root);
	else if ((cx->blk_gimme & G_WANT) == G_ARRAY)
	    list(PL_eval_root);
	else
	    scalar(PL_eval_root);

	PL_eval_start = op_linklist(PL_eval_root);
	PL_eval_root->op_private |= OPpREFCOUNTED;
	OpREFCNT_set(PL_eval_root, 1);
	PL_eval_root->op_next = 0;
	i = PL_savestack_ix;
	SAVEFREEOP(o);
	ENTER;
	CALL_PEEP(PL_eval_start);
	finalize_optree(PL_eval_root);
	LEAVE;
	PL_savestack_ix = i;
    }
    else {
	if (o->op_type == OP_STUB) {
            /* This block is entered if nothing is compiled for the main
               program. This will be the case for an genuinely empty main
               program, or one which only has BEGIN blocks etc, so already
               run and freed.

               Historically (5.000) the guard above was !o. However, commit
               f8a08f7b8bd67b28 (Jun 2001), integrated to blead as
               c71fccf11fde0068, changed perly.y so that newPROG() is now
               called with the output of block_end(), which returns a new
               OP_STUB for the case of an empty optree. ByteLoader (and
               maybe other things) also take this path, because they set up
               PL_main_start and PL_main_root directly, without generating an
               optree.

               If the parsing the main program aborts (due to parse errors,
               or due to BEGIN or similar calling exit), then newPROG()
               isn't even called, and hence this code path and its cleanups
               are skipped. This shouldn't make a make a difference:
               * a non-zero return from perl_parse is a failure, and
                 perl_destruct() should be called immediately.
               * however, if exit(0) is called during the parse, then
                 perl_parse() returns 0, and perl_run() is called. As
                 PL_main_start will be NULL, perl_run() will return
                 promptly, and the exit code will remain 0.
            */

	    PL_comppad_name = 0;
	    PL_compcv = 0;
	    S_op_destroy(aTHX_ o);
	    return;
	}
	PL_main_root = op_scope(sawparens(scalarvoid(o)));
	PL_curcop = &PL_compiling;
	PL_main_start = LINKLIST(PL_main_root);
	PL_main_root->op_private |= OPpREFCOUNTED;
	OpREFCNT_set(PL_main_root, 1);
	PL_main_root->op_next = 0;
	CALL_PEEP(PL_main_start);
	finalize_optree(PL_main_root);
	cv_forget_slab(PL_compcv);
	PL_compcv = 0;

	/* Register with debugger */
	if (PERLDB_INTER) {
	    CV * const cv = get_cvs("DB::postponed", 0);
	    if (cv) {
		dSP;
		PUSHMARK(SP);
		XPUSHs(MUTABLE_SV(CopFILEGV(&PL_compiling)));
		PUTBACK;
		call_sv(MUTABLE_SV(cv), G_DISCARD);
	    }
	}
    }
}

OP *
Perl_localize(pTHX_ OP *o, I32 lex)
{
    dVAR;

    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_LOCALIZE;

    if (o->op_flags & OPf_PARENS)
/* [perl #17376]: this appears to be premature, and results in code such as
   C< our(%x); > executing in list mode rather than void mode */
#if 0
	list(o);
#else
	NOOP;
#endif
    else {
	if ( PL_parser->bufptr > PL_parser->oldbufptr
	    && PL_parser->bufptr[-1] == ','
	    && ckWARN(WARN_PARENTHESIS))
	{
	    char *s = PL_parser->bufptr;
	    bool sigil = FALSE;

	    /* some heuristics to detect a potential error */
	    while (*s && (strchr(", \t\n", *s)))
		s++;

	    while (1) {
		if (*s && strchr("@$%*", *s) && *++s
		       && (isWORDCHAR(*s) || UTF8_IS_CONTINUED(*s))) {
		    s++;
		    sigil = TRUE;
		    while (*s && (isWORDCHAR(*s) || UTF8_IS_CONTINUED(*s)))
			s++;
		    while (*s && (strchr(", \t\n", *s)))
			s++;
		}
		else
		    break;
	    }
	    if (sigil && (*s == ';' || *s == '=')) {
		Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_PARENTHESIS),
				"Parentheses missing around \"%s\" list",
				lex
				    ? (PL_parser->in_my == KEY_our
					? "our"
					: PL_parser->in_my == KEY_state
					    ? "state"
					    : "my")
				    : "local");
	    }
	}
    }
    if (lex)
	o = my(o);
    else
	o = op_lvalue(o, OP_NULL);		/* a bit kludgey */
    PL_parser->in_my = FALSE;
    PL_parser->in_my_stash = NULL;
    return o;
}

OP *
Perl_jmaybe(pTHX_ OP *o)
{
    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_JMAYBE;

    if (o->op_type == OP_LIST) {
	OP * const o2
	    = newSVREF(newGVOP(OP_GV, 0, gv_fetchpvs(";", GV_ADD|GV_NOTQUAL, SVt_PV)));
	o = convert(OP_JOIN, 0, op_prepend_elem(OP_LIST, o2, o));
    }
    return o;
}

PERL_STATIC_INLINE OP *
S_op_std_init(pTHX_ OP *o)
{
    I32 type = o->op_type;

    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_OP_STD_INIT;

    if (PL_opargs[type] & OA_RETSCALAR)
	scalar(o);
    if (PL_opargs[type] & OA_TARGET && !o->op_targ)
	o->op_targ = pad_alloc(type, SVs_PADTMP);

    return o;
}

PERL_STATIC_INLINE OP *
S_op_integerize(pTHX_ OP *o)
{
    I32 type = o->op_type;

    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_OP_INTEGERIZE;

    /* integerize op. */
    if ((PL_opargs[type] & OA_OTHERINT) && (PL_hints & HINT_INTEGER))
    {
	dVAR;
	o->op_ppaddr = PL_ppaddr[type = ++(o->op_type)];
    }

    if (type == OP_NEGATE)
	/* XXX might want a ck_negate() for this */
	cUNOPo->op_first->op_private &= ~OPpCONST_STRICT;

    return o;
}

static OP *
S_fold_constants(pTHX_ OP *o)
{
    dVAR;
    OP * VOL curop;
    OP *newop;
    VOL I32 type = o->op_type;
    SV * VOL sv = NULL;
    int ret = 0;
    I32 oldscope;
    OP *old_next;
    SV * const oldwarnhook = PL_warnhook;
    SV * const olddiehook  = PL_diehook;
    COP not_compiling;
    dJMPENV;

    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_FOLD_CONSTANTS;

    if (!(PL_opargs[type] & OA_FOLDCONST))
	goto nope;

    switch (type) {
    case OP_UCFIRST:
    case OP_LCFIRST:
    case OP_UC:
    case OP_LC:
    case OP_FC:
    case OP_SLT:
    case OP_SGT:
    case OP_SLE:
    case OP_SGE:
    case OP_SCMP:
    case OP_SPRINTF:
	/* XXX what about the numeric ops? */
	if (IN_LOCALE_COMPILETIME)
	    goto nope;
	break;
    case OP_PACK:
	if (!cLISTOPo->op_first->op_sibling
	  || cLISTOPo->op_first->op_sibling->op_type != OP_CONST)
	    goto nope;
	{
	    SV * const sv = cSVOPx_sv(cLISTOPo->op_first->op_sibling);
	    if (!SvPOK(sv) || SvGMAGICAL(sv)) goto nope;
	    {
		const char *s = SvPVX_const(sv);
		while (s < SvEND(sv)) {
		    if (*s == 'p' || *s == 'P') goto nope;
		    s++;
		}
	    }
	}
	break;
    case OP_REPEAT:
	if (o->op_private & OPpREPEAT_DOLIST) goto nope;
    }

    if (PL_parser && PL_parser->error_count)
	goto nope;		/* Don't try to run w/ errors */

    for (curop = LINKLIST(o); curop != o; curop = LINKLIST(curop)) {
	const OPCODE type = curop->op_type;
	if ((type != OP_CONST || (curop->op_private & OPpCONST_BARE)) &&
	    type != OP_LIST &&
	    type != OP_SCALAR &&
	    type != OP_NULL &&
	    type != OP_PUSHMARK)
	{
	    goto nope;
	}
    }

    curop = LINKLIST(o);
    old_next = o->op_next;
    o->op_next = 0;
    PL_op = curop;

    oldscope = PL_scopestack_ix;
    create_eval_scope(G_FAKINGEVAL);

    /* Verify that we don't need to save it:  */
    assert(PL_curcop == &PL_compiling);
    StructCopy(&PL_compiling, &not_compiling, COP);
    PL_curcop = &not_compiling;
    /* The above ensures that we run with all the correct hints of the
       currently compiling COP, but that IN_PERL_RUNTIME is not true. */
    assert(IN_PERL_RUNTIME);
    PL_warnhook = PERL_WARNHOOK_FATAL;
    PL_diehook  = NULL;
    JMPENV_PUSH(ret);

    switch (ret) {
    case 0:
	CALLRUNOPS(aTHX);
	sv = *(PL_stack_sp--);
	if (o->op_targ && sv == PAD_SV(o->op_targ)) {	/* grab pad temp? */
#ifdef PERL_MAD
	    /* Can't simply swipe the SV from the pad, because that relies on
	       the op being freed "real soon now". Under MAD, this doesn't
	       happen (see the #ifdef below).  */
	    sv = newSVsv(sv);
#else
	    pad_swipe(o->op_targ,  FALSE);
#endif
	}
	else if (SvTEMP(sv)) {			/* grab mortal temp? */
	    SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void(sv);
	    SvTEMP_off(sv);
	}
	else { assert(SvIMMORTAL(sv)); }
	break;
    case 3:
	/* Something tried to die.  Abandon constant folding.  */
	/* Pretend the error never happened.  */
	CLEAR_ERRSV();
	o->op_next = old_next;
	break;
    default:
	JMPENV_POP;
	/* Don't expect 1 (setjmp failed) or 2 (something called my_exit)  */
	PL_warnhook = oldwarnhook;
	PL_diehook  = olddiehook;
	/* XXX note that this croak may fail as we've already blown away
	 * the stack - eg any nested evals */
	Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: fold_constants JMPENV_PUSH returned %d", ret);
    }
    JMPENV_POP;
    PL_warnhook = oldwarnhook;
    PL_diehook  = olddiehook;
    PL_curcop = &PL_compiling;

    if (PL_scopestack_ix > oldscope)
	delete_eval_scope();

    if (ret)
	goto nope;

#ifndef PERL_MAD
    op_free(o);
#endif
    assert(sv);
    if (type == OP_STRINGIFY) SvPADTMP_off(sv);
    else if (!SvIMMORTAL(sv)) SvPADTMP_on(sv);
    if (type == OP_RV2GV)
	newop = newGVOP(OP_GV, 0, MUTABLE_GV(sv));
    else
    {
	newop = newSVOP(OP_CONST, OPpCONST_FOLDED<<8, MUTABLE_SV(sv));
	newop->op_folded = 1;
    }
    op_getmad(o,newop,'f');
    return newop;

 nope:
    return o;
}

static OP *
S_gen_constant_list(pTHX_ OP *o)
{
    dVAR;
    OP *curop;
    const SSize_t oldtmps_floor = PL_tmps_floor;
    SV **svp;
    AV *av;

    list(o);
    if (PL_parser && PL_parser->error_count)
	return o;		/* Don't attempt to run with errors */

    PL_op = curop = LINKLIST(o);
    o->op_next = 0;
    CALL_PEEP(curop);
    Perl_pp_pushmark(aTHX);
    CALLRUNOPS(aTHX);
    PL_op = curop;
    assert (!(curop->op_flags & OPf_SPECIAL));
    assert(curop->op_type == OP_RANGE);
    Perl_pp_anonlist(aTHX);
    PL_tmps_floor = oldtmps_floor;

    o->op_type = OP_RV2AV;
    o->op_ppaddr = PL_ppaddr[OP_RV2AV];
    o->op_flags &= ~OPf_REF;	/* treat \(1..2) like an ordinary list */
    o->op_flags |= OPf_PARENS;	/* and flatten \(1..2,3) */
    o->op_opt = 0;		/* needs to be revisited in rpeep() */
    curop = ((UNOP*)o)->op_first;
    av = (AV *)SvREFCNT_inc_NN(*PL_stack_sp--);
    ((UNOP*)o)->op_first = newSVOP(OP_CONST, 0, (SV *)av);
    if (AvFILLp(av) != -1)
	for (svp = AvARRAY(av) + AvFILLp(av); svp >= AvARRAY(av); --svp)
	    SvPADTMP_on(*svp);
#ifdef PERL_MAD
    op_getmad(curop,o,'O');
#else
    op_free(curop);
#endif
    LINKLIST(o);
    return list(o);
}

OP *
Perl_convert(pTHX_ I32 type, I32 flags, OP *o)
{
    dVAR;
    if (type < 0) type = -type, flags |= OPf_SPECIAL;
    if (!o || o->op_type != OP_LIST)
	o = newLISTOP(OP_LIST, 0, o, NULL);
    else
	o->op_flags &= ~OPf_WANT;

    if (!(PL_opargs[type] & OA_MARK))
	op_null(cLISTOPo->op_first);
    else {
	OP * const kid2 = cLISTOPo->op_first->op_sibling;
	if (kid2 && kid2->op_type == OP_COREARGS) {
	    op_null(cLISTOPo->op_first);
	    kid2->op_private |= OPpCOREARGS_PUSHMARK;
	}
    }	

    o->op_type = (OPCODE)type;
    o->op_ppaddr = PL_ppaddr[type];
    o->op_flags |= flags;

    o = CHECKOP(type, o);
    if (o->op_type != (unsigned)type)
	return o;

    return fold_constants(op_integerize(op_std_init(o)));
}

/*
=head1 Optree Manipulation Functions
*/

/* List constructors */

/*
=for apidoc Am|OP *|op_append_elem|I32 optype|OP *first|OP *last

Append an item to the list of ops contained directly within a list-type
op, returning the lengthened list.  I<first> is the list-type op,
and I<last> is the op to append to the list.  I<optype> specifies the
intended opcode for the list.  If I<first> is not already a list of the
right type, it will be upgraded into one.  If either I<first> or I<last>
is null, the other is returned unchanged.

=cut
*/

OP *
Perl_op_append_elem(pTHX_ I32 type, OP *first, OP *last)
{
    if (!first)
	return last;

    if (!last)
	return first;

    if (first->op_type != (unsigned)type
	|| (type == OP_LIST && (first->op_flags & OPf_PARENS)))
    {
	return newLISTOP(type, 0, first, last);
    }

    if (first->op_flags & OPf_KIDS)
	((LISTOP*)first)->op_last->op_sibling = last;
    else {
	first->op_flags |= OPf_KIDS;
	((LISTOP*)first)->op_first = last;
    }
    ((LISTOP*)first)->op_last = last;
    return first;
}

/*
=for apidoc Am|OP *|op_append_list|I32 optype|OP *first|OP *last

Concatenate the lists of ops contained directly within two list-type ops,
returning the combined list.  I<first> and I<last> are the list-type ops
to concatenate.  I<optype> specifies the intended opcode for the list.
If either I<first> or I<last> is not already a list of the right type,
it will be upgraded into one.  If either I<first> or I<last> is null,
the other is returned unchanged.

=cut
*/

OP *
Perl_op_append_list(pTHX_ I32 type, OP *first, OP *last)
{
    if (!first)
	return last;

    if (!last)
	return first;

    if (first->op_type != (unsigned)type)
	return op_prepend_elem(type, first, last);

    if (last->op_type != (unsigned)type)
	return op_append_elem(type, first, last);

    ((LISTOP*)first)->op_last->op_sibling = ((LISTOP*)last)->op_first;
    ((LISTOP*)first)->op_last = ((LISTOP*)last)->op_last;
    first->op_flags |= (last->op_flags & OPf_KIDS);

#ifdef PERL_MAD
    if (((LISTOP*)last)->op_first && first->op_madprop) {
	MADPROP *mp = ((LISTOP*)last)->op_first->op_madprop;
	if (mp) {
	    while (mp->mad_next)
		mp = mp->mad_next;
	    mp->mad_next = first->op_madprop;
	}
	else {
	    ((LISTOP*)last)->op_first->op_madprop = first->op_madprop;
	}
    }
    first->op_madprop = last->op_madprop;
    last->op_madprop = 0;
#endif

    S_op_destroy(aTHX_ last);

    return first;
}

/*
=for apidoc Am|OP *|op_prepend_elem|I32 optype|OP *first|OP *last

Prepend an item to the list of ops contained directly within a list-type
op, returning the lengthened list.  I<first> is the op to prepend to the
list, and I<last> is the list-type op.  I<optype> specifies the intended
opcode for the list.  If I<last> is not already a list of the right type,
it will be upgraded into one.  If either I<first> or I<last> is null,
the other is returned unchanged.

=cut
*/

OP *
Perl_op_prepend_elem(pTHX_ I32 type, OP *first, OP *last)
{
    if (!first)
	return last;

    if (!last)
	return first;

    if (last->op_type == (unsigned)type) {
	if (type == OP_LIST) {	/* already a PUSHMARK there */
	    first->op_sibling = ((LISTOP*)last)->op_first->op_sibling;
	    ((LISTOP*)last)->op_first->op_sibling = first;
            if (!(first->op_flags & OPf_PARENS))
                last->op_flags &= ~OPf_PARENS;
	}
	else {
	    if (!(last->op_flags & OPf_KIDS)) {
		((LISTOP*)last)->op_last = first;
		last->op_flags |= OPf_KIDS;
	    }
	    first->op_sibling = ((LISTOP*)last)->op_first;
	    ((LISTOP*)last)->op_first = first;
	}