Commit | Line | Data |
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49781f4a AB |
1 | =encoding utf8 |
2 | ||
d396a558 JH |
3 | =head1 NAME |
4 | ||
5 | perlebcdic - Considerations for running Perl on EBCDIC platforms | |
6 | ||
7 | =head1 DESCRIPTION | |
8 | ||
9 | An exploration of some of the issues facing Perl programmers | |
eaf8b9b9 | 10 | on EBCDIC based computers. We do not cover localization, |
8a50e6a3 | 11 | internationalization, or multi-byte character set issues other |
395f5a0c | 12 | than some discussion of UTF-8 and UTF-EBCDIC. |
d396a558 JH |
13 | |
14 | Portions that are still incomplete are marked with XXX. | |
15 | ||
e1b711da KW |
16 | Perl used to work on EBCDIC machines, but there are now areas of the code where |
17 | it doesn't. If you want to use Perl on an EBCDIC machine, please let us know | |
18 | by sending mail to perlbug@perl.org | |
19 | ||
d396a558 JH |
20 | =head1 COMMON CHARACTER CODE SETS |
21 | ||
22 | =head2 ASCII | |
23 | ||
2bbc8d55 SP |
24 | The American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII or US-ASCII) is a |
25 | set of | |
eaf8b9b9 KW |
26 | integers running from 0 to 127 (decimal) that imply character |
27 | interpretation by the display and other systems of computers. | |
28 | The range 0..127 can be covered by setting the bits in a 7-bit binary | |
29 | digit, hence the set is sometimes referred to as "7-bit ASCII". | |
30 | ASCII was described by the American National Standards Institute | |
31 | document ANSI X3.4-1986. It was also described by ISO 646:1991 | |
32 | (with localization for currency symbols). The full ASCII set is | |
33 | given in the table below as the first 128 elements. Languages that | |
34 | can be written adequately with the characters in ASCII include | |
35 | English, Hawaiian, Indonesian, Swahili and some Native American | |
d396a558 JH |
36 | languages. |
37 | ||
51b5cecb PP |
38 | There are many character sets that extend the range of integers |
39 | from 0..2**7-1 up to 2**8-1, or 8 bit bytes (octets if you prefer). | |
40 | One common one is the ISO 8859-1 character set. | |
41 | ||
d396a558 JH |
42 | =head2 ISO 8859 |
43 | ||
eaf8b9b9 | 44 | The ISO 8859-$n are a collection of character code sets from the |
5d9fe53c | 45 | International Organization for Standardization (ISO), each of which |
eaf8b9b9 | 46 | adds characters to the ASCII set that are typically found in European |
5d9fe53c | 47 | languages, many of which are based on the Roman, or Latin, alphabet. |
d396a558 JH |
48 | |
49 | =head2 Latin 1 (ISO 8859-1) | |
50 | ||
eaf8b9b9 KW |
51 | A particular 8-bit extension to ASCII that includes grave and acute |
52 | accented Latin characters. Languages that can employ ISO 8859-1 | |
53 | include all the languages covered by ASCII as well as Afrikaans, | |
54 | Albanian, Basque, Catalan, Danish, Faroese, Finnish, Norwegian, | |
55 | Portuguese, Spanish, and Swedish. Dutch is covered albeit without | |
56 | the ij ligature. French is covered too but without the oe ligature. | |
d396a558 | 57 | German can use ISO 8859-1 but must do so without German-style |
eaf8b9b9 | 58 | quotation marks. This set is based on Western European extensions |
d396a558 JH |
59 | to ASCII and is commonly encountered in world wide web work. |
60 | In IBM character code set identification terminology ISO 8859-1 is | |
51b5cecb | 61 | also known as CCSID 819 (or sometimes 0819 or even 00819). |
d396a558 JH |
62 | |
63 | =head2 EBCDIC | |
64 | ||
eaf8b9b9 | 65 | The Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code refers to a |
8a50e6a3 | 66 | large collection of single- and multi-byte coded character sets that are |
e1b711da KW |
67 | different from ASCII or ISO 8859-1 and are all slightly different from each |
68 | other; they typically run on host computers. The EBCDIC encodings derive from | |
8a50e6a3 | 69 | 8-bit byte extensions of Hollerith punched card encodings. The layout on the |
e1b711da KW |
70 | cards was such that high bits were set for the upper and lower case alphabet |
71 | characters [a-z] and [A-Z], but there were gaps within each Latin alphabet | |
72 | range. | |
d396a558 | 73 | |
eaf8b9b9 | 74 | Some IBM EBCDIC character sets may be known by character code set |
2c09a866 | 75 | identification numbers (CCSID numbers) or code page numbers. |
51b5cecb | 76 | |
2bbc8d55 SP |
77 | Perl can be compiled on platforms that run any of three commonly used EBCDIC |
78 | character sets, listed below. | |
79 | ||
d5924ca6 | 80 | =head3 The 13 variant characters |
1e054b24 | 81 | |
51b5cecb PP |
82 | Among IBM EBCDIC character code sets there are 13 characters that |
83 | are often mapped to different integer values. Those characters | |
84 | are known as the 13 "variant" characters and are: | |
d396a558 | 85 | |
eaf8b9b9 | 86 | \ [ ] { } ^ ~ ! # | $ @ ` |
d396a558 | 87 | |
2bbc8d55 SP |
88 | When Perl is compiled for a platform, it looks at some of these characters to |
89 | guess which EBCDIC character set the platform uses, and adapts itself | |
90 | accordingly to that platform. If the platform uses a character set that is not | |
91 | one of the three Perl knows about, Perl will either fail to compile, or | |
92 | mistakenly and silently choose one of the three. | |
93 | They are: | |
94 | ||
d5924ca6 KW |
95 | =over |
96 | ||
97 | =item B<0037> | |
d396a558 | 98 | |
eaf8b9b9 KW |
99 | Character code set ID 0037 is a mapping of the ASCII plus Latin-1 |
100 | characters (i.e. ISO 8859-1) to an EBCDIC set. 0037 is used | |
101 | in North American English locales on the OS/400 operating system | |
102 | that runs on AS/400 computers. CCSID 0037 differs from ISO 8859-1 | |
51b5cecb | 103 | in 237 places, in other words they agree on only 19 code point values. |
d396a558 | 104 | |
d5924ca6 | 105 | =item B<1047> |
d396a558 | 106 | |
eaf8b9b9 KW |
107 | Character code set ID 1047 is also a mapping of the ASCII plus |
108 | Latin-1 characters (i.e. ISO 8859-1) to an EBCDIC set. 1047 is | |
109 | used under Unix System Services for OS/390 or z/OS, and OpenEdition | |
395f5a0c | 110 | for VM/ESA. CCSID 1047 differs from CCSID 0037 in eight places. |
d396a558 | 111 | |
d5924ca6 | 112 | =item B<POSIX-BC> |
d396a558 JH |
113 | |
114 | The EBCDIC code page in use on Siemens' BS2000 system is distinct from | |
115 | 1047 and 0037. It is identified below as the POSIX-BC set. | |
116 | ||
d5924ca6 KW |
117 | =back |
118 | ||
64c66fb6 JH |
119 | =head2 Unicode code points versus EBCDIC code points |
120 | ||
121 | In Unicode terminology a I<code point> is the number assigned to a | |
122 | character: for example, in EBCDIC the character "A" is usually assigned | |
123 | the number 193. In Unicode the character "A" is assigned the number 65. | |
124 | This causes a problem with the semantics of the pack/unpack "U", which | |
125 | are supposed to pack Unicode code points to characters and back to numbers. | |
126 | The problem is: which code points to use for code points less than 256? | |
127 | (for 256 and over there's no problem: Unicode code points are used) | |
128 | In EBCDIC, for the low 256 the EBCDIC code points are used. This | |
129 | means that the equivalences | |
130 | ||
c72e675e KW |
131 | pack("U", ord($character)) eq $character |
132 | unpack("U", $character) == ord $character | |
64c66fb6 JH |
133 | |
134 | will hold. (If Unicode code points were applied consistently over | |
135 | all the possible code points, pack("U",ord("A")) would in EBCDIC | |
136 | equal I<A with acute> or chr(101), and unpack("U", "A") would equal | |
137 | 65, or I<non-breaking space>, not 193, or ord "A".) | |
138 | ||
dc4af4bb JH |
139 | =head2 Remaining Perl Unicode problems in EBCDIC |
140 | ||
141 | =over 4 | |
142 | ||
143 | =item * | |
144 | ||
2bbc8d55 | 145 | Many of the remaining problems seem to be related to case-insensitive matching |
dc4af4bb JH |
146 | |
147 | =item * | |
148 | ||
149 | The extensions Unicode::Collate and Unicode::Normalized are not | |
150 | supported under EBCDIC, likewise for the encoding pragma. | |
151 | ||
152 | =back | |
153 | ||
395f5a0c PK |
154 | =head2 Unicode and UTF |
155 | ||
2bbc8d55 SP |
156 | UTF stands for C<Unicode Transformation Format>. |
157 | UTF-8 is an encoding of Unicode into a sequence of 8-bit byte chunks, based on | |
158 | ASCII and Latin-1. | |
159 | The length of a sequence required to represent a Unicode code point | |
160 | depends on the ordinal number of that code point, | |
161 | with larger numbers requiring more bytes. | |
162 | UTF-EBCDIC is like UTF-8, but based on EBCDIC. | |
163 | ||
fe749c9a KW |
164 | You may see the term C<invariant> character or code point. |
165 | This simply means that the character has the same numeric | |
166 | value when encoded as when not. | |
42bde815 | 167 | (Note that this is a very different concept from L</The 13 variant characters> |
2bbc8d55 | 168 | mentioned above.) |
fe749c9a KW |
169 | For example, the ordinal value of 'A' is 193 in most EBCDIC code pages, |
170 | and also is 193 when encoded in UTF-EBCDIC. | |
e1b711da | 171 | All variant code points occupy at least two bytes when encoded. |
fe749c9a KW |
172 | In UTF-8, the code points corresponding to the lowest 128 |
173 | ordinal numbers (0 - 127: the ASCII characters) are invariant. | |
174 | In UTF-EBCDIC, there are 160 invariant characters. | |
2bbc8d55 | 175 | (If you care, the EBCDIC invariants are those characters |
fe749c9a | 176 | which have ASCII equivalents, plus those that correspond to |
2bbc8d55 | 177 | the C1 controls (80..9f on ASCII platforms).) |
fe749c9a | 178 | |
2bbc8d55 SP |
179 | A string encoded in UTF-EBCDIC may be longer (but never shorter) than |
180 | one encoded in UTF-8. | |
395f5a0c | 181 | |
8704cfd1 | 182 | =head2 Using Encode |
8f94de01 JH |
183 | |
184 | Starting from Perl 5.8 you can use the standard new module Encode | |
2bbc8d55 SP |
185 | to translate from EBCDIC to Latin-1 code points. |
186 | Encode knows about more EBCDIC character sets than Perl can currently | |
187 | be compiled to run on. | |
8f94de01 | 188 | |
c72e675e | 189 | use Encode 'from_to'; |
8f94de01 | 190 | |
c72e675e | 191 | my %ebcdic = ( 176 => 'cp37', 95 => 'cp1047', 106 => 'posix-bc' ); |
8f94de01 | 192 | |
c72e675e KW |
193 | # $a is in EBCDIC code points |
194 | from_to($a, $ebcdic{ord '^'}, 'latin1'); | |
195 | # $a is ISO 8859-1 code points | |
8f94de01 JH |
196 | |
197 | and from Latin-1 code points to EBCDIC code points | |
198 | ||
c72e675e | 199 | use Encode 'from_to'; |
8f94de01 | 200 | |
c72e675e | 201 | my %ebcdic = ( 176 => 'cp37', 95 => 'cp1047', 106 => 'posix-bc' ); |
8f94de01 | 202 | |
c72e675e KW |
203 | # $a is ISO 8859-1 code points |
204 | from_to($a, 'latin1', $ebcdic{ord '^'}); | |
205 | # $a is in EBCDIC code points | |
8f94de01 JH |
206 | |
207 | For doing I/O it is suggested that you use the autotranslating features | |
208 | of PerlIO, see L<perluniintro>. | |
209 | ||
aa2b82fc JH |
210 | Since version 5.8 Perl uses the new PerlIO I/O library. This enables |
211 | you to use different encodings per IO channel. For example you may use | |
212 | ||
213 | use Encode; | |
214 | open($f, ">:encoding(ascii)", "test.ascii"); | |
215 | print $f "Hello World!\n"; | |
216 | open($f, ">:encoding(cp37)", "test.ebcdic"); | |
217 | print $f "Hello World!\n"; | |
218 | open($f, ">:encoding(latin1)", "test.latin1"); | |
219 | print $f "Hello World!\n"; | |
220 | open($f, ">:encoding(utf8)", "test.utf8"); | |
221 | print $f "Hello World!\n"; | |
222 | ||
2c09a866 | 223 | to get four files containing "Hello World!\n" in ASCII, CP 0037 EBCDIC, |
2bbc8d55 | 224 | ISO 8859-1 (Latin-1) (in this example identical to ASCII since only ASCII |
eaf8b9b9 | 225 | characters were printed), and |
2bbc8d55 SP |
226 | UTF-EBCDIC (in this example identical to normal EBCDIC since only characters |
227 | that don't differ between EBCDIC and UTF-EBCDIC were printed). See the | |
aa2b82fc JH |
228 | documentation of Encode::PerlIO for details. |
229 | ||
230 | As the PerlIO layer uses raw IO (bytes) internally, all this totally | |
231 | ignores things like the type of your filesystem (ASCII or EBCDIC). | |
232 | ||
d396a558 JH |
233 | =head1 SINGLE OCTET TABLES |
234 | ||
235 | The following tables list the ASCII and Latin 1 ordered sets including | |
236 | the subsets: C0 controls (0..31), ASCII graphics (32..7e), delete (7f), | |
eaf8b9b9 | 237 | C1 controls (80..9f), and Latin-1 (a.k.a. ISO 8859-1) (a0..ff). In the |
8d725451 | 238 | table names of the Latin 1 |
eaf8b9b9 | 239 | extensions to ASCII have been labelled with character names roughly |
8d725451 KW |
240 | corresponding to I<The Unicode Standard, Version 6.1> albeit with |
241 | substitutions such as s/LATIN// and s/VULGAR// in all cases, s/CAPITAL | |
242 | LETTER// in some cases, and s/SMALL LETTER ([A-Z])/\l$1/ in some other | |
0e56abba | 243 | cases. Controls are listed using their Unicode 6.2 abbreviations. |
eaf8b9b9 | 244 | The differences between the 0037 and 1047 sets are |
8d725451 KW |
245 | flagged with **. The differences between the 1047 and POSIX-BC sets |
246 | are flagged with ##. All ord() numbers listed are decimal. If you | |
247 | would rather see this table listing octal values, then run the table | |
248 | (that is, the pod source text of this document, since this recipe may not | |
1e054b24 | 249 | work with a pod2_other_format translation) through: |
d396a558 JH |
250 | |
251 | =over 4 | |
252 | ||
253 | =item recipe 0 | |
254 | ||
255 | =back | |
256 | ||
8d725451 KW |
257 | perl -ne 'if(/(.{29})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)/)' \ |
258 | -e '{printf("%s%-5.03o%-5.03o%-5.03o%.03o\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5)}' \ | |
5f26d5fd | 259 | perlebcdic.pod |
395f5a0c PK |
260 | |
261 | If you want to retain the UTF-x code points then in script form you | |
262 | might want to write: | |
263 | ||
264 | =over 4 | |
265 | ||
266 | =item recipe 1 | |
267 | ||
268 | =back | |
269 | ||
c72e675e KW |
270 | open(FH,"<perlebcdic.pod") or die "Could not open perlebcdic.pod: $!"; |
271 | while (<FH>) { | |
8d725451 | 272 | if (/(.{29})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\.?(\d*)\s+(\d+)\.?(\d*)/) |
5f26d5fd | 273 | { |
c72e675e | 274 | if ($7 ne '' && $9 ne '') { |
5f26d5fd | 275 | printf( |
8d725451 | 276 | "%s%-5.03o%-5.03o%-5.03o%-5.03o%-3o.%-5o%-3o.%.03o\n", |
5f26d5fd | 277 | $1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8,$9); |
c72e675e KW |
278 | } |
279 | elsif ($7 ne '') { | |
8d725451 | 280 | printf("%s%-5.03o%-5.03o%-5.03o%-5.03o%-3o.%-5o%.03o\n", |
c72e675e KW |
281 | $1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8); |
282 | } | |
283 | else { | |
8d725451 | 284 | printf("%s%-5.03o%-5.03o%-5.03o%-5.03o%-5.03o%.03o\n", |
5f26d5fd | 285 | $1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$8); |
c72e675e KW |
286 | } |
287 | } | |
288 | } | |
d396a558 JH |
289 | |
290 | If you would rather see this table listing hexadecimal values then | |
291 | run the table through: | |
292 | ||
293 | =over 4 | |
294 | ||
395f5a0c | 295 | =item recipe 2 |
d396a558 JH |
296 | |
297 | =back | |
298 | ||
8d725451 KW |
299 | perl -ne 'if(/(.{29})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)/)' \ |
300 | -e '{printf("%s%-5.02X%-5.02X%-5.02X%.02X\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5)}' \ | |
5f26d5fd | 301 | perlebcdic.pod |
395f5a0c PK |
302 | |
303 | Or, in order to retain the UTF-x code points in hexadecimal: | |
304 | ||
305 | =over 4 | |
306 | ||
307 | =item recipe 3 | |
308 | ||
309 | =back | |
310 | ||
c72e675e KW |
311 | open(FH,"<perlebcdic.pod") or die "Could not open perlebcdic.pod: $!"; |
312 | while (<FH>) { | |
8d725451 | 313 | if (/(.{29})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\.?(\d*)\s+(\d+)\.?(\d*)/) |
5f26d5fd | 314 | { |
c72e675e | 315 | if ($7 ne '' && $9 ne '') { |
5f26d5fd | 316 | printf( |
8d725451 | 317 | "%s%-5.02X%-5.02X%-5.02X%-5.02X%-2X.%-6.02X%02X.%02X\n", |
c72e675e KW |
318 | $1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8,$9); |
319 | } | |
320 | elsif ($7 ne '') { | |
8d725451 | 321 | printf("%s%-5.02X%-5.02X%-5.02X%-5.02X%-2X.%-6.02X%02X\n", |
c72e675e KW |
322 | $1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8); |
323 | } | |
324 | else { | |
8d725451 | 325 | printf("%s%-5.02X%-5.02X%-5.02X%-5.02X%-5.02X%02X\n", |
5f26d5fd | 326 | $1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$8); |
c72e675e KW |
327 | } |
328 | } | |
329 | } | |
395f5a0c PK |
330 | |
331 | ||
8d725451 KW |
332 | ISO |
333 | 8859-1 POS- | |
334 | CCSID CCSID CCSID IX- | |
335 | chr 0819 0037 1047 BC UTF-8 UTF-EBCDIC | |
336 | --------------------------------------------------------------------- | |
337 | <NUL> 0 0 0 0 0 0 | |
338 | <SOH> 1 1 1 1 1 1 | |
339 | <STX> 2 2 2 2 2 2 | |
340 | <ETX> 3 3 3 3 3 3 | |
341 | <EOT> 4 55 55 55 4 55 | |
342 | <ENQ> 5 45 45 45 5 45 | |
343 | <ACK> 6 46 46 46 6 46 | |
344 | <BEL> 7 47 47 47 7 47 | |
345 | <BS> 8 22 22 22 8 22 | |
346 | <HT> 9 5 5 5 9 5 | |
347 | <LF> 10 37 21 21 10 21 ** | |
348 | <VT> 11 11 11 11 11 11 | |
349 | <FF> 12 12 12 12 12 12 | |
350 | <CR> 13 13 13 13 13 13 | |
351 | <SO> 14 14 14 14 14 14 | |
352 | <SI> 15 15 15 15 15 15 | |
353 | <DLE> 16 16 16 16 16 16 | |
354 | <DC1> 17 17 17 17 17 17 | |
355 | <DC2> 18 18 18 18 18 18 | |
356 | <DC3> 19 19 19 19 19 19 | |
357 | <DC4> 20 60 60 60 20 60 | |
358 | <NAK> 21 61 61 61 21 61 | |
359 | <SYN> 22 50 50 50 22 50 | |
360 | <ETB> 23 38 38 38 23 38 | |
361 | <CAN> 24 24 24 24 24 24 | |
362 | <EOM> 25 25 25 25 25 25 | |
363 | <SUB> 26 63 63 63 26 63 | |
364 | <ESC> 27 39 39 39 27 39 | |
365 | <FS> 28 28 28 28 28 28 | |
366 | <GS> 29 29 29 29 29 29 | |
367 | <RS> 30 30 30 30 30 30 | |
368 | <US> 31 31 31 31 31 31 | |
369 | <SPACE> 32 64 64 64 32 64 | |
370 | ! 33 90 90 90 33 90 | |
371 | " 34 127 127 127 34 127 | |
372 | # 35 123 123 123 35 123 | |
373 | $ 36 91 91 91 36 91 | |
374 | % 37 108 108 108 37 108 | |
375 | & 38 80 80 80 38 80 | |
376 | ' 39 125 125 125 39 125 | |
377 | ( 40 77 77 77 40 77 | |
378 | ) 41 93 93 93 41 93 | |
379 | * 42 92 92 92 42 92 | |
380 | + 43 78 78 78 43 78 | |
381 | , 44 107 107 107 44 107 | |
382 | - 45 96 96 96 45 96 | |
383 | . 46 75 75 75 46 75 | |
384 | / 47 97 97 97 47 97 | |
385 | 0 48 240 240 240 48 240 | |
386 | 1 49 241 241 241 49 241 | |
387 | 2 50 242 242 242 50 242 | |
388 | 3 51 243 243 243 51 243 | |
389 | 4 52 244 244 244 52 244 | |
390 | 5 53 245 245 245 53 245 | |
391 | 6 54 246 246 246 54 246 | |
392 | 7 55 247 247 247 55 247 | |
393 | 8 56 248 248 248 56 248 | |
394 | 9 57 249 249 249 57 249 | |
395 | : 58 122 122 122 58 122 | |
396 | ; 59 94 94 94 59 94 | |
397 | < 60 76 76 76 60 76 | |
398 | = 61 126 126 126 61 126 | |
399 | > 62 110 110 110 62 110 | |
400 | ? 63 111 111 111 63 111 | |
401 | @ 64 124 124 124 64 124 | |
402 | A 65 193 193 193 65 193 | |
403 | B 66 194 194 194 66 194 | |
404 | C 67 195 195 195 67 195 | |
405 | D 68 196 196 196 68 196 | |
406 | E 69 197 197 197 69 197 | |
407 | F 70 198 198 198 70 198 | |
408 | G 71 199 199 199 71 199 | |
409 | H 72 200 200 200 72 200 | |
410 | I 73 201 201 201 73 201 | |
411 | J 74 209 209 209 74 209 | |
412 | K 75 210 210 210 75 210 | |
413 | L 76 211 211 211 76 211 | |
414 | M 77 212 212 212 77 212 | |
415 | N 78 213 213 213 78 213 | |
416 | O 79 214 214 214 79 214 | |
417 | P 80 215 215 215 80 215 | |
418 | Q 81 216 216 216 81 216 | |
419 | R 82 217 217 217 82 217 | |
420 | S 83 226 226 226 83 226 | |
421 | T 84 227 227 227 84 227 | |
422 | U 85 228 228 228 85 228 | |
423 | V 86 229 229 229 86 229 | |
424 | W 87 230 230 230 87 230 | |
425 | X 88 231 231 231 88 231 | |
426 | Y 89 232 232 232 89 232 | |
427 | Z 90 233 233 233 90 233 | |
428 | [ 91 186 173 187 91 173 ** ## | |
429 | \ 92 224 224 188 92 224 ## | |
430 | ] 93 187 189 189 93 189 ** | |
431 | ^ 94 176 95 106 94 95 ** ## | |
432 | _ 95 109 109 109 95 109 | |
433 | ` 96 121 121 74 96 121 ## | |
434 | a 97 129 129 129 97 129 | |
435 | b 98 130 130 130 98 130 | |
436 | c 99 131 131 131 99 131 | |
437 | d 100 132 132 132 100 132 | |
438 | e 101 133 133 133 101 133 | |
439 | f 102 134 134 134 102 134 | |
440 | g 103 135 135 135 103 135 | |
441 | h 104 136 136 136 104 136 | |
442 | i 105 137 137 137 105 137 | |
443 | j 106 145 145 145 106 145 | |
444 | k 107 146 146 146 107 146 | |
445 | l 108 147 147 147 108 147 | |
446 | m 109 148 148 148 109 148 | |
447 | n 110 149 149 149 110 149 | |
448 | o 111 150 150 150 111 150 | |
449 | p 112 151 151 151 112 151 | |
450 | q 113 152 152 152 113 152 | |
451 | r 114 153 153 153 114 153 | |
452 | s 115 162 162 162 115 162 | |
453 | t 116 163 163 163 116 163 | |
454 | u 117 164 164 164 117 164 | |
455 | v 118 165 165 165 118 165 | |
456 | w 119 166 166 166 119 166 | |
457 | x 120 167 167 167 120 167 | |
458 | y 121 168 168 168 121 168 | |
459 | z 122 169 169 169 122 169 | |
460 | { 123 192 192 251 123 192 ## | |
461 | | 124 79 79 79 124 79 | |
462 | } 125 208 208 253 125 208 ## | |
463 | ~ 126 161 161 255 126 161 ## | |
464 | <DEL> 127 7 7 7 127 7 | |
465 | <PAD> 128 32 32 32 194.128 32 | |
466 | <HOP> 129 33 33 33 194.129 33 | |
467 | <BPH> 130 34 34 34 194.130 34 | |
468 | <NBH> 131 35 35 35 194.131 35 | |
469 | <IND> 132 36 36 36 194.132 36 | |
470 | <NEL> 133 21 37 37 194.133 37 ** | |
471 | <SSA> 134 6 6 6 194.134 6 | |
472 | <ESA> 135 23 23 23 194.135 23 | |
473 | <HTS> 136 40 40 40 194.136 40 | |
474 | <HTJ> 137 41 41 41 194.137 41 | |
475 | <VTS> 138 42 42 42 194.138 42 | |
476 | <PLD> 139 43 43 43 194.139 43 | |
477 | <PLU> 140 44 44 44 194.140 44 | |
478 | <RI> 141 9 9 9 194.141 9 | |
479 | <SS2> 142 10 10 10 194.142 10 | |
480 | <SS3> 143 27 27 27 194.143 27 | |
481 | <DCS> 144 48 48 48 194.144 48 | |
482 | <PU1> 145 49 49 49 194.145 49 | |
483 | <PU2> 146 26 26 26 194.146 26 | |
484 | <STS> 147 51 51 51 194.147 51 | |
485 | <CCH> 148 52 52 52 194.148 52 | |
486 | <MW> 149 53 53 53 194.149 53 | |
487 | <SPA> 150 54 54 54 194.150 54 | |
488 | <EPA> 151 8 8 8 194.151 8 | |
489 | <SOS> 152 56 56 56 194.152 56 | |
490 | <SGC> 153 57 57 57 194.153 57 | |
491 | <SCI> 154 58 58 58 194.154 58 | |
492 | <CSI> 155 59 59 59 194.155 59 | |
493 | <ST> 156 4 4 4 194.156 4 | |
494 | <OSC> 157 20 20 20 194.157 20 | |
495 | <PM> 158 62 62 62 194.158 62 | |
496 | <APC> 159 255 255 95 194.159 255 ## | |
497 | <NON-BREAKING SPACE> 160 65 65 65 194.160 128.65 | |
498 | <INVERTED "!" > 161 170 170 170 194.161 128.66 | |
499 | <CENT SIGN> 162 74 74 176 194.162 128.67 ## | |
500 | <POUND SIGN> 163 177 177 177 194.163 128.68 | |
501 | <CURRENCY SIGN> 164 159 159 159 194.164 128.69 | |
502 | <YEN SIGN> 165 178 178 178 194.165 128.70 | |
503 | <BROKEN BAR> 166 106 106 208 194.166 128.71 ## | |
504 | <SECTION SIGN> 167 181 181 181 194.167 128.72 | |
505 | <DIAERESIS> 168 189 187 121 194.168 128.73 ** ## | |
506 | <COPYRIGHT SIGN> 169 180 180 180 194.169 128.74 | |
507 | <FEMININE ORDINAL> 170 154 154 154 194.170 128.81 | |
508 | <LEFT POINTING GUILLEMET> 171 138 138 138 194.171 128.82 | |
509 | <NOT SIGN> 172 95 176 186 194.172 128.83 ** ## | |
510 | <SOFT HYPHEN> 173 202 202 202 194.173 128.84 | |
511 | <REGISTERED TRADE MARK> 174 175 175 175 194.174 128.85 | |
512 | <MACRON> 175 188 188 161 194.175 128.86 ## | |
513 | <DEGREE SIGN> 176 144 144 144 194.176 128.87 | |
514 | <PLUS-OR-MINUS SIGN> 177 143 143 143 194.177 128.88 | |
515 | <SUPERSCRIPT TWO> 178 234 234 234 194.178 128.89 | |
516 | <SUPERSCRIPT THREE> 179 250 250 250 194.179 128.98 | |
517 | <ACUTE ACCENT> 180 190 190 190 194.180 128.99 | |
518 | <MICRO SIGN> 181 160 160 160 194.181 128.100 | |
519 | <PARAGRAPH SIGN> 182 182 182 182 194.182 128.101 | |
520 | <MIDDLE DOT> 183 179 179 179 194.183 128.102 | |
521 | <CEDILLA> 184 157 157 157 194.184 128.103 | |
522 | <SUPERSCRIPT ONE> 185 218 218 218 194.185 128.104 | |
523 | <MASC. ORDINAL INDICATOR> 186 155 155 155 194.186 128.105 | |
524 | <RIGHT POINTING GUILLEMET> 187 139 139 139 194.187 128.106 | |
525 | <FRACTION ONE QUARTER> 188 183 183 183 194.188 128.112 | |
526 | <FRACTION ONE HALF> 189 184 184 184 194.189 128.113 | |
527 | <FRACTION THREE QUARTERS> 190 185 185 185 194.190 128.114 | |
528 | <INVERTED QUESTION MARK> 191 171 171 171 194.191 128.115 | |
529 | <A WITH GRAVE> 192 100 100 100 195.128 138.65 | |
530 | <A WITH ACUTE> 193 101 101 101 195.129 138.66 | |
531 | <A WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 194 98 98 98 195.130 138.67 | |
532 | <A WITH TILDE> 195 102 102 102 195.131 138.68 | |
533 | <A WITH DIAERESIS> 196 99 99 99 195.132 138.69 | |
534 | <A WITH RING ABOVE> 197 103 103 103 195.133 138.70 | |
535 | <CAPITAL LIGATURE AE> 198 158 158 158 195.134 138.71 | |
536 | <C WITH CEDILLA> 199 104 104 104 195.135 138.72 | |
537 | <E WITH GRAVE> 200 116 116 116 195.136 138.73 | |
538 | <E WITH ACUTE> 201 113 113 113 195.137 138.74 | |
539 | <E WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 202 114 114 114 195.138 138.81 | |
540 | <E WITH DIAERESIS> 203 115 115 115 195.139 138.82 | |
541 | <I WITH GRAVE> 204 120 120 120 195.140 138.83 | |
542 | <I WITH ACUTE> 205 117 117 117 195.141 138.84 | |
543 | <I WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 206 118 118 118 195.142 138.85 | |
544 | <I WITH DIAERESIS> 207 119 119 119 195.143 138.86 | |
545 | <CAPITAL LETTER ETH> 208 172 172 172 195.144 138.87 | |
546 | <N WITH TILDE> 209 105 105 105 195.145 138.88 | |
547 | <O WITH GRAVE> 210 237 237 237 195.146 138.89 | |
548 | <O WITH ACUTE> 211 238 238 238 195.147 138.98 | |
549 | <O WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 212 235 235 235 195.148 138.99 | |
550 | <O WITH TILDE> 213 239 239 239 195.149 138.100 | |
551 | <O WITH DIAERESIS> 214 236 236 236 195.150 138.101 | |
552 | <MULTIPLICATION SIGN> 215 191 191 191 195.151 138.102 | |
553 | <O WITH STROKE> 216 128 128 128 195.152 138.103 | |
554 | <U WITH GRAVE> 217 253 253 224 195.153 138.104 ## | |
555 | <U WITH ACUTE> 218 254 254 254 195.154 138.105 | |
556 | <U WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 219 251 251 221 195.155 138.106 ## | |
557 | <U WITH DIAERESIS> 220 252 252 252 195.156 138.112 | |
558 | <Y WITH ACUTE> 221 173 186 173 195.157 138.113 ** ## | |
559 | <CAPITAL LETTER THORN> 222 174 174 174 195.158 138.114 | |
560 | <SMALL LETTER SHARP S> 223 89 89 89 195.159 138.115 | |
561 | <a WITH GRAVE> 224 68 68 68 195.160 139.65 | |
562 | <a WITH ACUTE> 225 69 69 69 195.161 139.66 | |
563 | <a WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 226 66 66 66 195.162 139.67 | |
564 | <a WITH TILDE> 227 70 70 70 195.163 139.68 | |
565 | <a WITH DIAERESIS> 228 67 67 67 195.164 139.69 | |
566 | <a WITH RING ABOVE> 229 71 71 71 195.165 139.70 | |
567 | <SMALL LIGATURE ae> 230 156 156 156 195.166 139.71 | |
568 | <c WITH CEDILLA> 231 72 72 72 195.167 139.72 | |
569 | <e WITH GRAVE> 232 84 84 84 195.168 139.73 | |
570 | <e WITH ACUTE> 233 81 81 81 195.169 139.74 | |
571 | <e WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 234 82 82 82 195.170 139.81 | |
572 | <e WITH DIAERESIS> 235 83 83 83 195.171 139.82 | |
573 | <i WITH GRAVE> 236 88 88 88 195.172 139.83 | |
574 | <i WITH ACUTE> 237 85 85 85 195.173 139.84 | |
575 | <i WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 238 86 86 86 195.174 139.85 | |
576 | <i WITH DIAERESIS> 239 87 87 87 195.175 139.86 | |
577 | <SMALL LETTER eth> 240 140 140 140 195.176 139.87 | |
578 | <n WITH TILDE> 241 73 73 73 195.177 139.88 | |
579 | <o WITH GRAVE> 242 205 205 205 195.178 139.89 | |
580 | <o WITH ACUTE> 243 206 206 206 195.179 139.98 | |
581 | <o WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 244 203 203 203 195.180 139.99 | |
582 | <o WITH TILDE> 245 207 207 207 195.181 139.100 | |
583 | <o WITH DIAERESIS> 246 204 204 204 195.182 139.101 | |
584 | <DIVISION SIGN> 247 225 225 225 195.183 139.102 | |
585 | <o WITH STROKE> 248 112 112 112 195.184 139.103 | |
586 | <u WITH GRAVE> 249 221 221 192 195.185 139.104 ## | |
587 | <u WITH ACUTE> 250 222 222 222 195.186 139.105 | |
588 | <u WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 251 219 219 219 195.187 139.106 | |
589 | <u WITH DIAERESIS> 252 220 220 220 195.188 139.112 | |
590 | <y WITH ACUTE> 253 141 141 141 195.189 139.113 | |
591 | <SMALL LETTER thorn> 254 142 142 142 195.190 139.114 | |
592 | <y WITH DIAERESIS> 255 223 223 223 195.191 139.115 | |
d396a558 JH |
593 | |
594 | If you would rather see the above table in CCSID 0037 order rather than | |
595 | ASCII + Latin-1 order then run the table through: | |
596 | ||
597 | =over 4 | |
598 | ||
395f5a0c | 599 | =item recipe 4 |
d396a558 JH |
600 | |
601 | =back | |
602 | ||
5f26d5fd | 603 | perl \ |
8d725451 | 604 | -ne 'if(/.{29}\d{1,3}\s{2,4}\d{1,3}\s{2,4}\d{1,3}\s{2,4}\d{1,3}/)'\ |
84f709e7 JH |
605 | -e '{push(@l,$_)}' \ |
606 | -e 'END{print map{$_->[0]}' \ | |
607 | -e ' sort{$a->[1] <=> $b->[1]}' \ | |
8d725451 | 608 | -e ' map{[$_,substr($_,34,3)]}@l;}' perlebcdic.pod |
d396a558 | 609 | |
2c09a866 | 610 | If you would rather see it in CCSID 1047 order then change the number |
8d725451 | 611 | 34 in the last line to 39, like this: |
d396a558 JH |
612 | |
613 | =over 4 | |
614 | ||
395f5a0c | 615 | =item recipe 5 |
d396a558 JH |
616 | |
617 | =back | |
618 | ||
5f26d5fd | 619 | perl \ |
8d725451 | 620 | -ne 'if(/.{29}\d{1,3}\s{2,4}\d{1,3}\s{2,4}\d{1,3}\s{2,4}\d{1,3}/)'\ |
5f26d5fd KW |
621 | -e '{push(@l,$_)}' \ |
622 | -e 'END{print map{$_->[0]}' \ | |
623 | -e ' sort{$a->[1] <=> $b->[1]}' \ | |
8d725451 | 624 | -e ' map{[$_,substr($_,39,3)]}@l;}' perlebcdic.pod |
d396a558 | 625 | |
2c09a866 | 626 | If you would rather see it in POSIX-BC order then change the number |
8d725451 | 627 | 39 in the last line to 44, like this: |
d396a558 JH |
628 | |
629 | =over 4 | |
630 | ||
395f5a0c | 631 | =item recipe 6 |
d396a558 JH |
632 | |
633 | =back | |
634 | ||
5f26d5fd | 635 | perl \ |
8d725451 | 636 | -ne 'if(/.{29}\d{1,3}\s{2,4}\d{1,3}\s{2,4}\d{1,3}\s{2,4}\d{1,3}/)'\ |
84f709e7 JH |
637 | -e '{push(@l,$_)}' \ |
638 | -e 'END{print map{$_->[0]}' \ | |
639 | -e ' sort{$a->[1] <=> $b->[1]}' \ | |
8d725451 | 640 | -e ' map{[$_,substr($_,44,3)]}@l;}' perlebcdic.pod |
d396a558 JH |
641 | |
642 | ||
643 | =head1 IDENTIFYING CHARACTER CODE SETS | |
644 | ||
eaf8b9b9 KW |
645 | To determine the character set you are running under from perl one |
646 | could use the return value of ord() or chr() to test one or more | |
d396a558 JH |
647 | character values. For example: |
648 | ||
84f709e7 JH |
649 | $is_ascii = "A" eq chr(65); |
650 | $is_ebcdic = "A" eq chr(193); | |
d396a558 | 651 | |
51b5cecb | 652 | Also, "\t" is a C<HORIZONTAL TABULATION> character so that: |
d396a558 | 653 | |
84f709e7 JH |
654 | $is_ascii = ord("\t") == 9; |
655 | $is_ebcdic = ord("\t") == 5; | |
d396a558 JH |
656 | |
657 | To distinguish EBCDIC code pages try looking at one or more of | |
658 | the characters that differ between them. For example: | |
659 | ||
84f709e7 JH |
660 | $is_ebcdic_37 = "\n" eq chr(37); |
661 | $is_ebcdic_1047 = "\n" eq chr(21); | |
d396a558 JH |
662 | |
663 | Or better still choose a character that is uniquely encoded in any | |
664 | of the code sets, e.g.: | |
665 | ||
84f709e7 JH |
666 | $is_ascii = ord('[') == 91; |
667 | $is_ebcdic_37 = ord('[') == 186; | |
668 | $is_ebcdic_1047 = ord('[') == 173; | |
669 | $is_ebcdic_POSIX_BC = ord('[') == 187; | |
d396a558 JH |
670 | |
671 | However, it would be unwise to write tests such as: | |
672 | ||
84f709e7 JH |
673 | $is_ascii = "\r" ne chr(13); # WRONG |
674 | $is_ascii = "\n" ne chr(10); # ILL ADVISED | |
d396a558 | 675 | |
2bbc8d55 | 676 | Obviously the first of these will fail to distinguish most ASCII platforms |
eaf8b9b9 KW |
677 | from either a CCSID 0037, a 1047, or a POSIX-BC EBCDIC platform since "\r" eq |
678 | chr(13) under all of those coded character sets. But note too that | |
679 | because "\n" is chr(13) and "\r" is chr(10) on the Macintosh (which is an | |
2bbc8d55 | 680 | ASCII platform) the second C<$is_ascii> test will lead to trouble there. |
d396a558 | 681 | |
eaf8b9b9 | 682 | To determine whether or not perl was built under an EBCDIC |
d396a558 JH |
683 | code page you can use the Config module like so: |
684 | ||
685 | use Config; | |
84f709e7 | 686 | $is_ebcdic = $Config{'ebcdic'} eq 'define'; |
d396a558 JH |
687 | |
688 | =head1 CONVERSIONS | |
689 | ||
d5924ca6 KW |
690 | =head2 C<utf8::unicode_to_native()> and C<utf8::native_to_unicode()> |
691 | ||
692 | These functions take an input numeric code point in one encoding and | |
693 | return what its equivalent value is in the other. | |
694 | ||
1e054b24 PP |
695 | =head2 tr/// |
696 | ||
eaf8b9b9 | 697 | In order to convert a string of characters from one character set to |
d396a558 | 698 | another a simple list of numbers, such as in the right columns in the |
eaf8b9b9 | 699 | above table, along with perl's tr/// operator is all that is needed. |
5f26d5fd | 700 | The data in the table are in ASCII/Latin1 order, hence the EBCDIC columns |
eaf8b9b9 | 701 | provide easy-to-use ASCII/Latin1 to EBCDIC operations that are also easily |
d396a558 JH |
702 | reversed. |
703 | ||
5f26d5fd KW |
704 | For example, to convert ASCII/Latin1 to code page 037 take the output of the |
705 | second numbers column from the output of recipe 2 (modified to add '\' | |
5d9fe53c | 706 | characters), and use it in tr/// like so: |
d396a558 | 707 | |
eaf8b9b9 | 708 | $cp_037 = |
5f26d5fd KW |
709 | '\x00\x01\x02\x03\x37\x2D\x2E\x2F\x16\x05\x25\x0B\x0C\x0D\x0E\x0F' . |
710 | '\x10\x11\x12\x13\x3C\x3D\x32\x26\x18\x19\x3F\x27\x1C\x1D\x1E\x1F' . | |
711 | '\x40\x5A\x7F\x7B\x5B\x6C\x50\x7D\x4D\x5D\x5C\x4E\x6B\x60\x4B\x61' . | |
712 | '\xF0\xF1\xF2\xF3\xF4\xF5\xF6\xF7\xF8\xF9\x7A\x5E\x4C\x7E\x6E\x6F' . | |
713 | '\x7C\xC1\xC2\xC3\xC4\xC5\xC6\xC7\xC8\xC9\xD1\xD2\xD3\xD4\xD5\xD6' . | |
714 | '\xD7\xD8\xD9\xE2\xE3\xE4\xE5\xE6\xE7\xE8\xE9\xBA\xE0\xBB\xB0\x6D' . | |
715 | '\x79\x81\x82\x83\x84\x85\x86\x87\x88\x89\x91\x92\x93\x94\x95\x96' . | |
716 | '\x97\x98\x99\xA2\xA3\xA4\xA5\xA6\xA7\xA8\xA9\xC0\x4F\xD0\xA1\x07' . | |
717 | '\x20\x21\x22\x23\x24\x15\x06\x17\x28\x29\x2A\x2B\x2C\x09\x0A\x1B' . | |
718 | '\x30\x31\x1A\x33\x34\x35\x36\x08\x38\x39\x3A\x3B\x04\x14\x3E\xFF' . | |
719 | '\x41\xAA\x4A\xB1\x9F\xB2\x6A\xB5\xBD\xB4\x9A\x8A\x5F\xCA\xAF\xBC' . | |
720 | '\x90\x8F\xEA\xFA\xBE\xA0\xB6\xB3\x9D\xDA\x9B\x8B\xB7\xB8\xB9\xAB' . | |
721 | '\x64\x65\x62\x66\x63\x67\x9E\x68\x74\x71\x72\x73\x78\x75\x76\x77' . | |
722 | '\xAC\x69\xED\xEE\xEB\xEF\xEC\xBF\x80\xFD\xFE\xFB\xFC\xAD\xAE\x59' . | |
723 | '\x44\x45\x42\x46\x43\x47\x9C\x48\x54\x51\x52\x53\x58\x55\x56\x57' . | |
724 | '\x8C\x49\xCD\xCE\xCB\xCF\xCC\xE1\x70\xDD\xDE\xDB\xDC\x8D\x8E\xDF'; | |
d396a558 JH |
725 | |
726 | my $ebcdic_string = $ascii_string; | |
5f26d5fd | 727 | eval '$ebcdic_string =~ tr/\000-\377/' . $cp_037 . '/'; |
d396a558 | 728 | |
0be03469 | 729 | To convert from EBCDIC 037 to ASCII just reverse the order of the tr/// |
d396a558 JH |
730 | arguments like so: |
731 | ||
732 | my $ascii_string = $ebcdic_string; | |
5f26d5fd KW |
733 | eval '$ascii_string =~ tr/' . $cp_037 . '/\000-\377/'; |
734 | ||
735 | Similarly one could take the output of the third numbers column from recipe 2 | |
736 | to obtain a C<$cp_1047> table. The fourth numbers column of the output from | |
737 | recipe 2 could provide a C<$cp_posix_bc> table suitable for transcoding as | |
738 | well. | |
d5d9880c | 739 | |
5f26d5fd KW |
740 | If you wanted to see the inverse tables, you would first have to sort on the |
741 | desired numbers column as in recipes 4, 5 or 6, then take the output of the | |
742 | first numbers column. | |
1e054b24 PP |
743 | |
744 | =head2 iconv | |
d396a558 | 745 | |
d5d9880c | 746 | XPG operability often implies the presence of an I<iconv> utility |
d396a558 JH |
747 | available from the shell or from the C library. Consult your system's |
748 | documentation for information on iconv. | |
749 | ||
eaf8b9b9 | 750 | On OS/390 or z/OS see the iconv(1) manpage. One way to invoke the iconv |
d396a558 JH |
751 | shell utility from within perl would be to: |
752 | ||
395f5a0c | 753 | # OS/390 or z/OS example |
84f709e7 | 754 | $ascii_data = `echo '$ebcdic_data'| iconv -f IBM-1047 -t ISO8859-1` |
d396a558 JH |
755 | |
756 | or the inverse map: | |
757 | ||
395f5a0c | 758 | # OS/390 or z/OS example |
84f709e7 | 759 | $ebcdic_data = `echo '$ascii_data'| iconv -f ISO8859-1 -t IBM-1047` |
d396a558 | 760 | |
8a50e6a3 | 761 | For other perl-based conversion options see the Convert::* modules on CPAN. |
d396a558 | 762 | |
1e054b24 PP |
763 | =head2 C RTL |
764 | ||
8a50e6a3 | 765 | The OS/390 and z/OS C run-time libraries provide _atoe() and _etoa() functions. |
1e054b24 | 766 | |
d396a558 JH |
767 | =head1 OPERATOR DIFFERENCES |
768 | ||
eaf8b9b9 | 769 | The C<..> range operator treats certain character ranges with |
2bbc8d55 SP |
770 | care on EBCDIC platforms. For example the following array |
771 | will have twenty six elements on either an EBCDIC platform | |
772 | or an ASCII platform: | |
d396a558 | 773 | |
84f709e7 | 774 | @alphabet = ('A'..'Z'); # $#alphabet == 25 |
d396a558 JH |
775 | |
776 | The bitwise operators such as & ^ | may return different results | |
eaf8b9b9 | 777 | when operating on string or character data in a perl program running |
2bbc8d55 | 778 | on an EBCDIC platform than when run on an ASCII platform. Here is |
d396a558 JH |
779 | an example adapted from the one in L<perlop>: |
780 | ||
781 | # EBCDIC-based examples | |
84f709e7 | 782 | print "j p \n" ^ " a h"; # prints "JAPH\n" |
eaf8b9b9 | 783 | print "JA" | " ph\n"; # prints "japh\n" |
84f709e7 JH |
784 | print "JAPH\nJunk" & "\277\277\277\277\277"; # prints "japh\n"; |
785 | print 'p N$' ^ " E<H\n"; # prints "Perl\n"; | |
d396a558 JH |
786 | |
787 | An interesting property of the 32 C0 control characters | |
788 | in the ASCII table is that they can "literally" be constructed | |
c72e675e KW |
789 | as control characters in perl, e.g. C<(chr(0)> eq C<\c@>)> |
790 | C<(chr(1)> eq C<\cA>)>, and so on. Perl on EBCDIC platforms has been | |
2c09a866 | 791 | ported to take C<\c@> to chr(0) and C<\cA> to chr(1), etc. as well, but the |
d396a558 | 792 | thirty three characters that result depend on which code page you are |
2c09a866 KW |
793 | using. The table below uses the standard acronyms for the controls. |
794 | The POSIX-BC and 1047 sets are | |
eaf8b9b9 | 795 | identical throughout this range and differ from the 0037 set at only |
51b5cecb | 796 | one spot (21 decimal). Note that the C<LINE FEED> character |
eaf8b9b9 KW |
797 | may be generated by C<\cJ> on ASCII platforms but by C<\cU> on 1047 or POSIX-BC |
798 | platforms and cannot be generated as a C<"\c.letter."> control character on | |
2c09a866 KW |
799 | 0037 platforms. Note also that C<\c\> cannot be the final element in a string |
800 | or regex, as it will absorb the terminator. But C<\c\I<X>> is a C<FILE | |
801 | SEPARATOR> concatenated with I<X> for all I<X>. | |
802 | ||
eaf8b9b9 | 803 | chr ord 8859-1 0037 1047 && POSIX-BC |
c72e675e | 804 | ----------------------------------------------------------------------- |
eaf8b9b9 | 805 | \c? 127 <DEL> " " |
2c09a866 | 806 | \c@ 0 <NUL> <NUL> <NUL> |
eaf8b9b9 | 807 | \cA 1 <SOH> <SOH> <SOH> |
2c09a866 KW |
808 | \cB 2 <STX> <STX> <STX> |
809 | \cC 3 <ETX> <ETX> <ETX> | |
eaf8b9b9 KW |
810 | \cD 4 <EOT> <ST> <ST> |
811 | \cE 5 <ENQ> <HT> <HT> | |
812 | \cF 6 <ACK> <SSA> <SSA> | |
813 | \cG 7 <BEL> <DEL> <DEL> | |
814 | \cH 8 <BS> <EPA> <EPA> | |
815 | \cI 9 <HT> <RI> <RI> | |
816 | \cJ 10 <LF> <SS2> <SS2> | |
2c09a866 | 817 | \cK 11 <VT> <VT> <VT> |
eaf8b9b9 KW |
818 | \cL 12 <FF> <FF> <FF> |
819 | \cM 13 <CR> <CR> <CR> | |
2c09a866 KW |
820 | \cN 14 <SO> <SO> <SO> |
821 | \cO 15 <SI> <SI> <SI> | |
eaf8b9b9 | 822 | \cP 16 <DLE> <DLE> <DLE> |
2c09a866 KW |
823 | \cQ 17 <DC1> <DC1> <DC1> |
824 | \cR 18 <DC2> <DC2> <DC2> | |
eaf8b9b9 KW |
825 | \cS 19 <DC3> <DC3> <DC3> |
826 | \cT 20 <DC4> <OSC> <OSC> | |
8d725451 | 827 | \cU 21 <NAK> <NEL> <LF> ** |
2c09a866 | 828 | \cV 22 <SYN> <BS> <BS> |
eaf8b9b9 | 829 | \cW 23 <ETB> <ESA> <ESA> |
2c09a866 KW |
830 | \cX 24 <CAN> <CAN> <CAN> |
831 | \cY 25 <EOM> <EOM> <EOM> | |
eaf8b9b9 KW |
832 | \cZ 26 <SUB> <PU2> <PU2> |
833 | \c[ 27 <ESC> <SS3> <SS3> | |
2c09a866 KW |
834 | \c\X 28 <FS>X <FS>X <FS>X |
835 | \c] 29 <GS> <GS> <GS> | |
836 | \c^ 30 <RS> <RS> <RS> | |
837 | \c_ 31 <US> <US> <US> | |
d396a558 JH |
838 | |
839 | =head1 FUNCTION DIFFERENCES | |
840 | ||
841 | =over 8 | |
842 | ||
843 | =item chr() | |
844 | ||
eaf8b9b9 | 845 | chr() must be given an EBCDIC code number argument to yield a desired |
2bbc8d55 | 846 | character return value on an EBCDIC platform. For example: |
d396a558 | 847 | |
84f709e7 | 848 | $CAPITAL_LETTER_A = chr(193); |
d396a558 JH |
849 | |
850 | =item ord() | |
851 | ||
2bbc8d55 | 852 | ord() will return EBCDIC code number values on an EBCDIC platform. |
d396a558 JH |
853 | For example: |
854 | ||
84f709e7 | 855 | $the_number_193 = ord("A"); |
d396a558 JH |
856 | |
857 | =item pack() | |
858 | ||
eaf8b9b9 | 859 | The c and C templates for pack() are dependent upon character set |
d396a558 JH |
860 | encoding. Examples of usage on EBCDIC include: |
861 | ||
862 | $foo = pack("CCCC",193,194,195,196); | |
863 | # $foo eq "ABCD" | |
84f709e7 | 864 | $foo = pack("C4",193,194,195,196); |
d396a558 JH |
865 | # same thing |
866 | ||
867 | $foo = pack("ccxxcc",193,194,195,196); | |
868 | # $foo eq "AB\0\0CD" | |
869 | ||
870 | =item print() | |
871 | ||
872 | One must be careful with scalars and strings that are passed to | |
873 | print that contain ASCII encodings. One common place | |
874 | for this to occur is in the output of the MIME type header for | |
eaf8b9b9 | 875 | CGI script writing. For example, many perl programming guides |
d396a558 JH |
876 | recommend something similar to: |
877 | ||
eaf8b9b9 | 878 | print "Content-type:\ttext/html\015\012\015\012"; |
d396a558 JH |
879 | # this may be wrong on EBCDIC |
880 | ||
eaf8b9b9 | 881 | Under the IBM OS/390 USS Web Server or WebSphere on z/OS for example |
395f5a0c | 882 | you should instead write that as: |
d396a558 | 883 | |
5f26d5fd | 884 | print "Content-type:\ttext/html\r\n\r\n"; # OK for DGW et al |
d396a558 JH |
885 | |
886 | That is because the translation from EBCDIC to ASCII is done | |
887 | by the web server in this case (such code will not be appropriate for | |
eaf8b9b9 | 888 | the Macintosh however). Consult your web server's documentation for |
d396a558 JH |
889 | further details. |
890 | ||
891 | =item printf() | |
892 | ||
893 | The formats that can convert characters to numbers and vice versa | |
894 | will be different from their ASCII counterparts when executed | |
2bbc8d55 | 895 | on an EBCDIC platform. Examples include: |
d396a558 JH |
896 | |
897 | printf("%c%c%c",193,194,195); # prints ABC | |
898 | ||
899 | =item sort() | |
900 | ||
eaf8b9b9 | 901 | EBCDIC sort results may differ from ASCII sort results especially for |
d396a558 JH |
902 | mixed case strings. This is discussed in more detail below. |
903 | ||
904 | =item sprintf() | |
905 | ||
906 | See the discussion of printf() above. An example of the use | |
907 | of sprintf would be: | |
908 | ||
84f709e7 | 909 | $CAPITAL_LETTER_A = sprintf("%c",193); |
d396a558 JH |
910 | |
911 | =item unpack() | |
912 | ||
913 | See the discussion of pack() above. | |
914 | ||
915 | =back | |
916 | ||
917 | =head1 REGULAR EXPRESSION DIFFERENCES | |
918 | ||
eaf8b9b9 KW |
919 | As of perl 5.005_03 the letter range regular expressions such as |
920 | [A-Z] and [a-z] have been especially coded to not pick up gap | |
921 | characters. For example, characters such as E<ocirc> C<o WITH CIRCUMFLEX> | |
922 | that lie between I and J would not be matched by the | |
1b2d223b JH |
923 | regular expression range C</[H-K]/>. This works in |
924 | the other direction, too, if either of the range end points is | |
925 | explicitly numeric: C<[\x89-\x91]> will match C<\x8e>, even | |
926 | though C<\x89> is C<i> and C<\x91 > is C<j>, and C<\x8e> | |
927 | is a gap character from the alphabetic viewpoint. | |
51b5cecb | 928 | |
eaf8b9b9 KW |
929 | If you do want to match the alphabet gap characters in a single octet |
930 | regular expression try matching the hex or octal code such | |
931 | as C</\313/> on EBCDIC or C</\364/> on ASCII platforms to | |
51b5cecb | 932 | have your regular expression match C<o WITH CIRCUMFLEX>. |
d396a558 | 933 | |
51b5cecb | 934 | Another construct to be wary of is the inappropriate use of hex or |
d396a558 JH |
935 | octal constants in regular expressions. Consider the following |
936 | set of subs: | |
937 | ||
938 | sub is_c0 { | |
939 | my $char = substr(shift,0,1); | |
940 | $char =~ /[\000-\037]/; | |
941 | } | |
942 | ||
943 | sub is_print_ascii { | |
944 | my $char = substr(shift,0,1); | |
945 | $char =~ /[\040-\176]/; | |
946 | } | |
947 | ||
948 | sub is_delete { | |
949 | my $char = substr(shift,0,1); | |
950 | $char eq "\177"; | |
951 | } | |
952 | ||
953 | sub is_c1 { | |
954 | my $char = substr(shift,0,1); | |
955 | $char =~ /[\200-\237]/; | |
956 | } | |
957 | ||
958 | sub is_latin_1 { | |
959 | my $char = substr(shift,0,1); | |
960 | $char =~ /[\240-\377]/; | |
961 | } | |
962 | ||
51b5cecb | 963 | The above would be adequate if the concern was only with numeric code points. |
eaf8b9b9 KW |
964 | However, the concern may be with characters rather than code points |
965 | and on an EBCDIC platform it may be desirable for constructs such as | |
d396a558 JH |
966 | C<if (is_print_ascii("A")) {print "A is a printable character\n";}> to print |
967 | out the expected message. One way to represent the above collection | |
968 | of character classification subs that is capable of working across the | |
969 | four coded character sets discussed in this document is as follows: | |
970 | ||
971 | sub Is_c0 { | |
972 | my $char = substr(shift,0,1); | |
84f709e7 | 973 | if (ord('^')==94) { # ascii |
d396a558 | 974 | return $char =~ /[\000-\037]/; |
eaf8b9b9 | 975 | } |
2c09a866 | 976 | if (ord('^')==176) { # 0037 |
d396a558 JH |
977 | return $char =~ /[\000-\003\067\055-\057\026\005\045\013-\023\074\075\062\046\030\031\077\047\034-\037]/; |
978 | } | |
84f709e7 | 979 | if (ord('^')==95 || ord('^')==106) { # 1047 || posix-bc |
d396a558 JH |
980 | return $char =~ /[\000-\003\067\055-\057\026\005\025\013-\023\074\075\062\046\030\031\077\047\034-\037]/; |
981 | } | |
982 | } | |
983 | ||
984 | sub Is_print_ascii { | |
985 | my $char = substr(shift,0,1); | |
986 | $char =~ /[ !"\#\$%&'()*+,\-.\/0-9:;<=>?\@A-Z[\\\]^_`a-z{|}~]/; | |
987 | } | |
988 | ||
989 | sub Is_delete { | |
990 | my $char = substr(shift,0,1); | |
84f709e7 | 991 | if (ord('^')==94) { # ascii |
d396a558 | 992 | return $char eq "\177"; |
84f709e7 JH |
993 | } |
994 | else { # ebcdic | |
d396a558 JH |
995 | return $char eq "\007"; |
996 | } | |
997 | } | |
998 | ||
999 | sub Is_c1 { | |
1000 | my $char = substr(shift,0,1); | |
84f709e7 | 1001 | if (ord('^')==94) { # ascii |
d396a558 JH |
1002 | return $char =~ /[\200-\237]/; |
1003 | } | |
2c09a866 | 1004 | if (ord('^')==176) { # 0037 |
d396a558 JH |
1005 | return $char =~ /[\040-\044\025\006\027\050-\054\011\012\033\060\061\032\063-\066\010\070-\073\040\024\076\377]/; |
1006 | } | |
84f709e7 | 1007 | if (ord('^')==95) { # 1047 |
d396a558 JH |
1008 | return $char =~ /[\040-\045\006\027\050-\054\011\012\033\060\061\032\063-\066\010\070-\073\040\024\076\377]/; |
1009 | } | |
84f709e7 | 1010 | if (ord('^')==106) { # posix-bc |
eaf8b9b9 | 1011 | return $char =~ |
d396a558 JH |
1012 | /[\040-\045\006\027\050-\054\011\012\033\060\061\032\063-\066\010\070-\073\040\024\076\137]/; |
1013 | } | |
1014 | } | |
1015 | ||
1016 | sub Is_latin_1 { | |
1017 | my $char = substr(shift,0,1); | |
84f709e7 | 1018 | if (ord('^')==94) { # ascii |
d396a558 JH |
1019 | return $char =~ /[\240-\377]/; |
1020 | } | |
2c09a866 | 1021 | if (ord('^')==176) { # 0037 |
eaf8b9b9 | 1022 | return $char =~ |
d396a558 JH |
1023 | /[\101\252\112\261\237\262\152\265\275\264\232\212\137\312\257\274\220\217\352\372\276\240\266\263\235\332\233\213\267\270\271\253\144\145\142\146\143\147\236\150\164\161-\163\170\165-\167\254\151\355\356\353\357\354\277\200\375\376\373\374\255\256\131\104\105\102\106\103\107\234\110\124\121-\123\130\125-\127\214\111\315\316\313\317\314\341\160\335\336\333\334\215\216\337]/; |
1024 | } | |
84f709e7 | 1025 | if (ord('^')==95) { # 1047 |
d396a558 | 1026 | return $char =~ |
eaf8b9b9 | 1027 | /[\101\252\112\261\237\262\152\265\273\264\232\212\260\312\257\274\220\217\352\372\276\240\266\263\235\332\233\213\267\270\271\253\144\145\142\146\143\147\236\150\164\161-\163\170\165-\167\254\151\355\356\353\357\354\277\200\375\376\373\374\272\256\131\104\105\102\106\103\107\234\110\124\121-\123\130\125-\127\214\111\315\316\313\317\314\341\160\335\336\333\334\215\216\337]/; |
d396a558 | 1028 | } |
84f709e7 | 1029 | if (ord('^')==106) { # posix-bc |
eaf8b9b9 | 1030 | return $char =~ |
d396a558 JH |
1031 | /[\101\252\260\261\237\262\320\265\171\264\232\212\272\312\257\241\220\217\352\372\276\240\266\263\235\332\233\213\267\270\271\253\144\145\142\146\143\147\236\150\164\161-\163\170\165-\167\254\151\355\356\353\357\354\277\200\340\376\335\374\255\256\131\104\105\102\106\103\107\234\110\124\121-\123\130\125-\127\214\111\315\316\313\317\314\341\160\300\336\333\334\215\216\337]/; |
1032 | } | |
1033 | } | |
1034 | ||
eaf8b9b9 KW |
1035 | Note however that only the C<Is_ascii_print()> sub is really independent |
1036 | of coded character set. Another way to write C<Is_latin_1()> would be | |
d396a558 JH |
1037 | to use the characters in the range explicitly: |
1038 | ||
1039 | sub Is_latin_1 { | |
1040 | my $char = substr(shift,0,1); | |
aadc0e04 | 1041 | $char =~ /[ ¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´µ¶·¸¹º»¼½¾¿ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿ]/; |
d396a558 JH |
1042 | } |
1043 | ||
eaf8b9b9 | 1044 | Although that form may run into trouble in network transit (due to the |
d396a558 | 1045 | presence of 8 bit characters) or on non ISO-Latin character sets. |
d396a558 JH |
1046 | |
1047 | =head1 SOCKETS | |
1048 | ||
1049 | Most socket programming assumes ASCII character encodings in network | |
1050 | byte order. Exceptions can include CGI script writing under a | |
1051 | host web server where the server may take care of translation for you. | |
1052 | Most host web servers convert EBCDIC data to ISO-8859-1 or Unicode on | |
1053 | output. | |
1054 | ||
1055 | =head1 SORTING | |
1056 | ||
8a50e6a3 | 1057 | One big difference between ASCII-based character sets and EBCDIC ones |
d396a558 | 1058 | are the relative positions of upper and lower case letters and the |
8a50e6a3 FC |
1059 | letters compared to the digits. If sorted on an ASCII-based platform the |
1060 | two-letter abbreviation for a physician comes before the two letter | |
1061 | abbreviation for drive; that is: | |
d396a558 | 1062 | |
c72e675e | 1063 | @sorted = sort(qw(Dr. dr.)); # @sorted holds ('Dr.','dr.') on ASCII, |
84f709e7 | 1064 | # but ('dr.','Dr.') on EBCDIC |
d396a558 | 1065 | |
8a50e6a3 | 1066 | The property of lowercase before uppercase letters in EBCDIC is |
d396a558 | 1067 | even carried to the Latin 1 EBCDIC pages such as 0037 and 1047. |
eaf8b9b9 KW |
1068 | An example would be that E<Euml> C<E WITH DIAERESIS> (203) comes |
1069 | before E<euml> C<e WITH DIAERESIS> (235) on an ASCII platform, but | |
1070 | the latter (83) comes before the former (115) on an EBCDIC platform. | |
1071 | (Astute readers will note that the uppercase version of E<szlig> | |
1072 | C<SMALL LETTER SHARP S> is simply "SS" and that the upper case version of | |
1073 | E<yuml> C<y WITH DIAERESIS> is not in the 0..255 range but it is | |
51b5cecb | 1074 | at U+x0178 in Unicode, or C<"\x{178}"> in a Unicode enabled Perl). |
d396a558 JH |
1075 | |
1076 | The sort order will cause differences between results obtained on | |
2bbc8d55 | 1077 | ASCII platforms versus EBCDIC platforms. What follows are some suggestions |
d396a558 JH |
1078 | on how to deal with these differences. |
1079 | ||
51b5cecb | 1080 | =head2 Ignore ASCII vs. EBCDIC sort differences. |
d396a558 JH |
1081 | |
1082 | This is the least computationally expensive strategy. It may require | |
1083 | some user education. | |
1084 | ||
51b5cecb | 1085 | =head2 MONO CASE then sort data. |
d396a558 | 1086 | |
8a50e6a3 | 1087 | In order to minimize the expense of mono casing mixed-case text, try to |
d396a558 JH |
1088 | C<tr///> towards the character set case most employed within the data. |
1089 | If the data are primarily UPPERCASE non Latin 1 then apply tr/[a-z]/[A-Z]/ | |
1090 | then sort(). If the data are primarily lowercase non Latin 1 then | |
1091 | apply tr/[A-Z]/[a-z]/ before sorting. If the data are primarily UPPERCASE | |
eaf8b9b9 | 1092 | and include Latin-1 characters then apply: |
51b5cecb | 1093 | |
b693e169 KW |
1094 | tr/[a-z]/[A-Z]/; |
1095 | tr/[àáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõöøùúûüýþ]/[ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖØÙÚÛÜÝÞ/; | |
1096 | s/ß/SS/g; | |
d396a558 | 1097 | |
eaf8b9b9 KW |
1098 | then sort(). Do note however that such Latin-1 manipulation does not |
1099 | address the E<yuml> C<y WITH DIAERESIS> character that will remain at | |
1100 | code point 255 on ASCII platforms, but 223 on most EBCDIC platforms | |
1101 | where it will sort to a place less than the EBCDIC numerals. With a | |
8a50e6a3 | 1102 | Unicode-enabled Perl you might try: |
d396a558 | 1103 | |
51b5cecb PP |
1104 | tr/^?/\x{178}/; |
1105 | ||
eaf8b9b9 | 1106 | The strategy of mono casing data before sorting does not preserve the case |
51b5cecb PP |
1107 | of the data and may not be acceptable for that reason. |
1108 | ||
1109 | =head2 Convert, sort data, then re convert. | |
d396a558 JH |
1110 | |
1111 | This is the most expensive proposition that does not employ a network | |
1112 | connection. | |
1113 | ||
2bbc8d55 | 1114 | =head2 Perform sorting on one type of platform only. |
d396a558 JH |
1115 | |
1116 | This strategy can employ a network connection. As such | |
1117 | it would be computationally expensive. | |
1118 | ||
395f5a0c | 1119 | =head1 TRANSFORMATION FORMATS |
1e054b24 | 1120 | |
eaf8b9b9 KW |
1121 | There are a variety of ways of transforming data with an intra character set |
1122 | mapping that serve a variety of purposes. Sorting was discussed in the | |
1123 | previous section and a few of the other more popular mapping techniques are | |
1e054b24 PP |
1124 | discussed next. |
1125 | ||
1126 | =head2 URL decoding and encoding | |
d396a558 | 1127 | |
51b5cecb | 1128 | Note that some URLs have hexadecimal ASCII code points in them in an |
eaf8b9b9 | 1129 | attempt to overcome character or protocol limitation issues. For example |
1e054b24 | 1130 | the tilde character is not on every keyboard hence a URL of the form: |
d396a558 JH |
1131 | |
1132 | http://www.pvhp.com/~pvhp/ | |
1133 | ||
1134 | may also be expressed as either of: | |
1135 | ||
1136 | http://www.pvhp.com/%7Epvhp/ | |
1137 | ||
1138 | http://www.pvhp.com/%7epvhp/ | |
1139 | ||
51b5cecb | 1140 | where 7E is the hexadecimal ASCII code point for '~'. Here is an example |
d396a558 JH |
1141 | of decoding such a URL under CCSID 1047: |
1142 | ||
84f709e7 | 1143 | $url = 'http://www.pvhp.com/%7Epvhp/'; |
d396a558 JH |
1144 | # this array assumes code page 1047 |
1145 | my @a2e_1047 = ( | |
1146 | 0, 1, 2, 3, 55, 45, 46, 47, 22, 5, 21, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, | |
1147 | 16, 17, 18, 19, 60, 61, 50, 38, 24, 25, 63, 39, 28, 29, 30, 31, | |
1148 | 64, 90,127,123, 91,108, 80,125, 77, 93, 92, 78,107, 96, 75, 97, | |
1149 | 240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,122, 94, 76,126,110,111, | |
1150 | 124,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,209,210,211,212,213,214, | |
1151 | 215,216,217,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,173,224,189, 95,109, | |
1152 | 121,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,145,146,147,148,149,150, | |
1153 | 151,152,153,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,192, 79,208,161, 7, | |
1154 | 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 6, 23, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 9, 10, 27, | |
1155 | 48, 49, 26, 51, 52, 53, 54, 8, 56, 57, 58, 59, 4, 20, 62,255, | |
1156 | 65,170, 74,177,159,178,106,181,187,180,154,138,176,202,175,188, | |
1157 | 144,143,234,250,190,160,182,179,157,218,155,139,183,184,185,171, | |
1158 | 100,101, 98,102, 99,103,158,104,116,113,114,115,120,117,118,119, | |
1159 | 172,105,237,238,235,239,236,191,128,253,254,251,252,186,174, 89, | |
1160 | 68, 69, 66, 70, 67, 71,156, 72, 84, 81, 82, 83, 88, 85, 86, 87, | |
1161 | 140, 73,205,206,203,207,204,225,112,221,222,219,220,141,142,223 | |
1162 | ); | |
1163 | $url =~ s/%([0-9a-fA-F]{2})/pack("c",$a2e_1047[hex($1)])/ge; | |
1164 | ||
eaf8b9b9 | 1165 | Conversely, here is a partial solution for the task of encoding such |
1e054b24 PP |
1166 | a URL under the 1047 code page: |
1167 | ||
84f709e7 | 1168 | $url = 'http://www.pvhp.com/~pvhp/'; |
1e054b24 PP |
1169 | # this array assumes code page 1047 |
1170 | my @e2a_1047 = ( | |
1171 | 0, 1, 2, 3,156, 9,134,127,151,141,142, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, | |
1172 | 16, 17, 18, 19,157, 10, 8,135, 24, 25,146,143, 28, 29, 30, 31, | |
1173 | 128,129,130,131,132,133, 23, 27,136,137,138,139,140, 5, 6, 7, | |
1174 | 144,145, 22,147,148,149,150, 4,152,153,154,155, 20, 21,158, 26, | |
1175 | 32,160,226,228,224,225,227,229,231,241,162, 46, 60, 40, 43,124, | |
1176 | 38,233,234,235,232,237,238,239,236,223, 33, 36, 42, 41, 59, 94, | |
1177 | 45, 47,194,196,192,193,195,197,199,209,166, 44, 37, 95, 62, 63, | |
1178 | 248,201,202,203,200,205,206,207,204, 96, 58, 35, 64, 39, 61, 34, | |
1179 | 216, 97, 98, 99,100,101,102,103,104,105,171,187,240,253,254,177, | |
1180 | 176,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,170,186,230,184,198,164, | |
1181 | 181,126,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,161,191,208, 91,222,174, | |
1182 | 172,163,165,183,169,167,182,188,189,190,221,168,175, 93,180,215, | |
1183 | 123, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73,173,244,246,242,243,245, | |
1184 | 125, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82,185,251,252,249,250,255, | |
1185 | 92,247, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90,178,212,214,210,211,213, | |
1186 | 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57,179,219,220,217,218,159 | |
1187 | ); | |
eaf8b9b9 KW |
1188 | # The following regular expression does not address the |
1189 | # mappings for: ('.' => '%2E', '/' => '%2F', ':' => '%3A') | |
1e054b24 PP |
1190 | $url =~ s/([\t "#%&\(\),;<=>\?\@\[\\\]^`{|}~])/sprintf("%%%02X",$e2a_1047[ord($1)])/ge; |
1191 | ||
eaf8b9b9 | 1192 | where a more complete solution would split the URL into components |
1e054b24 PP |
1193 | and apply a full s/// substitution only to the appropriate parts. |
1194 | ||
1195 | In the remaining examples a @e2a or @a2e array may be employed | |
1196 | but the assignment will not be shown explicitly. For code page 1047 | |
1197 | you could use the @a2e_1047 or @e2a_1047 arrays just shown. | |
1198 | ||
1199 | =head2 uu encoding and decoding | |
1200 | ||
eaf8b9b9 KW |
1201 | The C<u> template to pack() or unpack() will render EBCDIC data in EBCDIC |
1202 | characters equivalent to their ASCII counterparts. For example, the | |
1e054b24 PP |
1203 | following will print "Yes indeed\n" on either an ASCII or EBCDIC computer: |
1204 | ||
84f709e7 JH |
1205 | $all_byte_chrs = ''; |
1206 | for (0..255) { $all_byte_chrs .= chr($_); } | |
1207 | $uuencode_byte_chrs = pack('u', $all_byte_chrs); | |
210b36aa | 1208 | ($uu = <<'ENDOFHEREDOC') =~ s/^\s*//gm; |
1e054b24 PP |
1209 | M``$"`P0%!@<("0H+#`T.#Q`1$A,4%187&!D:&QP='A\@(2(C)"4F)R@I*BLL |
1210 | M+2XO,#$R,S0U-C<X.3H[/#T^/T!!0D-$149'2$E*2TQ-3D]045)35%565UA9 | |
1211 | M6EM<75Y?8&%B8V1E9F=H:6IK;&UN;W!Q<G-T=79W>'EZ>WQ]?G^`@8*#A(6& | |
1212 | MAXB)BHN,C8Z/D)&2DY25EI>8F9J;G)V>GZ"AHJ.DI::GJ*FJJZRMKJ^PL;*S | |
1213 | MM+6VM[BYNKN\O;Z_P,'"P\3%QL?(R<K+S,W.S]#1TM/4U=;7V-G:V]S=WM_@ | |
1214 | ?X>+CY.7FY^CIZNOL[>[O\/'R\_3U]O?X^?K[_/W^_P`` | |
1215 | ENDOFHEREDOC | |
84f709e7 | 1216 | if ($uuencode_byte_chrs eq $uu) { |
1e054b24 PP |
1217 | print "Yes "; |
1218 | } | |
1219 | $uudecode_byte_chrs = unpack('u', $uuencode_byte_chrs); | |
84f709e7 | 1220 | if ($uudecode_byte_chrs eq $all_byte_chrs) { |
1e054b24 PP |
1221 | print "indeed\n"; |
1222 | } | |
1223 | ||
1224 | Here is a very spartan uudecoder that will work on EBCDIC provided | |
1225 | that the @e2a array is filled in appropriately: | |
1226 | ||
84f709e7 JH |
1227 | #!/usr/local/bin/perl |
1228 | @e2a = ( # this must be filled in | |
1229 | ); | |
1230 | $_ = <> until ($mode,$file) = /^begin\s*(\d*)\s*(\S*)/; | |
1e054b24 PP |
1231 | open(OUT, "> $file") if $file ne ""; |
1232 | while(<>) { | |
1233 | last if /^end/; | |
1234 | next if /[a-z]/; | |
1235 | next unless int(((($e2a[ord()] - 32 ) & 077) + 2) / 3) == | |
1236 | int(length() / 4); | |
1237 | print OUT unpack("u", $_); | |
1238 | } | |
1239 | close(OUT); | |
1240 | chmod oct($mode), $file; | |
1241 | ||
1242 | ||
1243 | =head2 Quoted-Printable encoding and decoding | |
1244 | ||
8a50e6a3 | 1245 | On ASCII-encoded platforms it is possible to strip characters outside of |
1e054b24 PP |
1246 | the printable set using: |
1247 | ||
1248 | # This QP encoder works on ASCII only | |
84f709e7 | 1249 | $qp_string =~ s/([=\x00-\x1F\x80-\xFF])/sprintf("=%02X",ord($1))/ge; |
1e054b24 | 1250 | |
eaf8b9b9 KW |
1251 | Whereas a QP encoder that works on both ASCII and EBCDIC platforms |
1252 | would look somewhat like the following (where the EBCDIC branch @e2a | |
1e054b24 PP |
1253 | array is omitted for brevity): |
1254 | ||
1255 | if (ord('A') == 65) { # ASCII | |
1256 | $delete = "\x7F"; # ASCII | |
1257 | @e2a = (0 .. 255) # ASCII to ASCII identity map | |
84f709e7 JH |
1258 | } |
1259 | else { # EBCDIC | |
1e054b24 | 1260 | $delete = "\x07"; # EBCDIC |
84f709e7 | 1261 | @e2a = # EBCDIC to ASCII map (as shown above) |
1e054b24 | 1262 | } |
84f709e7 | 1263 | $qp_string =~ |
1e054b24 PP |
1264 | s/([^ !"\#\$%&'()*+,\-.\/0-9:;<>?\@A-Z[\\\]^_`a-z{|}~$delete])/sprintf("=%02X",$e2a[ord($1)])/ge; |
1265 | ||
1266 | (although in production code the substitutions might be done | |
eaf8b9b9 | 1267 | in the EBCDIC branch with the @e2a array and separately in the |
1e054b24 PP |
1268 | ASCII branch without the expense of the identity map). |
1269 | ||
1270 | Such QP strings can be decoded with: | |
1271 | ||
1272 | # This QP decoder is limited to ASCII only | |
1273 | $string =~ s/=([0-9A-Fa-f][0-9A-Fa-f])/chr hex $1/ge; | |
1274 | $string =~ s/=[\n\r]+$//; | |
1275 | ||
eaf8b9b9 | 1276 | Whereas a QP decoder that works on both ASCII and EBCDIC platforms |
1e054b24 PP |
1277 | would look somewhat like the following (where the @a2e array is |
1278 | omitted for brevity): | |
1279 | ||
1280 | $string =~ s/=([0-9A-Fa-f][0-9A-Fa-f])/chr $a2e[hex $1]/ge; | |
1281 | $string =~ s/=[\n\r]+$//; | |
1282 | ||
c69ca1d4 | 1283 | =head2 Caesarean ciphers |
1e054b24 PP |
1284 | |
1285 | The practice of shifting an alphabet one or more characters for encipherment | |
1286 | dates back thousands of years and was explicitly detailed by Gaius Julius | |
eaf8b9b9 | 1287 | Caesar in his B<Gallic Wars> text. A single alphabet shift is sometimes |
1e054b24 | 1288 | referred to as a rotation and the shift amount is given as a number $n after |
eaf8b9b9 KW |
1289 | the string 'rot' or "rot$n". Rot0 and rot26 would designate identity maps |
1290 | on the 26-letter English version of the Latin alphabet. Rot13 has the | |
1291 | interesting property that alternate subsequent invocations are identity maps | |
1292 | (thus rot13 is its own non-trivial inverse in the group of 26 alphabet | |
1293 | rotations). Hence the following is a rot13 encoder and decoder that will | |
2bbc8d55 | 1294 | work on ASCII and EBCDIC platforms: |
1e054b24 PP |
1295 | |
1296 | #!/usr/local/bin/perl | |
1297 | ||
84f709e7 | 1298 | while(<>){ |
1e054b24 PP |
1299 | tr/n-za-mN-ZA-M/a-zA-Z/; |
1300 | print; | |
1301 | } | |
1302 | ||
1303 | In one-liner form: | |
1304 | ||
84f709e7 | 1305 | perl -ne 'tr/n-za-mN-ZA-M/a-zA-Z/;print' |
1e054b24 PP |
1306 | |
1307 | ||
1308 | =head1 Hashing order and checksums | |
1309 | ||
eaf8b9b9 | 1310 | To the extent that it is possible to write code that depends on |
395f5a0c | 1311 | hashing order there may be differences between hashes as stored |
8a50e6a3 | 1312 | on an ASCII-based platform and hashes stored on an EBCDIC-based platform. |
1e054b24 PP |
1313 | XXX |
1314 | ||
d396a558 JH |
1315 | =head1 I18N AND L10N |
1316 | ||
eaf8b9b9 KW |
1317 | Internationalization (I18N) and localization (L10N) are supported at least |
1318 | in principle even on EBCDIC platforms. The details are system-dependent | |
d396a558 JH |
1319 | and discussed under the L<perlebcdic/OS ISSUES> section below. |
1320 | ||
8a50e6a3 | 1321 | =head1 MULTI-OCTET CHARACTER SETS |
d396a558 | 1322 | |
eaf8b9b9 KW |
1323 | Perl may work with an internal UTF-EBCDIC encoding form for wide characters |
1324 | on EBCDIC platforms in a manner analogous to the way that it works with | |
395f5a0c PK |
1325 | the UTF-8 internal encoding form on ASCII based platforms. |
1326 | ||
1327 | Legacy multi byte EBCDIC code pages XXX. | |
d396a558 JH |
1328 | |
1329 | =head1 OS ISSUES | |
1330 | ||
eaf8b9b9 | 1331 | There may be a few system-dependent issues |
d396a558 JH |
1332 | of concern to EBCDIC Perl programmers. |
1333 | ||
522b859a | 1334 | =head2 OS/400 |
51b5cecb | 1335 | |
d396a558 JH |
1336 | =over 8 |
1337 | ||
522b859a JH |
1338 | =item PASE |
1339 | ||
8a50e6a3 FC |
1340 | The PASE environment is a runtime environment for OS/400 that can run |
1341 | executables built for PowerPC AIX in OS/400; see L<perlos400>. PASE | |
522b859a JH |
1342 | is ASCII-based, not EBCDIC-based as the ILE. |
1343 | ||
d396a558 JH |
1344 | =item IFS access |
1345 | ||
1346 | XXX. | |
1347 | ||
1348 | =back | |
1349 | ||
395f5a0c | 1350 | =head2 OS/390, z/OS |
d396a558 | 1351 | |
51b5cecb PP |
1352 | Perl runs under Unix Systems Services or USS. |
1353 | ||
d396a558 JH |
1354 | =over 8 |
1355 | ||
51b5cecb PP |
1356 | =item chcp |
1357 | ||
eaf8b9b9 | 1358 | B<chcp> is supported as a shell utility for displaying and changing |
75cdcc93 | 1359 | one's code page. See also L<chcp(1)>. |
51b5cecb | 1360 | |
d396a558 JH |
1361 | =item dataset access |
1362 | ||
1363 | For sequential data set access try: | |
1364 | ||
1365 | my @ds_records = `cat //DSNAME`; | |
1366 | ||
1367 | or: | |
1368 | ||
1369 | my @ds_records = `cat //'HLQ.DSNAME'`; | |
1370 | ||
1371 | See also the OS390::Stdio module on CPAN. | |
1372 | ||
395f5a0c | 1373 | =item OS/390, z/OS iconv |
51b5cecb | 1374 | |
1e054b24 PP |
1375 | B<iconv> is supported as both a shell utility and a C RTL routine. |
1376 | See also the iconv(1) and iconv(3) manual pages. | |
51b5cecb | 1377 | |
d396a558 JH |
1378 | =item locales |
1379 | ||
395f5a0c PK |
1380 | On OS/390 or z/OS see L<locale> for information on locales. The L10N files |
1381 | are in F</usr/nls/locale>. $Config{d_setlocale} is 'define' on OS/390 | |
1382 | or z/OS. | |
d396a558 JH |
1383 | |
1384 | =back | |
1385 | ||
d396a558 JH |
1386 | =head2 POSIX-BC? |
1387 | ||
1388 | XXX. | |
1389 | ||
51b5cecb PP |
1390 | =head1 BUGS |
1391 | ||
eaf8b9b9 KW |
1392 | This pod document contains literal Latin 1 characters and may encounter |
1393 | translation difficulties. In particular one popular nroff implementation | |
1394 | was known to strip accented characters to their unaccented counterparts | |
1395 | while attempting to view this document through the B<pod2man> program | |
1396 | (for example, you may see a plain C<y> rather than one with a diaeresis | |
3958b146 | 1397 | as in E<yuml>). Another nroff truncated the resultant manpage at |
395f5a0c | 1398 | the first occurrence of 8 bit characters. |
51b5cecb PP |
1399 | |
1400 | Not all shells will allow multiple C<-e> string arguments to perl to | |
eaf8b9b9 | 1401 | be concatenated together properly as recipes 0, 2, 4, 5, and 6 might |
395f5a0c | 1402 | seem to imply. |
51b5cecb | 1403 | |
b3b6085d PP |
1404 | =head1 SEE ALSO |
1405 | ||
395f5a0c | 1406 | L<perllocale>, L<perlfunc>, L<perlunicode>, L<utf8>. |
b3b6085d | 1407 | |
d396a558 JH |
1408 | =head1 REFERENCES |
1409 | ||
2bbc8d55 | 1410 | L<http://anubis.dkuug.dk/i18n/charmaps> |
d396a558 | 1411 | |
2bbc8d55 | 1412 | L<http://www.unicode.org/> |
d396a558 | 1413 | |
2bbc8d55 | 1414 | L<http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr16/> |
d396a558 | 1415 | |
08d7a6b2 | 1416 | L<http://www.wps.com/projects/codes/> |
51b5cecb PP |
1417 | B<ASCII: American Standard Code for Information Infiltration> Tom Jennings, |
1418 | September 1999. | |
1419 | ||
eaf8b9b9 KW |
1420 | B<The Unicode Standard, Version 3.0> The Unicode Consortium, Lisa Moore ed., |
1421 | ISBN 0-201-61633-5, Addison Wesley Developers Press, February 2000. | |
51b5cecb | 1422 | |
eaf8b9b9 KW |
1423 | B<CDRA: IBM - Character Data Representation Architecture - |
1424 | Reference and Registry>, IBM SC09-2190-00, December 1996. | |
d396a558 | 1425 | |
eaf8b9b9 | 1426 | "Demystifying Character Sets", Andrea Vine, Multilingual Computing |
d396a558 JH |
1427 | & Technology, B<#26 Vol. 10 Issue 4>, August/September 1999; |
1428 | ISSN 1523-0309; Multilingual Computing Inc. Sandpoint ID, USA. | |
1429 | ||
1e054b24 PP |
1430 | B<Codes, Ciphers, and Other Cryptic and Clandestine Communication> |
1431 | Fred B. Wrixon, ISBN 1-57912-040-7, Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, | |
1432 | 1998. | |
1433 | ||
2bbc8d55 | 1434 | L<http://www.bobbemer.com/P-BIT.HTM> |
395f5a0c PK |
1435 | B<IBM - EBCDIC and the P-bit; The biggest Computer Goof Ever> Robert Bemer. |
1436 | ||
1437 | =head1 HISTORY | |
1438 | ||
1439 | 15 April 2001: added UTF-8 and UTF-EBCDIC to main table, pvhp. | |
1440 | ||
d396a558 JH |
1441 | =head1 AUTHOR |
1442 | ||
eaf8b9b9 KW |
1443 | Peter Prymmer pvhp@best.com wrote this in 1999 and 2000 |
1444 | with CCSID 0819 and 0037 help from Chris Leach and | |
1445 | AndrE<eacute> Pirard A.Pirard@ulg.ac.be as well as POSIX-BC | |
b3b6085d | 1446 | help from Thomas Dorner Thomas.Dorner@start.de. |
eaf8b9b9 KW |
1447 | Thanks also to Vickie Cooper, Philip Newton, William Raffloer, and |
1448 | Joe Smith. Trademarks, registered trademarks, service marks and | |
1449 | registered service marks used in this document are the property of | |
1e054b24 | 1450 | their respective owners. |