Fix bug #15837, temporary from storable call hadn't gotten

[perl5.git] / toke.c

/*    toke.c
 *
 *    Copyright (c) 1991-2002, Larry Wall
 *
 *    You may distribute under the terms of either the GNU General Public
 *    License or the Artistic License, as specified in the README file.
 *
 */

/*
 *   "It all comes from here, the stench and the peril."  --Frodo
 */

/*
 * This file is the lexer for Perl.  It's closely linked to the
 * parser, perly.y.
 *
 * The main routine is yylex(), which returns the next token.
 */

#include "EXTERN.h"
#define PERL_IN_TOKE_C
#include "perl.h"

#define yychar	PL_yychar
#define yylval	PL_yylval

static char ident_too_long[] = "Identifier too long";
static char c_without_g[] = "Use of /c modifier is meaningless without /g";
static char c_in_subst[] = "Use of /c modifier is meaningless in s///";

static void restore_rsfp(pTHX_ void *f);
#ifndef PERL_NO_UTF16_FILTER
static I32 utf16_textfilter(pTHX_ int idx, SV *sv, int maxlen);
static I32 utf16rev_textfilter(pTHX_ int idx, SV *sv, int maxlen);
#endif

#define XFAKEBRACK 128
#define XENUMMASK 127

#ifdef USE_UTF8_SCRIPTS
#   define UTF (!IN_BYTES)
#else
#   define UTF ((PL_linestr && DO_UTF8(PL_linestr)) || (PL_hints & HINT_UTF8))
#endif

/* In variables named $^X, these are the legal values for X.
 * 1999-02-27 mjd-perl-patch@plover.com */
#define isCONTROLVAR(x) (isUPPER(x) || strchr("[\\]^_?", (x)))

/* On MacOS, respect nonbreaking spaces */
#ifdef MACOS_TRADITIONAL
#define SPACE_OR_TAB(c) ((c)==' '||(c)=='\312'||(c)=='\t')
#else
#define SPACE_OR_TAB(c) ((c)==' '||(c)=='\t')
#endif

/* LEX_* are values for PL_lex_state, the state of the lexer.
 * They are arranged oddly so that the guard on the switch statement
 * can get by with a single comparison (if the compiler is smart enough).
 */

/* #define LEX_NOTPARSING		11 is done in perl.h. */

#define LEX_NORMAL		10
#define LEX_INTERPNORMAL	 9
#define LEX_INTERPCASEMOD	 8
#define LEX_INTERPPUSH		 7
#define LEX_INTERPSTART		 6
#define LEX_INTERPEND		 5
#define LEX_INTERPENDMAYBE	 4
#define LEX_INTERPCONCAT	 3
#define LEX_INTERPCONST		 2
#define LEX_FORMLINE		 1
#define LEX_KNOWNEXT		 0

#ifdef ff_next
#undef ff_next
#endif

#ifdef USE_PURE_BISON
#  ifndef YYMAXLEVEL
#    define YYMAXLEVEL 100
#  endif
YYSTYPE* yylval_pointer[YYMAXLEVEL];
int* yychar_pointer[YYMAXLEVEL];
int yyactlevel = -1;
#  undef yylval
#  undef yychar
#  define yylval (*yylval_pointer[yyactlevel])
#  define yychar (*yychar_pointer[yyactlevel])
#  define PERL_YYLEX_PARAM yylval_pointer[yyactlevel],yychar_pointer[yyactlevel]
#  undef yylex
#  define yylex()      Perl_yylex_r(aTHX_ yylval_pointer[yyactlevel],yychar_pointer[yyactlevel])
#endif

#include "keywords.h"

/* CLINE is a macro that ensures PL_copline has a sane value */

#ifdef CLINE
#undef CLINE
#endif
#define CLINE (PL_copline = (CopLINE(PL_curcop) < PL_copline ? CopLINE(PL_curcop) : PL_copline))

/*
 * Convenience functions to return different tokens and prime the
 * lexer for the next token.  They all take an argument.
 *
 * TOKEN        : generic token (used for '(', DOLSHARP, etc)
 * OPERATOR     : generic operator
 * AOPERATOR    : assignment operator
 * PREBLOCK     : beginning the block after an if, while, foreach, ...
 * PRETERMBLOCK : beginning a non-code-defining {} block (eg, hash ref)
 * PREREF       : *EXPR where EXPR is not a simple identifier
 * TERM         : expression term
 * LOOPX        : loop exiting command (goto, last, dump, etc)
 * FTST         : file test operator
 * FUN0         : zero-argument function
 * FUN1         : not used, except for not, which isn't a UNIOP
 * BOop         : bitwise or or xor
 * BAop         : bitwise and
 * SHop         : shift operator
 * PWop         : power operator
 * PMop         : pattern-matching operator
 * Aop          : addition-level operator
 * Mop          : multiplication-level operator
 * Eop          : equality-testing operator
 * Rop          : relational operator <= != gt
 *
 * Also see LOP and lop() below.
 */

/* Note that REPORT() and REPORT2() will be expressions that supply
 * their own trailing comma, not suitable for statements as such. */
#ifdef DEBUGGING /* Serve -DT. */
#   define REPORT(x,retval) tokereport(x,s,(int)retval),
#   define REPORT2(x,retval) tokereport(x,s, yylval.ival),
#else
#   define REPORT(x,retval)
#   define REPORT2(x,retval)
#endif

#define TOKEN(retval) return (REPORT2("token",retval) PL_bufptr = s,(int)retval)
#define OPERATOR(retval) return (REPORT2("operator",retval) PL_expect = XTERM, PL_bufptr = s,(int)retval)
#define AOPERATOR(retval) return ao((REPORT2("aop",retval) PL_expect = XTERM, PL_bufptr = s,(int)retval))
#define PREBLOCK(retval) return (REPORT2("preblock",retval) PL_expect = XBLOCK,PL_bufptr = s,(int)retval)
#define PRETERMBLOCK(retval) return (REPORT2("pretermblock",retval) PL_expect = XTERMBLOCK,PL_bufptr = s,(int)retval)
#define PREREF(retval) return (REPORT2("preref",retval) PL_expect = XREF,PL_bufptr = s,(int)retval)
#define TERM(retval) return (CLINE, REPORT2("term",retval) PL_expect = XOPERATOR, PL_bufptr = s,(int)retval)
#define LOOPX(f) return(yylval.ival=f, REPORT("loopx",f) PL_expect = XTERM,PL_bufptr = s,(int)LOOPEX)
#define FTST(f) return(yylval.ival=f, REPORT("ftst",f) PL_expect = XTERMORDORDOR,PL_bufptr = s,(int)UNIOP)
#define FUN0(f) return(yylval.ival = f, REPORT("fun0",f) PL_expect = XOPERATOR,PL_bufptr = s,(int)FUNC0)
#define FUN1(f) return(yylval.ival = f, REPORT("fun1",f) PL_expect = XOPERATOR,PL_bufptr = s,(int)FUNC1)
#define BOop(f) return ao((yylval.ival=f, REPORT("bitorop",f) PL_expect = XTERM,PL_bufptr = s,(int)BITOROP))
#define BAop(f) return ao((yylval.ival=f, REPORT("bitandop",f) PL_expect = XTERM,PL_bufptr = s,(int)BITANDOP))
#define SHop(f) return ao((yylval.ival=f, REPORT("shiftop",f) PL_expect = XTERM,PL_bufptr = s,(int)SHIFTOP))
#define PWop(f) return ao((yylval.ival=f, REPORT("powop",f) PL_expect = XTERM,PL_bufptr = s,(int)POWOP))
#define PMop(f) return(yylval.ival=f, REPORT("matchop",f) PL_expect = XTERM,PL_bufptr = s,(int)MATCHOP)
#define Aop(f) return ao((yylval.ival=f, REPORT("add",f) PL_expect = XTERM,PL_bufptr = s,(int)ADDOP))
#define Mop(f) return ao((yylval.ival=f, REPORT("mul",f) PL_expect = XTERM,PL_bufptr = s,(int)MULOP))
#define Eop(f) return(yylval.ival=f, REPORT("eq",f) PL_expect = XTERM,PL_bufptr = s,(int)EQOP)
#define Rop(f) return(yylval.ival=f, REPORT("rel",f) PL_expect = XTERM,PL_bufptr = s,(int)RELOP)

/* This bit of chicanery makes a unary function followed by
 * a parenthesis into a function with one argument, highest precedence.
 * The UNIDOR macro is for unary functions that can be followed by the //
 * operator (such as C<shift // 0>).
 */
#define UNI2(f,x) return(yylval.ival = f, \
	REPORT("uni",f) \
	PL_expect = x, \
	PL_bufptr = s, \
	PL_last_uni = PL_oldbufptr, \
	PL_last_lop_op = f, \
	(*s == '(' || (s = skipspace(s), *s == '(') ? (int)FUNC1 : (int)UNIOP) )
#define UNI(f)    UNI2(f,XTERM)
#define UNIDOR(f) UNI2(f,XTERMORDORDOR)

#define UNIBRACK(f) return(yylval.ival = f, \
        REPORT("uni",f) \
	PL_bufptr = s, \
	PL_last_uni = PL_oldbufptr, \
	(*s == '(' || (s = skipspace(s), *s == '(') ? (int)FUNC1 : (int)UNIOP) )

/* grandfather return to old style */
#define OLDLOP(f) return(yylval.ival=f,PL_expect = XTERM,PL_bufptr = s,(int)LSTOP)

#ifdef DEBUGGING

STATIC void
S_tokereport(pTHX_ char *thing, char* s, I32 rv)
{
    DEBUG_T({
        SV* report = newSVpv(thing, 0);
        Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ report, ":line %d:%"IVdf":", CopLINE(PL_curcop),
		(IV)rv);

        if (s - PL_bufptr > 0)
            sv_catpvn(report, PL_bufptr, s - PL_bufptr);
        else {
            if (PL_oldbufptr && *PL_oldbufptr)
                sv_catpv(report, PL_tokenbuf);
        }
        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "### %s\n", SvPV_nolen(report));
    });
}

#endif

/*
 * S_ao
 *
 * This subroutine detects &&=, ||=, and //= and turns an ANDAND, OROR or DORDOR
 * into an OP_ANDASSIGN, OP_ORASSIGN, or OP_DORASSIGN
 */

STATIC int
S_ao(pTHX_ int toketype)
{
    if (*PL_bufptr == '=') {
	PL_bufptr++;
	if (toketype == ANDAND)
	    yylval.ival = OP_ANDASSIGN;
	else if (toketype == OROR)
	    yylval.ival = OP_ORASSIGN;
	else if (toketype == DORDOR)
	    yylval.ival = OP_DORASSIGN;
	toketype = ASSIGNOP;
    }
    return toketype;
}

/*
 * S_no_op
 * When Perl expects an operator and finds something else, no_op
 * prints the warning.  It always prints "<something> found where
 * operator expected.  It prints "Missing semicolon on previous line?"
 * if the surprise occurs at the start of the line.  "do you need to
 * predeclare ..." is printed out for code like "sub bar; foo bar $x"
 * where the compiler doesn't know if foo is a method call or a function.
 * It prints "Missing operator before end of line" if there's nothing
 * after the missing operator, or "... before <...>" if there is something
 * after the missing operator.
 */

STATIC void
S_no_op(pTHX_ char *what, char *s)
{
    char *oldbp = PL_bufptr;
    bool is_first = (PL_oldbufptr == PL_linestart);

    if (!s)
	s = oldbp;
    else
	PL_bufptr = s;
    yywarn(Perl_form(aTHX_ "%s found where operator expected", what));
    if (is_first)
	Perl_warn(aTHX_ "\t(Missing semicolon on previous line?)\n");
    else if (PL_oldoldbufptr && isIDFIRST_lazy_if(PL_oldoldbufptr,UTF)) {
	char *t;
	for (t = PL_oldoldbufptr; *t && (isALNUM_lazy_if(t,UTF) || *t == ':'); t++) ;
	if (t < PL_bufptr && isSPACE(*t))
	    Perl_warn(aTHX_ "\t(Do you need to predeclare %.*s?)\n",
		t - PL_oldoldbufptr, PL_oldoldbufptr);
    }
    else {
	assert(s >= oldbp);
	Perl_warn(aTHX_ "\t(Missing operator before %.*s?)\n", s - oldbp, oldbp);
    }
    PL_bufptr = oldbp;
}

/*
 * S_missingterm
 * Complain about missing quote/regexp/heredoc terminator.
 * If it's called with (char *)NULL then it cauterizes the line buffer.
 * If we're in a delimited string and the delimiter is a control
 * character, it's reformatted into a two-char sequence like ^C.
 * This is fatal.
 */

STATIC void
S_missingterm(pTHX_ char *s)
{
    char tmpbuf[3];
    char q;
    if (s) {
	char *nl = strrchr(s,'\n');
	if (nl)
	    *nl = '\0';
    }
    else if (
#ifdef EBCDIC
	iscntrl(PL_multi_close)
#else
	PL_multi_close < 32 || PL_multi_close == 127
#endif
	) {
	*tmpbuf = '^';
	tmpbuf[1] = toCTRL(PL_multi_close);
	s = "\\n";
	tmpbuf[2] = '\0';
	s = tmpbuf;
    }
    else {
	*tmpbuf = (char)PL_multi_close;
	tmpbuf[1] = '\0';
	s = tmpbuf;
    }
    q = strchr(s,'"') ? '\'' : '"';
    Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Can't find string terminator %c%s%c anywhere before EOF",q,s,q);
}

/*
 * Perl_deprecate
 */

void
Perl_deprecate(pTHX_ char *s)
{
    if (ckWARN(WARN_DEPRECATED))
	Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_DEPRECATED), "Use of %s is deprecated", s);
}

void
Perl_deprecate_old(pTHX_ char *s)
{
    /* This function should NOT be called for any new deprecated warnings */
    /* Use Perl_deprecate instead                                         */
    /*                                                                    */
    /* It is here to maintain backward compatibility with the pre-5.8     */
    /* warnings category hierarchy. The "deprecated" category used to     */
    /* live under the "syntax" category. It is now a top-level category   */
    /* in its own right.                                                  */

    if (ckWARN2(WARN_DEPRECATED, WARN_SYNTAX))
	Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN2(WARN_DEPRECATED, WARN_SYNTAX), 
			"Use of %s is deprecated", s);
}

/*
 * depcom
 * Deprecate a comma-less variable list.
 */

STATIC void
S_depcom(pTHX)
{
    deprecate_old("comma-less variable list");
}

/*
 * experimental text filters for win32 carriage-returns, utf16-to-utf8 and
 * utf16-to-utf8-reversed.
 */

#ifdef PERL_CR_FILTER
static void
strip_return(SV *sv)
{
    register char *s = SvPVX(sv);
    register char *e = s + SvCUR(sv);
    /* outer loop optimized to do nothing if there are no CR-LFs */
    while (s < e) {
	if (*s++ == '\r' && *s == '\n') {
	    /* hit a CR-LF, need to copy the rest */
	    register char *d = s - 1;
	    *d++ = *s++;
	    while (s < e) {
		if (*s == '\r' && s[1] == '\n')
		    s++;
		*d++ = *s++;
	    }
	    SvCUR(sv) -= s - d;
	    return;
	}
    }
}

STATIC I32
S_cr_textfilter(pTHX_ int idx, SV *sv, int maxlen)
{
    I32 count = FILTER_READ(idx+1, sv, maxlen);
    if (count > 0 && !maxlen)
	strip_return(sv);
    return count;
}
#endif

/*
 * Perl_lex_start
 * Initialize variables.  Uses the Perl save_stack to save its state (for
 * recursive calls to the parser).
 */

void
Perl_lex_start(pTHX_ SV *line)
{
    char *s;
    STRLEN len;

    SAVEI32(PL_lex_dojoin);
    SAVEI32(PL_lex_brackets);
    SAVEI32(PL_lex_casemods);
    SAVEI32(PL_lex_starts);
    SAVEI32(PL_lex_state);
    SAVEVPTR(PL_lex_inpat);
    SAVEI32(PL_lex_inwhat);
    if (PL_lex_state == LEX_KNOWNEXT) {
	I32 toke = PL_nexttoke;
	while (--toke >= 0) {
	    SAVEI32(PL_nexttype[toke]);
	    SAVEVPTR(PL_nextval[toke]);
	}
	SAVEI32(PL_nexttoke);
    }
    SAVECOPLINE(PL_curcop);
    SAVEPPTR(PL_bufptr);
    SAVEPPTR(PL_bufend);
    SAVEPPTR(PL_oldbufptr);
    SAVEPPTR(PL_oldoldbufptr);
    SAVEPPTR(PL_last_lop);
    SAVEPPTR(PL_last_uni);
    SAVEPPTR(PL_linestart);
    SAVESPTR(PL_linestr);
    SAVEGENERICPV(PL_lex_brackstack);
    SAVEGENERICPV(PL_lex_casestack);
    SAVEDESTRUCTOR_X(restore_rsfp, PL_rsfp);
    SAVESPTR(PL_lex_stuff);
    SAVEI32(PL_lex_defer);
    SAVEI32(PL_sublex_info.sub_inwhat);
    SAVESPTR(PL_lex_repl);
    SAVEINT(PL_expect);
    SAVEINT(PL_lex_expect);

    PL_lex_state = LEX_NORMAL;
    PL_lex_defer = 0;
    PL_expect = XSTATE;
    PL_lex_brackets = 0;
    New(899, PL_lex_brackstack, 120, char);
    New(899, PL_lex_casestack, 12, char);
    PL_lex_casemods = 0;
    *PL_lex_casestack = '\0';
    PL_lex_dojoin = 0;
    PL_lex_starts = 0;
    PL_lex_stuff = Nullsv;
    PL_lex_repl = Nullsv;
    PL_lex_inpat = 0;
    PL_nexttoke = 0;
    PL_lex_inwhat = 0;
    PL_sublex_info.sub_inwhat = 0;
    PL_linestr = line;
    if (SvREADONLY(PL_linestr))
	PL_linestr = sv_2mortal(newSVsv(PL_linestr));
    s = SvPV(PL_linestr, len);
    if (!len || s[len-1] != ';') {
	if (!(SvFLAGS(PL_linestr) & SVs_TEMP))
	    PL_linestr = sv_2mortal(newSVsv(PL_linestr));
	sv_catpvn(PL_linestr, "\n;", 2);
    }
    SvTEMP_off(PL_linestr);
    PL_oldoldbufptr = PL_oldbufptr = PL_bufptr = PL_linestart = SvPVX(PL_linestr);
    PL_bufend = PL_bufptr + SvCUR(PL_linestr);
    PL_last_lop = PL_last_uni = Nullch;
    PL_rsfp = 0;
}

/*
 * Perl_lex_end
 * Finalizer for lexing operations.  Must be called when the parser is
 * done with the lexer.
 */

void
Perl_lex_end(pTHX)
{
    PL_doextract = FALSE;
}

/*
 * S_incline
 * This subroutine has nothing to do with tilting, whether at windmills
 * or pinball tables.  Its name is short for "increment line".  It
 * increments the current line number in CopLINE(PL_curcop) and checks
 * to see whether the line starts with a comment of the form
 *    # line 500 "foo.pm"
 * If so, it sets the current line number and file to the values in the comment.
 */

STATIC void
S_incline(pTHX_ char *s)
{
    char *t;
    char *n;
    char *e;
    char ch;

    CopLINE_inc(PL_curcop);
    if (*s++ != '#')
	return;
    while (SPACE_OR_TAB(*s)) s++;
    if (strnEQ(s, "line", 4))
	s += 4;
    else
	return;
    if (SPACE_OR_TAB(*s))
	s++;
    else
	return;
    while (SPACE_OR_TAB(*s)) s++;
    if (!isDIGIT(*s))
	return;
    n = s;
    while (isDIGIT(*s))
	s++;
    while (SPACE_OR_TAB(*s))
	s++;
    if (*s == '"' && (t = strchr(s+1, '"'))) {
	s++;
	e = t + 1;
    }
    else {
	for (t = s; !isSPACE(*t); t++) ;
	e = t;
    }
    while (SPACE_OR_TAB(*e) || *e == '\r' || *e == '\f')
	e++;
    if (*e != '\n' && *e != '\0')
	return;		/* false alarm */

    ch = *t;
    *t = '\0';
    if (t - s > 0) {
	CopFILE_free(PL_curcop);
	CopFILE_set(PL_curcop, s);
    }
    *t = ch;
    CopLINE_set(PL_curcop, atoi(n)-1);
}

/*
 * S_skipspace
 * Called to gobble the appropriate amount and type of whitespace.
 * Skips comments as well.
 */

STATIC char *
S_skipspace(pTHX_ register char *s)
{
    if (PL_lex_formbrack && PL_lex_brackets <= PL_lex_formbrack) {
	while (s < PL_bufend && SPACE_OR_TAB(*s))
	    s++;
	return s;
    }
    for (;;) {
	STRLEN prevlen;
	SSize_t oldprevlen, oldoldprevlen;
	SSize_t oldloplen = 0, oldunilen = 0;
	while (s < PL_bufend && isSPACE(*s)) {
	    if (*s++ == '\n' && PL_in_eval && !PL_rsfp)
		incline(s);
	}

	/* comment */
	if (s < PL_bufend && *s == '#') {
	    while (s < PL_bufend && *s != '\n')
		s++;
	    if (s < PL_bufend) {
		s++;
		if (PL_in_eval && !PL_rsfp) {
		    incline(s);
		    continue;
		}
	    }
	}

	/* only continue to recharge the buffer if we're at the end
	 * of the buffer, we're not reading from a source filter, and
	 * we're in normal lexing mode
	 */
	if (s < PL_bufend || !PL_rsfp || PL_sublex_info.sub_inwhat ||
		PL_lex_state == LEX_FORMLINE)
	    return s;

	/* try to recharge the buffer */
	if ((s = filter_gets(PL_linestr, PL_rsfp,
			     (prevlen = SvCUR(PL_linestr)))) == Nullch)
	{
	    /* end of file.  Add on the -p or -n magic */
	    if (PL_minus_n || PL_minus_p) {
		sv_setpv(PL_linestr,PL_minus_p ?
			 ";}continue{print or die qq(-p destination: $!\\n)" :
			 "");
		sv_catpv(PL_linestr,";}");
		PL_minus_n = PL_minus_p = 0;
	    }
	    else
		sv_setpv(PL_linestr,";");

	    /* reset variables for next time we lex */
	    PL_oldoldbufptr = PL_oldbufptr = PL_bufptr = s = PL_linestart
		= SvPVX(PL_linestr);
	    PL_bufend = SvPVX(PL_linestr) + SvCUR(PL_linestr);
	    PL_last_lop = PL_last_uni = Nullch;

	    /* Close the filehandle.  Could be from -P preprocessor,
	     * STDIN, or a regular file.  If we were reading code from
	     * STDIN (because the commandline held no -e or filename)
	     * then we don't close it, we reset it so the code can
	     * read from STDIN too.
	     */

	    if (PL_preprocess && !PL_in_eval)
		(void)PerlProc_pclose(PL_rsfp);
	    else if ((PerlIO*)PL_rsfp == PerlIO_stdin())
		PerlIO_clearerr(PL_rsfp);
	    else
		(void)PerlIO_close(PL_rsfp);
	    PL_rsfp = Nullfp;
	    return s;
	}

	/* not at end of file, so we only read another line */
	/* make corresponding updates to old pointers, for yyerror() */
	oldprevlen = PL_oldbufptr - PL_bufend;
	oldoldprevlen = PL_oldoldbufptr - PL_bufend;
	if (PL_last_uni)
	    oldunilen = PL_last_uni - PL_bufend;
	if (PL_last_lop)
	    oldloplen = PL_last_lop - PL_bufend;
	PL_linestart = PL_bufptr = s + prevlen;
	PL_bufend = s + SvCUR(PL_linestr);
	s = PL_bufptr;
	PL_oldbufptr = s + oldprevlen;
	PL_oldoldbufptr = s + oldoldprevlen;
	if (PL_last_uni)
	    PL_last_uni = s + oldunilen;
	if (PL_last_lop)
	    PL_last_lop = s + oldloplen;
	incline(s);

	/* debugger active and we're not compiling the debugger code,
	 * so store the line into the debugger's array of lines
	 */
	if (PERLDB_LINE && PL_curstash != PL_debstash) {
	    SV *sv = NEWSV(85,0);

	    sv_upgrade(sv, SVt_PVMG);
	    sv_setpvn(sv,PL_bufptr,PL_bufend-PL_bufptr);
            (void)SvIOK_on(sv);
            SvIVX(sv) = 0;
	    av_store(CopFILEAV(PL_curcop),(I32)CopLINE(PL_curcop),sv);
	}
    }
}

/*
 * S_check_uni
 * Check the unary operators to ensure there's no ambiguity in how they're
 * used.  An ambiguous piece of code would be:
 *     rand + 5
 * This doesn't mean rand() + 5.  Because rand() is a unary operator,
 * the +5 is its argument.
 */

STATIC void
S_check_uni(pTHX)
{
    char *s;
    char *t;

    if (PL_oldoldbufptr != PL_last_uni)
	return;
    while (isSPACE(*PL_last_uni))
	PL_last_uni++;
    for (s = PL_last_uni; isALNUM_lazy_if(s,UTF) || *s == '-'; s++) ;
    if ((t = strchr(s, '(')) && t < PL_bufptr)
	return;
    if (ckWARN_d(WARN_AMBIGUOUS)){
        char ch = *s;
        *s = '\0';
        Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_AMBIGUOUS),
		   "Warning: Use of \"%s\" without parens is ambiguous",
		   PL_last_uni);
        *s = ch;
    }
}

/*
 * LOP : macro to build a list operator.  Its behaviour has been replaced
 * with a subroutine, S_lop() for which LOP is just another name.
 */

#define LOP(f,x) return lop(f,x,s)

/*
 * S_lop
 * Build a list operator (or something that might be one).  The rules:
 *  - if we have a next token, then it's a list operator [why?]
 *  - if the next thing is an opening paren, then it's a function
 *  - else it's a list operator
 */

STATIC I32
S_lop(pTHX_ I32 f, int x, char *s)
{
    yylval.ival = f;
    CLINE;
    REPORT("lop", f)
    PL_expect = x;
    PL_bufptr = s;
    PL_last_lop = PL_oldbufptr;
    PL_last_lop_op = (OPCODE)f;
    if (PL_nexttoke)
	return LSTOP;
    if (*s == '(')
	return FUNC;
    s = skipspace(s);
    if (*s == '(')
	return FUNC;
    else
	return LSTOP;
}

/*
 * S_force_next
 * When the lexer realizes it knows the next token (for instance,
 * it is reordering tokens for the parser) then it can call S_force_next
 * to know what token to return the next time the lexer is called.  Caller
 * will need to set PL_nextval[], and possibly PL_expect to ensure the lexer
 * handles the token correctly.
 */

STATIC void
S_force_next(pTHX_ I32 type)
{
    PL_nexttype[PL_nexttoke] = type;
    PL_nexttoke++;
    if (PL_lex_state != LEX_KNOWNEXT) {
	PL_lex_defer = PL_lex_state;
	PL_lex_expect = PL_expect;
	PL_lex_state = LEX_KNOWNEXT;
    }
}

/*
 * S_force_word
 * When the lexer knows the next thing is a word (for instance, it has
 * just seen -> and it knows that the next char is a word char, then
 * it calls S_force_word to stick the next word into the PL_next lookahead.
 *
 * Arguments:
 *   char *start : buffer position (must be within PL_linestr)
 *   int token   : PL_next will be this type of bare word (e.g., METHOD,WORD)
 *   int check_keyword : if true, Perl checks to make sure the word isn't
 *       a keyword (do this if the word is a label, e.g. goto FOO)
 *   int allow_pack : if true, : characters will also be allowed (require,
 *       use, etc. do this)
 *   int allow_initial_tick : used by the "sub" lexer only.
 */

STATIC char *
S_force_word(pTHX_ register char *start, int token, int check_keyword, int allow_pack, int allow_initial_tick)
{
    register char *s;
    STRLEN len;

    start = skipspace(start);
    s = start;
    if (isIDFIRST_lazy_if(s,UTF) ||
	(allow_pack && *s == ':') ||
	(allow_initial_tick && *s == '\'') )
    {
	s = scan_word(s, PL_tokenbuf, sizeof PL_tokenbuf, allow_pack, &len);
	if (check_keyword && keyword(PL_tokenbuf, len))
	    return start;
	if (token == METHOD) {
	    s = skipspace(s);
	    if (*s == '(')
		PL_expect = XTERM;
	    else {
		PL_expect = XOPERATOR;
	    }
	}
	PL_nextval[PL_nexttoke].opval = (OP*)newSVOP(OP_CONST,0, newSVpv(PL_tokenbuf,0));
	PL_nextval[PL_nexttoke].opval->op_private |= OPpCONST_BARE;
	force_next(token);
    }
    return s;
}

/*
 * S_force_ident
 * Called when the lexer wants $foo *foo &foo etc, but the program
 * text only contains the "foo" portion.  The first argument is a pointer
 * to the "foo", and the second argument is the type symbol to prefix.
 * Forces the next token to be a "WORD".
 * Creates the symbol if it didn't already exist (via gv_fetchpv()).
 */

STATIC void
S_force_ident(pTHX_ register char *s, int kind)
{
    if (s && *s) {
	OP* o = (OP*)newSVOP(OP_CONST, 0, newSVpv(s,0));
	PL_nextval[PL_nexttoke].opval = o;
	force_next(WORD);
	if (kind) {
	    o->op_private = OPpCONST_ENTERED;
	    /* XXX see note in pp_entereval() for why we forgo typo
	       warnings if the symbol must be introduced in an eval.
	       GSAR 96-10-12 */
	    gv_fetchpv(s, PL_in_eval ? (GV_ADDMULTI | GV_ADDINEVAL) : TRUE,
		kind == '$' ? SVt_PV :
		kind == '@' ? SVt_PVAV :
		kind == '%' ? SVt_PVHV :
			      SVt_PVGV
		);
	}
    }
}

NV
Perl_str_to_version(pTHX_ SV *sv)
{
    NV retval = 0.0;
    NV nshift = 1.0;
    STRLEN len;
    char *start = SvPVx(sv,len);
    bool utf = SvUTF8(sv) ? TRUE : FALSE;
    char *end = start + len;
    while (start < end) {
	STRLEN skip;
	UV n;
	if (utf)
	    n = utf8n_to_uvchr((U8*)start, len, &skip, 0);
	else {
	    n = *(U8*)start;
	    skip = 1;
	}
	retval += ((NV)n)/nshift;
	start += skip;
	nshift *= 1000;
    }
    return retval;
}

/*
 * S_force_version
 * Forces the next token to be a version number.
 * If the next token appears to be an invalid version number, (e.g. "v2b"),
 * and if "guessing" is TRUE, then no new token is created (and the caller
 * must use an alternative parsing method).
 */

STATIC char *
S_force_version(pTHX_ char *s, int guessing)
{
    OP *version = Nullop;
    char *d;

    s = skipspace(s);

    d = s;
    if (*d == 'v')
	d++;
    if (isDIGIT(*d)) {
	while (isDIGIT(*d) || *d == '_' || *d == '.')
	    d++;
        if (*d == ';' || isSPACE(*d) || *d == '}' || !*d) {
	    SV *ver;
            s = scan_num(s, &yylval);
            version = yylval.opval;
	    ver = cSVOPx(version)->op_sv;
	    if (SvPOK(ver) && !SvNIOK(ver)) {
		(void)SvUPGRADE(ver, SVt_PVNV);
		SvNVX(ver) = str_to_version(ver);
		SvNOK_on(ver);		/* hint that it is a version */
	    }
        }
	else if (guessing)
	    return s;
    }

    /* NOTE: The parser sees the package name and the VERSION swapped */
    PL_nextval[PL_nexttoke].opval = version;
    force_next(WORD);

    return s;
}

/*
 * S_tokeq
 * Tokenize a quoted string passed in as an SV.  It finds the next
 * chunk, up to end of string or a backslash.  It may make a new
 * SV containing that chunk (if HINT_NEW_STRING is on).  It also
 * turns \\ into \.
 */

STATIC SV *
S_tokeq(pTHX_ SV *sv)
{
    register char *s;
    register char *send;
    register char *d;
    STRLEN len = 0;
    SV *pv = sv;

    if (!SvLEN(sv))
	goto finish;

    s = SvPV_force(sv, len);
    if (SvTYPE(sv) >= SVt_PVIV && SvIVX(sv) == -1)
	goto finish;
    send = s + len;
    while (s < send && *s != '\\')
	s++;
    if (s == send)
	goto finish;
    d = s;
    if ( PL_hints & HINT_NEW_STRING ) {
	pv = sv_2mortal(newSVpvn(SvPVX(pv), len));
	if (SvUTF8(sv))
	    SvUTF8_on(pv);
    }
    while (s < send) {
	if (*s == '\\') {
	    if (s + 1 < send && (s[1] == '\\'))
		s++;		/* all that, just for this */
	}
	*d++ = *s++;
    }
    *d = '\0';
    SvCUR_set(sv, d - SvPVX(sv));
  finish:
    if ( PL_hints & HINT_NEW_STRING )
       return new_constant(NULL, 0, "q", sv, pv, "q");
    return sv;
}

/*
 * Now come three functions related to double-quote context,
 * S_sublex_start, S_sublex_push, and S_sublex_done.  They're used when
 * converting things like "\u\Lgnat" into ucfirst(lc("gnat")).  They
 * interact with PL_lex_state, and create fake ( ... ) argument lists
 * to handle functions and concatenation.
 * They assume that whoever calls them will be setting up a fake
 * join call, because each subthing puts a ',' after it.  This lets
 *   "lower \luPpEr"
 * become
 *  join($, , 'lower ', lcfirst( 'uPpEr', ) ,)
 *
 * (I'm not sure whether the spurious commas at the end of lcfirst's
 * arguments and join's arguments are created or not).
 */

/*
 * S_sublex_start
 * Assumes that yylval.ival is the op we're creating (e.g. OP_LCFIRST).
 *
 * Pattern matching will set PL_lex_op to the pattern-matching op to
 * make (we return THING if yylval.ival is OP_NULL, PMFUNC otherwise).
 *
 * OP_CONST and OP_READLINE are easy--just make the new op and return.
 *
 * Everything else becomes a FUNC.
 *
 * Sets PL_lex_state to LEX_INTERPPUSH unless (ival was OP_NULL or we
 * had an OP_CONST or OP_READLINE).  This just sets us up for a
 * call to S_sublex_push().
 */

STATIC I32
S_sublex_start(pTHX)
{
    register I32 op_type = yylval.ival;

    if (op_type == OP_NULL) {
	yylval.opval = PL_lex_op;
	PL_lex_op = Nullop;
	return THING;
    }
    if (op_type == OP_CONST || op_type == OP_READLINE) {
	SV *sv = tokeq(PL_lex_stuff);

	if (SvTYPE(sv) == SVt_PVIV) {
	    /* Overloaded constants, nothing fancy: Convert to SVt_PV: */
	    STRLEN len;
	    char *p;
	    SV *nsv;

	    p = SvPV(sv, len);
	    nsv = newSVpvn(p, len);
	    if (SvUTF8(sv))
		SvUTF8_on(nsv);
	    SvREFCNT_dec(sv);
	    sv = nsv;
	}
	yylval.opval = (OP*)newSVOP(op_type, 0, sv);
	PL_lex_stuff = Nullsv;
	/* Allow <FH> // "foo" */
	if (op_type == OP_READLINE)
	    PL_expect = XTERMORDORDOR;
	return THING;
    }

    PL_sublex_info.super_state = PL_lex_state;
    PL_sublex_info.sub_inwhat = op_type;
    PL_sublex_info.sub_op = PL_lex_op;
    PL_lex_state = LEX_INTERPPUSH;

    PL_expect = XTERM;
    if (PL_lex_op) {
	yylval.opval = PL_lex_op;
	PL_lex_op = Nullop;
	return PMFUNC;
    }
    else
	return FUNC;
}

/*
 * S_sublex_push
 * Create a new scope to save the lexing state.  The scope will be
 * ended in S_sublex_done.  Returns a '(', starting the function arguments
 * to the uc, lc, etc. found before.
 * Sets PL_lex_state to LEX_INTERPCONCAT.
 */

STATIC I32
S_sublex_push(pTHX)
{
    ENTER;

    PL_lex_state = PL_sublex_info.super_state;
    SAVEI32(PL_lex_dojoin);
    SAVEI32(PL_lex_brackets);
    SAVEI32(PL_lex_casemods);
    SAVEI32(PL_lex_starts);
    SAVEI32(PL_lex_state);
    SAVEVPTR(PL_lex_inpat);
    SAVEI32(PL_lex_inwhat);
    SAVECOPLINE(PL_curcop);
    SAVEPPTR(PL_bufptr);
    SAVEPPTR(PL_bufend);
    SAVEPPTR(PL_oldbufptr);
    SAVEPPTR(PL_oldoldbufptr);
    SAVEPPTR(PL_last_lop);
    SAVEPPTR(PL_last_uni);
    SAVEPPTR(PL_linestart);
    SAVESPTR(PL_linestr);
    SAVEGENERICPV(PL_lex_brackstack);
    SAVEGENERICPV(PL_lex_casestack);

    PL_linestr = PL_lex_stuff;
    PL_lex_stuff = Nullsv;

    PL_bufend = PL_bufptr = PL_oldbufptr = PL_oldoldbufptr = PL_linestart
	= SvPVX(PL_linestr);
    PL_bufend += SvCUR(PL_linestr);
    PL_last_lop = PL_last_uni = Nullch;
    SAVEFREESV(PL_linestr);

    PL_lex_dojoin = FALSE;
    PL_lex_brackets = 0;
    New(899, PL_lex_brackstack, 120, char);
    New(899, PL_lex_casestack, 12, char);
    PL_lex_casemods = 0;
    *PL_lex_casestack = '\0';
    PL_lex_starts = 0;
    PL_lex_state = LEX_INTERPCONCAT;
    CopLINE_set(PL_curcop, (line_t)PL_multi_start);

    PL_lex_inwhat = PL_sublex_info.sub_inwhat;
    if (PL_lex_inwhat == OP_MATCH || PL_lex_inwhat == OP_QR || PL_lex_inwhat == OP_SUBST)
	PL_lex_inpat = PL_sublex_info.sub_op;
    else
	PL_lex_inpat = Nullop;

    return '(';
}

/*
 * S_sublex_done
 * Restores lexer state after a S_sublex_push.
 */

STATIC I32
S_sublex_done(pTHX)
{
    if (!PL_lex_starts++) {
	SV *sv = newSVpvn("",0);
	if (SvUTF8(PL_linestr))
	    SvUTF8_on(sv);
	PL_expect = XOPERATOR;
	yylval.opval = (OP*)newSVOP(OP_CONST, 0, sv);
	return THING;
    }

    if (PL_lex_casemods) {		/* oops, we've got some unbalanced parens */
	PL_lex_state = LEX_INTERPCASEMOD;
	return yylex();
    }

    /* Is there a right-hand side to take care of? (s//RHS/ or tr//RHS/) */
    if (PL_lex_repl && (PL_lex_inwhat == OP_SUBST || PL_lex_inwhat == OP_TRANS)) {
	PL_linestr = PL_lex_repl;
	PL_lex_inpat = 0;
	PL_bufend = PL_bufptr = PL_oldbufptr = PL_oldoldbufptr = PL_linestart = SvPVX(PL_linestr);
	PL_bufend += SvCUR(PL_linestr);
	PL_last_lop = PL_last_uni = Nullch;
	SAVEFREESV(PL_linestr);
	PL_lex_dojoin = FALSE;
	PL_lex_brackets = 0;
	PL_lex_casemods = 0;
	*PL_lex_casestack = '\0';
	PL_lex_starts = 0;
	if (SvEVALED(PL_lex_repl)) {
	    PL_lex_state = LEX_INTERPNORMAL;
	    PL_lex_starts++;
	    /*	we don't clear PL_lex_repl here, so that we can check later
		whether this is an evalled subst; that means we rely on the
		logic to ensure sublex_done() is called again only via the
		branch (in yylex()) that clears PL_lex_repl, else we'll loop */
	}
	else {
	    PL_lex_state = LEX_INTERPCONCAT;
	    PL_lex_repl = Nullsv;
	}
	return ',';
    }
    else {
	LEAVE;
	PL_bufend = SvPVX(PL_linestr);
	PL_bufend += SvCUR(PL_linestr);
	PL_expect = XOPERATOR;
	PL_sublex_info.sub_inwhat = 0;
	return ')';
    }
}

/*
  scan_const

  Extracts a pattern, double-quoted string, or transliteration.  This
  is terrifying code.

  It looks at lex_inwhat and PL_lex_inpat to find out whether it's
  processing a pattern (PL_lex_inpat is true), a transliteration
  (lex_inwhat & OP_TRANS is true), or a double-quoted string.

  Returns a pointer to the character scanned up to. Iff this is
  advanced from the start pointer supplied (ie if anything was
  successfully parsed), will leave an OP for the substring scanned
  in yylval. Caller must intuit reason for not parsing further
  by looking at the next characters herself.

  In patterns:
    backslashes:
      double-quoted style: \r and \n
      regexp special ones: \D \s
      constants: \x3
      backrefs: \1 (deprecated in substitution replacements)
      case and quoting: \U \Q \E
    stops on @ and $, but not for $ as tail anchor

  In transliterations:
    characters are VERY literal, except for - not at the start or end
    of the string, which indicates a range.  scan_const expands the
    range to the full set of intermediate characters.

  In double-quoted strings:
    backslashes:
      double-quoted style: \r and \n
      constants: \x3
      backrefs: \1 (deprecated)
      case and quoting: \U \Q \E
    stops on @ and $

  scan_const does *not* construct ops to handle interpolated strings.
  It stops processing as soon as it finds an embedded $ or @ variable
  and leaves it to the caller to work out what's going on.

  @ in pattern could be: @foo, @{foo}, @$foo, @'foo, @::foo.

  $ in pattern could be $foo or could be tail anchor.  Assumption:
  it's a tail anchor if $ is the last thing in the string, or if it's
  followed by one of ")| \n\t"

  \1 (backreferences) are turned into $1

  The structure of the code is
      while (there's a character to process) {
          handle transliteration ranges
	  skip regexp comments
	  skip # initiated comments in //x patterns
	  check for embedded @foo
	  check for embedded scalars
	  if (backslash) {
	      leave intact backslashes from leave (below)
	      deprecate \1 in strings and sub replacements
	      handle string-changing backslashes \l \U \Q \E, etc.
	      switch (what was escaped) {
	          handle - in a transliteration (becomes a literal -)
		  handle \132 octal characters
		  handle 0x15 hex characters
		  handle \cV (control V)
		  handle printf backslashes (\f, \r, \n, etc)
	      } (end switch)
	  } (end if backslash)
    } (end while character to read)
		
*/

STATIC char *
S_scan_const(pTHX_ char *start)
{
    register char *send = PL_bufend;		/* end of the constant */
    SV *sv = NEWSV(93, send - start);		/* sv for the constant */
    register char *s = start;			/* start of the constant */
    register char *d = SvPVX(sv);		/* destination for copies */
    bool dorange = FALSE;			/* are we in a translit range? */
    bool didrange = FALSE;		        /* did we just finish a range? */
    I32  has_utf8 = FALSE;			/* Output constant is UTF8 */
    I32  this_utf8 = UTF;			/* The source string is assumed to be UTF8 */
    UV uv;

    const char *leaveit =	/* set of acceptably-backslashed characters */
	PL_lex_inpat
	    ? "\\.^$@AGZdDwWsSbBpPXC+*?|()-nrtfeaxcz0123456789[{]} \t\n\r\f\v#"
	    : "";

    if (PL_lex_inwhat == OP_TRANS && PL_sublex_info.sub_op) {
	/* If we are doing a trans and we know we want UTF8 set expectation */
	has_utf8   = PL_sublex_info.sub_op->op_private & (OPpTRANS_FROM_UTF|OPpTRANS_TO_UTF);
	this_utf8  = PL_sublex_info.sub_op->op_private & (PL_lex_repl ? OPpTRANS_FROM_UTF : OPpTRANS_TO_UTF);
    }


    while (s < send || dorange) {
        /* get transliterations out of the way (they're most literal) */
	if (PL_lex_inwhat == OP_TRANS) {
	    /* expand a range A-Z to the full set of characters.  AIE! */
	    if (dorange) {
		I32 i;				/* current expanded character */
		I32 min;			/* first character in range */
		I32 max;			/* last character in range */

		if (has_utf8) {
		    char *c = (char*)utf8_hop((U8*)d, -1);
		    char *e = d++;
		    while (e-- > c)
			*(e + 1) = *e;
		    *c = (char)UTF_TO_NATIVE(0xff);
		    /* mark the range as done, and continue */
		    dorange = FALSE;
		    didrange = TRUE;
		    continue;
		}

		i = d - SvPVX(sv);		/* remember current offset */
		SvGROW(sv, SvLEN(sv) + 256);	/* never more than 256 chars in a range */
		d = SvPVX(sv) + i;		/* refresh d after realloc */
		d -= 2;				/* eat the first char and the - */

		min = (U8)*d;			/* first char in range */
		max = (U8)d[1];			/* last char in range  */

                if (min > max) {
		    Perl_croak(aTHX_
			       "Invalid range \"%c-%c\" in transliteration operator",
			       (char)min, (char)max);
                }

#ifdef EBCDIC
		if ((isLOWER(min) && isLOWER(max)) ||
		    (isUPPER(min) && isUPPER(max))) {
		    if (isLOWER(min)) {
			for (i = min; i <= max; i++)
			    if (isLOWER(i))
				*d++ = NATIVE_TO_NEED(has_utf8,i);
		    } else {
			for (i = min; i <= max; i++)
			    if (isUPPER(i))
				*d++ = NATIVE_TO_NEED(has_utf8,i);
		    }
		}
		else
#endif
		    for (i = min; i <= max; i++)
			*d++ = (char)i;

		/* mark the range as done, and continue */
		dorange = FALSE;
		didrange = TRUE;
		continue;
	    }

	    /* range begins (ignore - as first or last char) */
	    else if (*s == '-' && s+1 < send  && s != start) {
		if (didrange) {
		    Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Ambiguous range in transliteration operator");
		}
		if (has_utf8) {
		    *d++ = (char)UTF_TO_NATIVE(0xff);	/* use illegal utf8 byte--see pmtrans */
		    s++;
		    continue;
		}
		dorange = TRUE;
		s++;
	    }
	    else {
		didrange = FALSE;
	    }
	}

	/* if we get here, we're not doing a transliteration */

	/* skip for regexp comments /(?#comment)/ and code /(?{code})/,
	   except for the last char, which will be done separately. */
	else if (*s == '(' && PL_lex_inpat && s[1] == '?') {
	    if (s[2] == '#') {
		while (s < send && *s != ')')
		    *d++ = NATIVE_TO_NEED(has_utf8,*s++);
	    }
	    else if (s[2] == '{' /* This should match regcomp.c */
		     || ((s[2] == 'p' || s[2] == '?') && s[3] == '{'))
	    {
		I32 count = 1;
		char *regparse = s + (s[2] == '{' ? 3 : 4);
		char c;

		while (count && (c = *regparse)) {
		    if (c == '\\' && regparse[1])
			regparse++;
		    else if (c == '{')
			count++;
		    else if (c == '}')
			count--;
		    regparse++;
		}
		if (*regparse != ')') {
		    regparse--;		/* Leave one char for continuation. */
		    yyerror("Sequence (?{...}) not terminated or not {}-balanced");
		}
		while (s < regparse)
		    *d++ = NATIVE_TO_NEED(has_utf8,*s++);
	    }
	}

	/* likewise skip #-initiated comments in //x patterns */
	else if (*s == '#' && PL_lex_inpat &&
	  ((PMOP*)PL_lex_inpat)->op_pmflags & PMf_EXTENDED) {
	    while (s+1 < send && *s != '\n')
		*d++ = NATIVE_TO_NEED(has_utf8,*s++);
	}

	/* check for embedded arrays
	   (@foo, @::foo, @'foo, @{foo}, @$foo, @+, @-)
	   */
	else if (*s == '@' && s[1]
		 && (isALNUM_lazy_if(s+1,UTF) || strchr(":'{$+-", s[1])))
	    break;

	/* check for embedded scalars.  only stop if we're sure it's a
	   variable.
        */
	else if (*s == '$') {
	    if (!PL_lex_inpat)	/* not a regexp, so $ must be var */
		break;
	    if (s + 1 < send && !strchr("()| \r\n\t", s[1]))
		break;		/* in regexp, $ might be tail anchor */
	}

	/* End of else if chain - OP_TRANS rejoin rest */

	/* backslashes */
	if (*s == '\\' && s+1 < send) {
	    s++;

	    /* some backslashes we leave behind */
	    if (*leaveit && *s && strchr(leaveit, *s)) {
		*d++ = NATIVE_TO_NEED(has_utf8,'\\');
		*d++ = NATIVE_TO_NEED(has_utf8,*s++);
		continue;
	    }

	    /* deprecate \1 in strings and substitution replacements */
	    if (PL_lex_inwhat == OP_SUBST && !PL_lex_inpat &&
		isDIGIT(*s) && *s != '0' && !isDIGIT(s[1]))
	    {
		if (ckWARN(WARN_SYNTAX))
		    Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_SYNTAX), "\\%c better written as $%c", *s, *s);
		*--s = '$';
		break;
	    }

	    /* string-change backslash escapes */
	    if (PL_lex_inwhat != OP_TRANS && *s && strchr("lLuUEQ", *s)) {
		--s;
		break;
	    }

	    /* if we get here, it's either a quoted -, or a digit */
	    switch (*s) {

	    /* quoted - in transliterations */
	    case '-':
		if (PL_lex_inwhat == OP_TRANS) {
		    *d++ = *s++;
		    continue;
		}
		/* FALL THROUGH */
	    default:
	        {
		    if (ckWARN(WARN_MISC) &&
			isALNUM(*s) && 
			*s != '_')
			Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_MISC),
			       "Unrecognized escape \\%c passed through",
			       *s);
		    /* default action is to copy the quoted character */
		    goto default_action;
		}

	    /* \132 indicates an octal constant */
	    case '0': case '1': case '2': case '3':
	    case '4': case '5': case '6': case '7':
		{
                    I32 flags = 0;
                    STRLEN len = 3;
		    uv = grok_oct(s, &len, &flags, NULL);
		    s += len;
		}
		goto NUM_ESCAPE_INSERT;

	    /* \x24 indicates a hex constant */
	    case 'x':
		++s;
		if (*s == '{') {
		    char* e = strchr(s, '}');
                    I32 flags = PERL_SCAN_ALLOW_UNDERSCORES |
                      PERL_SCAN_DISALLOW_PREFIX;
		    STRLEN len;

                    ++s;
		    if (!e) {
			yyerror("Missing right brace on \\x{}");
			continue;
		    }
                    len = e - s;
		    uv = grok_hex(s, &len, &flags, NULL);
		    s = e + 1;
		}
		else {
		    {
			STRLEN len = 2;
                        I32 flags = PERL_SCAN_DISALLOW_PREFIX;
			uv = grok_hex(s, &len, &flags, NULL);
			s += len;
		    }
		}

	      NUM_ESCAPE_INSERT:
		/* Insert oct or hex escaped character.
		 * There will always enough room in sv since such
		 * escapes will be longer than any UTF-8 sequence
		 * they can end up as. */
		
		/* We need to map to chars to ASCII before doing the tests
		   to cover EBCDIC
		*/
		if (!UNI_IS_INVARIANT(NATIVE_TO_UNI(uv))) {
		    if (!has_utf8 && uv > 255) {
		        /* Might need to recode whatever we have
			 * accumulated so far if it contains any
			 * hibit chars.
			 *
			 * (Can't we keep track of that and avoid
			 *  this rescan? --jhi)
			 */
			int hicount = 0;
			U8 *c;
			for (c = (U8 *) SvPVX(sv); c < (U8 *)d; c++) {
			    if (!NATIVE_IS_INVARIANT(*c)) {
			        hicount++;
			    }
			}
			if (hicount) {
			    STRLEN offset = d - SvPVX(sv);
			    U8 *src, *dst;
			    d = SvGROW(sv, SvLEN(sv) + hicount + 1) + offset;
			    src = (U8 *)d - 1;
			    dst = src+hicount;
			    d  += hicount;
			    while (src >= (U8 *)SvPVX(sv)) {
			        if (!NATIVE_IS_INVARIANT(*src)) {
				    U8 ch = NATIVE_TO_ASCII(*src);
				    *dst-- = (U8)UTF8_EIGHT_BIT_LO(ch);
				    *dst-- = (U8)UTF8_EIGHT_BIT_HI(ch);
			        }
			        else {
				    *dst-- = *src;
			        }
				src--;
			    }
                        }
                    }

                    if (has_utf8 || uv > 255) {
		        d = (char*)uvchr_to_utf8((U8*)d, uv);
			has_utf8 = TRUE;
			if (PL_lex_inwhat == OP_TRANS &&
			    PL_sublex_info.sub_op) {
			    PL_sublex_info.sub_op->op_private |=
				(PL_lex_repl ? OPpTRANS_FROM_UTF
					     : OPpTRANS_TO_UTF);
			}
                    }
		    else {
		        *d++ = (char)uv;
		    }
		}
		else {
		    *d++ = (char) uv;
		}
		continue;

 	    /* \N{LATIN SMALL LETTER A} is a named character */
 	    case 'N':
 		++s;
 		if (*s == '{') {
 		    char* e = strchr(s, '}');
 		    SV *res;
 		    STRLEN len;
 		    char *str;

 		    if (!e) {
			yyerror("Missing right brace on \\N{}");
			e = s - 1;
			goto cont_scan;
		    }
		    if (e > s + 2 && s[1] == 'U' && s[2] == '+') {
		        /* \N{U+...} */
		        I32 flags = PERL_SCAN_ALLOW_UNDERSCORES |
			  PERL_SCAN_DISALLOW_PREFIX;
		        s += 3;
			len = e - s;
			uv = grok_hex(s, &len, &flags, NULL);
			s = e + 1;
			goto NUM_ESCAPE_INSERT;
		    }
		    res = newSVpvn(s + 1, e - s - 1);
		    res = new_constant( Nullch, 0, "charnames",
					res, Nullsv, "\\N{...}" );
		    if (has_utf8)
			sv_utf8_upgrade(res);
		    str = SvPV(res,len);
#ifdef EBCDIC_NEVER_MIND
		    /* charnames uses pack U and that has been
		     * recently changed to do the below uni->native
		     * mapping, so this would be redundant (and wrong,
		     * the code point would be doubly converted).
		     * But leave this in just in case the pack U change
		     * gets revoked, but the semantics is still
		     * desireable for charnames. --jhi */
		    {
			 UV uv = utf8_to_uvchr((U8*)str, 0);

			 if (uv < 0x100) {
			      U8 tmpbuf[UTF8_MAXLEN+1], *d;

			      d = uvchr_to_utf8(tmpbuf, UNI_TO_NATIVE(uv));
			      sv_setpvn(res, (char *)tmpbuf, d - tmpbuf);
			      str = SvPV(res, len);
			 }
		    }
#endif
		    if (!has_utf8 && SvUTF8(res)) {
			char *ostart = SvPVX(sv);
			SvCUR_set(sv, d - ostart);
			SvPOK_on(sv);
			*d = '\0';
			sv_utf8_upgrade(sv);
			/* this just broke our allocation above... */
			SvGROW(sv, (STRLEN)(send - start));
			d = SvPVX(sv) + SvCUR(sv);
			has_utf8 = TRUE;
		    }
		    if (len > (STRLEN)(e - s + 4)) { /* I _guess_ 4 is \N{} --jhi */
			char *odest = SvPVX(sv);

			SvGROW(sv, (SvLEN(sv) + len - (e - s + 4)));
			d = SvPVX(sv) + (d - odest);
		    }
		    Copy(str, d, len, char);
		    d += len;
		    SvREFCNT_dec(res);
		  cont_scan:
		    s = e + 1;
		}
		else
		    yyerror("Missing braces on \\N{}");
		continue;

	    /* \c is a control character */
	    case 'c':
		s++;
		if (s < send) {
		    U8 c = *s++;
#ifdef EBCDIC
		    if (isLOWER(c))
			c = toUPPER(c);
#endif
		    *d++ = NATIVE_TO_NEED(has_utf8,toCTRL(c));
		}
		else {
		    yyerror("Missing control char name in \\c");
		}
		continue;

	    /* printf-style backslashes, formfeeds, newlines, etc */
	    case 'b':
		*d++ = NATIVE_TO_NEED(has_utf8,'\b');
		break;
	    case 'n':
		*d++ = NATIVE_TO_NEED(has_utf8,'\n');
		break;
	    case 'r':
		*d++ = NATIVE_TO_NEED(has_utf8,'\r');
		break;
	    case 'f':
		*d++ = NATIVE_TO_NEED(has_utf8,'\f');
		break;
	    case 't':
		*d++ = NATIVE_TO_NEED(has_utf8,'\t');
		break;
	    case 'e':
		*d++ = ASCII_TO_NEED(has_utf8,'\033');
		break;
	    case 'a':
		*d++ = ASCII_TO_NEED(has_utf8,'\007');
		break;
	    } /* end switch */

	    s++;
	    continue;
	} /* end if (backslash) */

    default_action:
	/* If we started with encoded form, or already know we want it
	   and then encode the next character */
	if ((has_utf8 || this_utf8) && !NATIVE_IS_INVARIANT((U8)(*s))) {
	    STRLEN len  = 1;
	    UV uv       = (this_utf8) ? utf8n_to_uvchr((U8*)s, send - s, &len, 0) : (UV) ((U8) *s);
	    STRLEN need = UNISKIP(NATIVE_TO_UNI(uv));
	    s += len;
	    if (need > len) {
		/* encoded value larger than old, need extra space (NOTE: SvCUR() not set here) */
		STRLEN off = d - SvPVX(sv);
		d = SvGROW(sv, SvLEN(sv) + (need-len)) + off;
	    }
	    d = (char*)uvchr_to_utf8((U8*)d, uv);
	    has_utf8 = TRUE;
	}
	else {
	    *d++ = NATIVE_TO_NEED(has_utf8,*s++);
	}
    } /* while loop to process each character */

    /* terminate the string and set up the sv */
    *d = '\0';
    SvCUR_set(sv, d - SvPVX(sv));
    if (SvCUR(sv) >= SvLEN(sv))
	Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: constant overflowed allocated space");

    SvPOK_on(sv);
    if (PL_encoding && !has_utf8) {
	sv_recode_to_utf8(sv, PL_encoding);
	if (SvUTF8(sv))
	    has_utf8 = TRUE;
    }
    if (has_utf8) {
	SvUTF8_on(sv);
	if (PL_lex_inwhat == OP_TRANS && PL_sublex_info.sub_op) {
	    PL_sublex_info.sub_op->op_private |=
		    (PL_lex_repl ? OPpTRANS_FROM_UTF : OPpTRANS_TO_UTF);
	}
    }

    /* shrink the sv if we allocated more than we used */
    if (SvCUR(sv) + 5 < SvLEN(sv)) {
	SvLEN_set(sv, SvCUR(sv) + 1);
	Renew(SvPVX(sv), SvLEN(sv), char);
    }

    /* return the substring (via yylval) only if we parsed anything */
    if (s > PL_bufptr) {
	if ( PL_hints & ( PL_lex_inpat ? HINT_NEW_RE : HINT_NEW_STRING ) )
	    sv = new_constant(start, s - start, (PL_lex_inpat ? "qr" : "q"),
			      sv, Nullsv,
			      ( PL_lex_inwhat == OP_TRANS
				? "tr"
				: ( (PL_lex_inwhat == OP_SUBST && !PL_lex_inpat)
				    ? "s"
				    : "qq")));
	yylval.opval = (OP*)newSVOP(OP_CONST, 0, sv);
    } else
	SvREFCNT_dec(sv);
    return s;
}

/* S_intuit_more
 * Returns TRUE if there's more to the expression (e.g., a subscript),
 * FALSE otherwise.
 *
 * It deals with "$foo[3]" and /$foo[3]/ and /$foo[0123456789$]+/
 *
 * ->[ and ->{ return TRUE
 * { and [ outside a pattern are always subscripts, so return TRUE
 * if we're outside a pattern and it's not { or [, then return FALSE
 * if we're in a pattern and the first char is a {
 *   {4,5} (any digits around the comma) returns FALSE
 * if we're in a pattern and the first char is a [
 *   [] returns FALSE
 *   [SOMETHING] has a funky algorithm to decide whether it's a
 *      character class or not.  It has to deal with things like
 *      /$foo[-3]/ and /$foo[$bar]/ as well as /$foo[$\d]+/
 * anything else returns TRUE
 */

/* This is the one truly awful dwimmer necessary to conflate C and sed. */

STATIC int
S_intuit_more(pTHX_ register char *s)
{
    if (PL_lex_brackets)
	return TRUE;
    if (*s == '-' && s[1] == '>' && (s[2] == '[' || s[2] == '{'))
	return TRUE;
    if (*s != '{' && *s != '[')
	return FALSE;
    if (!PL_lex_inpat)
	return TRUE;

    /* In a pattern, so maybe we have {n,m}. */
    if (*s == '{') {
	s++;
	if (!isDIGIT(*s))
	    return TRUE;
	while (isDIGIT(*s))
	    s++;
	if (*s == ',')
	    s++;
	while (isDIGIT(*s))
	    s++;
	if (*s == '}')
	    return FALSE;
	return TRUE;
	
    }

    /* On the other hand, maybe we have a character class */

    s++;
    if (*s == ']' || *s == '^')
	return FALSE;
    else {
        /* this is terrifying, and it works */
	int weight = 2;		/* let's weigh the evidence */
	char seen[256];
	unsigned char un_char = 255, last_un_char;
	char *send = strchr(s,']');
	char tmpbuf[sizeof PL_tokenbuf * 4];

	if (!send)		/* has to be an expression */
	    return TRUE;

	Zero(seen,256,char);
	if (*s == '$')
	    weight -= 3;
	else if (isDIGIT(*s)) {
	    if (s[1] != ']') {
		if (isDIGIT(s[1]) && s[2] == ']')
		    weight -= 10;
	    }
	    else
		weight -= 100;
	}
	for (; s < send; s++) {
	    last_un_char = un_char;
	    un_char = (unsigned char)*s;
	    switch (*s) {
	    case '@':
	    case '&':
	    case '$':
		weight -= seen[un_char] * 10;
		if (isALNUM_lazy_if(s+1,UTF)) {
		    scan_ident(s, send, tmpbuf, sizeof tmpbuf, FALSE);
		    if ((int)strlen(tmpbuf) > 1 && gv_fetchpv(tmpbuf,FALSE, SVt_PV))
			weight -= 100;
		    else
			weight -= 10;
		}
		else if (*s == '$' && s[1] &&
		  strchr("[#!%*<>()-=",s[1])) {
		    if (/*{*/ strchr("])} =",s[2]))
			weight -= 10;
		    else
			weight -= 1;
		}
		break;
	    case '\\':
		un_char = 254;
		if (s[1]) {
		    if (strchr("wds]",s[1]))
			weight += 100;
		    else if (seen['\''] || seen['"'])
			weight += 1;
		    else if (strchr("rnftbxcav",s[1]))
			weight += 40;
		    else if (isDIGIT(s[1])) {
			weight += 40;
			while (s[1] && isDIGIT(s[1]))
			    s++;
		    }
		}
		else
		    weight += 100;
		break;
	    case '-':
		if (s[1] == '\\')
		    weight += 50;
		if (strchr("aA01! ",last_un_char))
		    weight += 30;
		if (strchr("zZ79~",s[1]))
		    weight += 30;
		if (last_un_char == 255 && (isDIGIT(s[1]) || s[1] == '$'))
		    weight -= 5;	/* cope with negative subscript */
		break;
	    default:
		if (!isALNUM(last_un_char) && !strchr("$@&",last_un_char) &&
			isALPHA(*s) && s[1] && isALPHA(s[1])) {
		    char *d = tmpbuf;
		    while (isALPHA(*s))
			*d++ = *s++;
		    *d = '\0';
		    if (keyword(tmpbuf, d - tmpbuf))
			weight -= 150;
		}
		if (un_char == last_un_char + 1)
		    weight += 5;
		weight -= seen[un_char];
		break;
	    }
	    seen[un_char]++;
	}
	if (weight >= 0)	/* probably a character class */
	    return FALSE;
    }

    return TRUE;
}

/*
 * S_intuit_method
 *
 * Does all the checking to disambiguate
 *   foo bar
 * between foo(bar) and bar->foo.  Returns 0 if not a method, otherwise
 * FUNCMETH (bar->foo(args)) or METHOD (bar->foo args).
 *
 * First argument is the stuff after the first token, e.g. "bar".
 *
 * Not a method if bar is a filehandle.
 * Not a method if foo is a subroutine prototyped to take a filehandle.
 * Not a method if it's really "Foo $bar"
 * Method if it's "foo $bar"
 * Not a method if it's really "print foo $bar"
 * Method if it's really "foo package::" (interpreted as package->foo)
 * Not a method if bar is known to be a subroutine ("sub bar; foo bar")
 * Not a method if bar is a filehandle or package, but is quoted with
 *   =>
 */

STATIC int
S_intuit_method(pTHX_ char *start, GV *gv)
{
    char *s = start + (*start == '$');
    char tmpbuf[sizeof PL_tokenbuf];
    STRLEN len;
    GV* indirgv;

    if (gv) {
	CV *cv;
	if (GvIO(gv))
	    return 0;
	if ((cv = GvCVu(gv))) {
	    char *proto = SvPVX(cv);
	    if (proto) {
		if (*proto == ';')
		    proto++;
		if (*proto == '*')
		    return 0;
	    }
	} else
	    gv = 0;
    }
    s = scan_word(s, tmpbuf, sizeof tmpbuf, TRUE, &len);
    /* start is the beginning of the possible filehandle/object,
     * and s is the end of it
     * tmpbuf is a copy of it
     */

    if (*start == '$') {
	if (gv || PL_last_lop_op == OP_PRINT || isUPPER(*PL_tokenbuf))
	    return 0;
	s = skipspace(s);
	PL_bufptr = start;
	PL_expect = XREF;
	return *s == '(' ? FUNCMETH : METHOD;
    }
    if (!keyword(tmpbuf, len)) {
	if (len > 2 && tmpbuf[len - 2] == ':' && tmpbuf[len - 1] == ':') {
	    len -= 2;
	    tmpbuf[len] = '\0';
	    goto bare_package;
	}
	indirgv = gv_fetchpv(tmpbuf, FALSE, SVt_PVCV);
	if (indirgv && GvCVu(indirgv))
	    return 0;
	/* filehandle or package name makes it a method */
	if (!gv || GvIO(indirgv) || gv_stashpvn(tmpbuf, len, FALSE)) {
	    s = skipspace(s);
	    if ((PL_bufend - s) >= 2 && *s == '=' && *(s+1) == '>')
		return 0;	/* no assumptions -- "=>" quotes bearword */
      bare_package:
	    PL_nextval[PL_nexttoke].opval = (OP*)newSVOP(OP_CONST, 0,
						   newSVpvn(tmpbuf,len));
	    PL_nextval[PL_nexttoke].opval->op_private = OPpCONST_BARE;
	    PL_expect = XTERM;
	    force_next(WORD);
	    PL_bufptr = s;
	    return *s == '(' ? FUNCMETH : METHOD;
	}
    }
    return 0;
}

/*
 * S_incl_perldb
 * Return a string of Perl code to load the debugger.  If PERL5DB
 * is set, it will return the contents of that, otherwise a
 * compile-time require of perl5db.pl.
 */

STATIC char*
S_incl_perldb(pTHX)
{
    if (PL_perldb) {
	char *pdb = PerlEnv_getenv("PERL5DB");

	if (pdb)
	    return pdb;
	SETERRNO(0,SS_NORMAL);
	return "BEGIN { require 'perl5db.pl' }";
    }
    return "";
}


/* Encoded script support. filter_add() effectively inserts a
 * 'pre-processing' function into the current source input stream.
 * Note that the filter function only applies to the current source file
 * (e.g., it will not affect files 'require'd or 'use'd by this one).
 *
 * The datasv parameter (which may be NULL) can be used to pass
 * private data to this instance of the filter. The filter function
 * can recover the SV using the FILTER_DATA macro and use it to
 * store private buffers and state information.
 *
 * The supplied datasv parameter is upgraded to a PVIO type
 * and the IoDIRP/IoANY field is used to store the function pointer,
 * and IOf_FAKE_DIRP is enabled on datasv to mark this as such.
 * Note that IoTOP_NAME, IoFMT_NAME, IoBOTTOM_NAME, if set for
 * private use must be set using malloc'd pointers.
 */

SV *
Perl_filter_add(pTHX_ filter_t funcp, SV *datasv)
{
    if (!funcp)
	return Nullsv;

    if (!PL_rsfp_filters)
	PL_rsfp_filters = newAV();
    if (!datasv)
	datasv = NEWSV(255,0);
    if (!SvUPGRADE(datasv, SVt_PVIO))
        Perl_die(aTHX_ "Can't upgrade filter_add data to SVt_PVIO");
    IoANY(datasv) = (void *)funcp; /* stash funcp into spare field */
    IoFLAGS(datasv) |= IOf_FAKE_DIRP;
    DEBUG_P(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "filter_add func %p (%s)\n",
			  (void*)funcp, SvPV_nolen(datasv)));
    av_unshift(PL_rsfp_filters, 1);
    av_store(PL_rsfp_filters, 0, datasv) ;
    return(datasv);
}


/* Delete most recently added instance of this filter function.	*/
void
Perl_filter_del(pTHX_ filter_t funcp)
{
    SV *datasv;
    DEBUG_P(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "filter_del func %p", (void*)funcp));
    if (!PL_rsfp_filters || AvFILLp(PL_rsfp_filters)<0)
	return;
    /* if filter is on top of stack (usual case) just pop it off */
    datasv = FILTER_DATA(AvFILLp(PL_rsfp_filters));
    if (IoANY(datasv) == (void *)funcp) {
	IoFLAGS(datasv) &= ~IOf_FAKE_DIRP;
	IoANY(datasv) = (void *)NULL;
	sv_free(av_pop(PL_rsfp_filters));

        return;
    }
    /* we need to search for the correct entry and clear it	*/
    Perl_die(aTHX_ "filter_del can only delete in reverse order (currently)");
}


/* Invoke the n'th filter function for the current rsfp.	 */
I32
Perl_filter_read(pTHX_ int idx, SV *buf_sv, int maxlen)


               		/* 0 = read one text line */
{
    filter_t funcp;
    SV *datasv = NULL;

    if (!PL_rsfp_filters)
	return -1;
    if (idx > AvFILLp(PL_rsfp_filters)){       /* Any more filters?	*/
	/* Provide a default input filter to make life easy.	*/
	/* Note that we append to the line. This is handy.	*/
	DEBUG_P(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
			      "filter_read %d: from rsfp\n", idx));
	if (maxlen) {
 	    /* Want a block */
	    int len ;
	    int old_len = SvCUR(buf_sv) ;

	    /* ensure buf_sv is large enough */
	    SvGROW(buf_sv, (STRLEN)(old_len + maxlen)) ;
	    if ((len = PerlIO_read(PL_rsfp, SvPVX(buf_sv) + old_len, maxlen)) <= 0){
		if (PerlIO_error(PL_rsfp))
	            return -1;		/* error */
	        else
		    return 0 ;		/* end of file */
	    }
	    SvCUR_set(buf_sv, old_len + len) ;
	} else {
	    /* Want a line */
            if (sv_gets(buf_sv, PL_rsfp, SvCUR(buf_sv)) == NULL) {
		if (PerlIO_error(PL_rsfp))
	            return -1;		/* error */
	        else
		    return 0 ;		/* end of file */
	    }
	}
	return SvCUR(buf_sv);
    }
    /* Skip this filter slot if filter has been deleted	*/
    if ( (datasv = FILTER_DATA(idx)) == &PL_sv_undef){
	DEBUG_P(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
			      "filter_read %d: skipped (filter deleted)\n",
			      idx));
	return FILTER_READ(idx+1, buf_sv, maxlen); /* recurse */
    }
    /* Get function pointer hidden within datasv	*/
    funcp = (filter_t)IoANY(datasv);
    DEBUG_P(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
			  "filter_read %d: via function %p (%s)\n",
			  idx, (void*)funcp, SvPV_nolen(datasv)));
    /* Call function. The function is expected to 	*/
    /* call "FILTER_READ(idx+1, buf_sv)" first.		*/
    /* Return: <0:error, =0:eof, >0:not eof 		*/
    return (*funcp)(aTHX_ idx, buf_sv, maxlen);
}

STATIC char *
S_filter_gets(pTHX_ register SV *sv, register PerlIO *fp, STRLEN append)
{
#ifdef PERL_CR_FILTER
    if (!PL_rsfp_filters) {
	filter_add(S_cr_textfilter,NULL);
    }
#endif
    if (PL_rsfp_filters) {

	if (!append)
            SvCUR_set(sv, 0);	/* start with empty line	*/
        if (FILTER_READ(0, sv, 0) > 0)
            return ( SvPVX(sv) ) ;
        else
	    return Nullch ;
    }
    else
        return (sv_gets(sv, fp, append));
}

STATIC HV *
S_find_in_my_stash(pTHX_ char *pkgname, I32 len)
{
    GV *gv;

    if (len == 11 && *pkgname == '_' && strEQ(pkgname, "__PACKAGE__"))
        return PL_curstash;

    if (len > 2 &&
        (pkgname[len - 2] == ':' && pkgname[len - 1] == ':') &&
        (gv = gv_fetchpv(pkgname, FALSE, SVt_PVHV)))
    {
        return GvHV(gv);			/* Foo:: */
    }

    /* use constant CLASS => 'MyClass' */
    if ((gv = gv_fetchpv(pkgname, FALSE, SVt_PVCV))) {
        SV *sv;
        if (GvCV(gv) && (sv = cv_const_sv(GvCV(gv)))) {
            pkgname = SvPV_nolen(sv);
        }
    }

    return gv_stashpv(pkgname, FALSE);
}

#ifdef DEBUGGING
    static char* exp_name[] =
	{ "OPERATOR", "TERM", "REF", "STATE", "BLOCK", "ATTRBLOCK",
	  "ATTRTERM", "TERMBLOCK"
	};
#endif

/*
  yylex

  Works out what to call the token just pulled out of the input
  stream.  The yacc parser takes care of taking the ops we return and
  stitching them into a tree.

  Returns:
    PRIVATEREF

  Structure:
      if read an identifier
          if we're in a my declaration
	      croak if they tried to say my($foo::bar)
	      build the ops for a my() declaration
	  if it's an access to a my() variable
	      are we in a sort block?
	          croak if my($a); $a <=> $b
	      build ops for access to a my() variable
	  if in a dq string, and they've said @foo and we can't find @foo
	      croak
	  build ops for a bareword
      if we already built the token before, use it.
*/

#ifdef USE_PURE_BISON
int
Perl_yylex_r(pTHX_ YYSTYPE *lvalp, int *lcharp)
{
    int r;

    yyactlevel++;
    yylval_pointer[yyactlevel] = lvalp;
    yychar_pointer[yyactlevel] = lcharp;
    if (yyactlevel >= YYMAXLEVEL)
	Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: YYMAXLEVEL");

    r = Perl_yylex(aTHX);

    if (yyactlevel > 0)
       yyactlevel--;

    return r;
}
#endif

#ifdef __SC__
#pragma segment Perl_yylex
#endif
int
Perl_yylex(pTHX)
{
    register char *s;
    register char *d;
    register I32 tmp;
    STRLEN len;
    GV *gv = Nullgv;
    GV **gvp = 0;
    bool bof = FALSE;
    I32 orig_keyword = 0;

    /* check if there's an identifier for us to look at */
    if (PL_pending_ident)
        return S_pending_ident(aTHX);

    /* no identifier pending identification */

    switch (PL_lex_state) {
#ifdef COMMENTARY
    case LEX_NORMAL:		/* Some compilers will produce faster */
    case LEX_INTERPNORMAL:	/* code if we comment these out. */
	break;
#endif

    /* when we've already built the next token, just pull it out of the queue */
    case LEX_KNOWNEXT:
	PL_nexttoke--;
	yylval = PL_nextval[PL_nexttoke];
	if (!PL_nexttoke) {
	    PL_lex_state = PL_lex_defer;
	    PL_expect = PL_lex_expect;
	    PL_lex_defer = LEX_NORMAL;
	}
	DEBUG_T({ PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
              "### Next token after '%s' was known, type %"IVdf"\n", PL_bufptr,
              (IV)PL_nexttype[PL_nexttoke]); });

	return(PL_nexttype[PL_nexttoke]);

    /* interpolated case modifiers like \L \U, including \Q and \E.
       when we get here, PL_bufptr is at the \
    */
    case LEX_INTERPCASEMOD:
#ifdef DEBUGGING
	if (PL_bufptr != PL_bufend && *PL_bufptr != '\\')
	    Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: INTERPCASEMOD");
#endif
	/* handle \E or end of string */
       	if (PL_bufptr == PL_bufend || PL_bufptr[1] == 'E') {
	    char oldmod;

	    /* if at a \E */
	    if (PL_lex_casemods) {
		oldmod = PL_lex_casestack[--PL_lex_casemods];
		PL_lex_casestack[PL_lex_casemods] = '\0';

		if (PL_bufptr != PL_bufend && strchr("LUQ", oldmod)) {
		    PL_bufptr += 2;
		    PL_lex_state = LEX_INTERPCONCAT;
		}
		return ')';
	    }
	    if (PL_bufptr != PL_bufend)
		PL_bufptr += 2;
	    PL_lex_state = LEX_INTERPCONCAT;
	    return yylex();
	}
	else {
	    DEBUG_T({ PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
              "### Saw case modifier at '%s'\n", PL_bufptr); });
	    s = PL_bufptr + 1;
	    if (strnEQ(s, "L\\u", 3) || strnEQ(s, "U\\l", 3))
		tmp = *s, *s = s[2], s[2] = (char)tmp;	/* misordered... */
	    if (strchr("LU", *s) &&
		(strchr(PL_lex_casestack, 'L') || strchr(PL_lex_casestack, 'U')))
	    {
		PL_lex_casestack[--PL_lex_casemods] = '\0';
		return ')';
	    }
	    if (PL_lex_casemods > 10) {
		Renew(PL_lex_casestack, PL_lex_casemods + 2, char);
	    }
	    PL_lex_casestack[PL_lex_casemods++] = *s;
	    PL_lex_casestack[PL_lex_casemods] = '\0';
	    PL_lex_state = LEX_INTERPCONCAT;
	    PL_nextval[PL_nexttoke].ival = 0;
	    force_next('(');
	    if (*s == 'l')
		PL_nextval[PL_nexttoke].ival = OP_LCFIRST;
	    else if (*s == 'u')
		PL_nextval[PL_nexttoke].ival = OP_UCFIRST;
	    else if (*s == 'L')
		PL_nextval[PL_nexttoke].ival = OP_LC;
	    else if (*s == 'U')
		PL_nextval[PL_nexttoke].ival = OP_UC;
	    else if (*s == 'Q')
		PL_nextval[PL_nexttoke].ival = OP_QUOTEMETA;
	    else
		Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: yylex");
	    PL_bufptr = s + 1;
	    force_next(FUNC);
	    if (PL_lex_starts) {
		s = PL_bufptr;
		PL_lex_starts = 0;
		Aop(OP_CONCAT);
	    }
	    else
		return yylex();
	}

    case LEX_INTERPPUSH:
        return sublex_push();

    case LEX_INTERPSTART:
	if (PL_bufptr == PL_bufend)
	    return sublex_done();
	DEBUG_T({ PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
              "### Interpolated variable at '%s'\n", PL_bufptr); });
	PL_expect = XTERM;
	PL_lex_dojoin = (*PL_bufptr == '@');
	PL_lex_state = LEX_INTERPNORMAL;
	if (PL_lex_dojoin) {
	    PL_nextval[PL_nexttoke].ival = 0;
	    force_next(',');
	    force_ident("\"", '$');
	    PL_nextval[PL_nexttoke].ival = 0;
	    force_next('$');
	    PL_nextval[PL_nexttoke].ival = 0;
	    force_next('(');
	    PL_nextval[PL_nexttoke].ival = OP_JOIN;	/* emulate join($", ...) */
	    force_next(FUNC);
	}
	if (PL_lex_starts++) {
	    s = PL_bufptr;
	    Aop(OP_CONCAT);
	}
	return yylex();

    case LEX_INTERPENDMAYBE:
	if (intuit_more(PL_bufptr)) {
	    PL_lex_state = LEX_INTERPNORMAL;	/* false alarm, more expr */
	    break;
	}
	/* FALL THROUGH */

    case LEX_INTERPEND:
	if (PL_lex_dojoin) {
	    PL_lex_dojoin = FALSE;
	    PL_lex_state = LEX_INTERPCONCAT;
	    return ')';
	}
	if (PL_lex_inwhat == OP_SUBST && PL_linestr == PL_lex_repl
	    && SvEVALED(PL_lex_repl))
	{
	    if (PL_bufptr != PL_bufend)
		Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Bad evalled substitution pattern");
	    PL_lex_repl = Nullsv;
	}
	/* FALLTHROUGH */
    case LEX_INTERPCONCAT:
#ifdef DEBUGGING
	if (PL_lex_brackets)
	    Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: INTERPCONCAT");
#endif
	if (PL_bufptr == PL_bufend)
	    return sublex_done();

	if (SvIVX(PL_linestr) == '\'') {
	    SV *sv = newSVsv(PL_linestr);
	    if (!PL_lex_inpat)
		sv = tokeq(sv);
	    else if ( PL_hints & HINT_NEW_RE )
		sv = new_constant(NULL, 0, "qr", sv, sv, "q");
	    yylval.opval = (OP*)newSVOP(OP_CONST, 0, sv);
	    s = PL_bufend;
	}
	else {
	    s = scan_const(PL_bufptr);
	    if (*s == '\\')
		PL_lex_state = LEX_INTERPCASEMOD;
	    else
		PL_lex_state = LEX_INTERPSTART;
	}

	if (s != PL_bufptr) {
	    PL_nextval[PL_nexttoke] = yylval;
	    PL_expect = XTERM;
	    force_next(THING);
	    if (PL_lex_starts++)
		Aop(OP_CONCAT);
	    else {
		PL_bufptr = s;
		return yylex();
	    }
	}

	return yylex();
    case LEX_FORMLINE:
	PL_lex_state = LEX_NORMAL;
	s = scan_formline(PL_bufptr);
	if (!PL_lex_formbrack)
	    goto rightbracket;
	OPERATOR(';');
    }

    s = PL_bufptr;
    PL_oldoldbufptr = PL_oldbufptr;
    PL_oldbufptr = s;
    DEBUG_T( {
	PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "### Tokener expecting %s at %s\n",
		      exp_name[PL_expect], s);
    } );

  retry:
    switch (*s) {
    default:
	if (isIDFIRST_lazy_if(s,UTF))
	    goto keylookup;
	Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Unrecognized character \\x%02X", *s & 255);
    case 4:
    case 26:
	goto fake_eof;			/* emulate EOF on ^D or ^Z */
    case 0:
	if (!PL_rsfp) {
	    PL_last_uni = 0;
	    PL_last_lop = 0;
	    if (PL_lex_brackets)
		yyerror("Missing right curly or square bracket");
            DEBUG_T( { PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
                        "### Tokener got EOF\n");
            } );
	    TOKEN(0);
	}
	if (s++ < PL_bufend)
	    goto retry;			/* ignore stray nulls */
	PL_last_uni = 0;
	PL_last_lop = 0;
	if (!PL_in_eval && !PL_preambled) {
	    PL_preambled = TRUE;
	    sv_setpv(PL_linestr,incl_perldb());
	    if (SvCUR(PL_linestr))
		sv_catpv(PL_linestr,";");
	    if (PL_preambleav){
		while(AvFILLp(PL_preambleav) >= 0) {
		    SV *tmpsv = av_shift(PL_preambleav);
		    sv_catsv(PL_linestr, tmpsv);
		    sv_catpv(PL_linestr, ";");
		    sv_free(tmpsv);
		}
		sv_free((SV*)PL_preambleav);
		PL_preambleav = NULL;
	    }
	    if (PL_minus_n || PL_minus_p) {
		sv_catpv(PL_linestr, "LINE: while (<>) {");
		if (PL_minus_l)
		    sv_catpv(PL_linestr,"chomp;");
		if (PL_minus_a) {
		    if (PL_minus_F) {
			if (strchr("/'\"", *PL_splitstr)
			      && strchr(PL_splitstr + 1, *PL_splitstr))
			    Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ PL_linestr, "our @F=split(%s);", PL_splitstr);
			else {
			    char delim;
			    s = "'~#\200\1'"; /* surely one char is unused...*/
			    while (s[1] && strchr(PL_splitstr, *s))  s++;
			    delim = *s;
			    Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ PL_linestr, "our @F=split(%s%c",
				      "q" + (delim == '\''), delim);
			    for (s = PL_splitstr; *s; s++) {
				if (*s == '\\')
				    sv_catpvn(PL_linestr, "\\", 1);
				sv_catpvn(PL_linestr, s, 1);
			    }
			    Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ PL_linestr, "%c);", delim);
			}
		    }
		    else
		        sv_catpv(PL_linestr,"our @F=split(' ');");
		}
	    }
	    sv_catpv(PL_linestr, "\n");
	    PL_oldoldbufptr = PL_oldbufptr = s = PL_linestart = SvPVX(PL_linestr);
	    PL_bufend = SvPVX(PL_linestr) + SvCUR(PL_linestr);
	    PL_last_lop = PL_last_uni = Nullch;
	    if (PERLDB_LINE && PL_curstash != PL_debstash) {
		SV *sv = NEWSV(85,0);

		sv_upgrade(sv, SVt_PVMG);
		sv_setsv(sv,PL_linestr);
                (void)SvIOK_on(sv);
                SvIVX(sv) = 0;
		av_store(CopFILEAV(PL_curcop),(I32)CopLINE(PL_curcop),sv);
	    }
	    goto retry;
	}
	do {
	    bof = PL_rsfp ? TRUE : FALSE;
	    if ((s = filter_gets(PL_linestr, PL_rsfp, 0)) == Nullch) {
	      fake_eof:
		if (PL_rsfp) {
		    if (PL_preprocess && !PL_in_eval)
			(void)PerlProc_pclose(PL_rsfp);
		    else if ((PerlIO *)PL_rsfp == PerlIO_stdin())
			PerlIO_clearerr(PL_rsfp);
		    else
			(void)PerlIO_close(PL_rsfp);
		    PL_rsfp = Nullfp;
		    PL_doextract = FALSE;
		}
		if (!PL_in_eval && (PL_minus_n || PL_minus_p)) {
		    sv_setpv(PL_linestr,PL_minus_p ? ";}continue{print" : "");
		    sv_catpv(PL_linestr,";}");
		    PL_oldoldbufptr = PL_oldbufptr = s = PL_linestart = SvPVX(PL_linestr);
		    PL_bufend = SvPVX(PL_linestr) + SvCUR(PL_linestr);
		    PL_last_lop = PL_last_uni = Nullch;
		    PL_minus_n = PL_minus_p = 0;
		    goto retry;
		}
		PL_oldoldbufptr = PL_oldbufptr = s = PL_linestart = SvPVX(PL_linestr);
		PL_last_lop = PL_last_uni = Nullch;
		sv_setpv(PL_linestr,"");
		TOKEN(';');	/* not infinite loop because rsfp is NULL now */
	    }
	    /* if it looks like the start of a BOM, check if it in fact is */
	    else if (bof && (!*s || *(U8*)s == 0xEF || *(U8*)s >= 0xFE)) {
#ifdef PERLIO_IS_STDIO
#  ifdef __GNU_LIBRARY__
#    if __GNU_LIBRARY__ == 1 /* Linux glibc5 */
#      define FTELL_FOR_PIPE_IS_BROKEN
#    endif
#  else
#    ifdef __GLIBC__
#      if __GLIBC__ == 1 /* maybe some glibc5 release had it like this? */
#        define FTELL_FOR_PIPE_IS_BROKEN
#      endif
#    endif
#  endif
#endif
#ifdef FTELL_FOR_PIPE_IS_BROKEN
		/* This loses the possibility to detect the bof
		 * situation on perl -P when the libc5 is being used.
		 * Workaround?  Maybe attach some extra state to PL_rsfp?
		 */
		if (!PL_preprocess)
		    bof = PerlIO_tell(PL_rsfp) == SvCUR(PL_linestr);
#else
		bof = PerlIO_tell(PL_rsfp) == (Off_t)SvCUR(PL_linestr);
#endif
		if (bof) {
		    PL_bufend = SvPVX(PL_linestr) + SvCUR(PL_linestr);
		    s = swallow_bom((U8*)s);
		}
	    }
	    if (PL_doextract) {
		/* Incest with pod. */
		if (*s == '=' && strnEQ(s, "=cut", 4)) {
		    sv_setpv(PL_linestr, "");
		    PL_oldoldbufptr = PL_oldbufptr = s = PL_linestart = SvPVX(PL_linestr);
		    PL_bufend = SvPVX(PL_linestr) + SvCUR(PL_linestr);
		    PL_last_lop = PL_last_uni = Nullch;
		    PL_doextract = FALSE;
		}
	    }
	    incline(s);
	} while (PL_doextract);
	PL_oldoldbufptr = PL_oldbufptr = PL_bufptr = PL_linestart = s;
	if (PERLDB_LINE && PL_curstash != PL_debstash) {
	    SV *sv = NEWSV(85,0);

	    sv_upgrade(sv, SVt_PVMG);
	    sv_setsv(sv,PL_linestr);
            (void)SvIOK_on(sv);
            SvIVX(sv) = 0;
	    av_store(CopFILEAV(PL_curcop),(I32)CopLINE(PL_curcop),sv);
	}
	PL_bufend = SvPVX(PL_linestr) + SvCUR(PL_linestr);
	PL_last_lop = PL_last_uni = Nullch;
	if (CopLINE(PL_curcop) == 1) {
	    while (s < PL_bufend && isSPACE(*s))
		s++;
	    if (*s == ':' && s[1] != ':') /* for csh execing sh scripts */
		s++;
	    d = Nullch;
	    if (!PL_in_eval) {
		if (*s == '#' && *(s+1) == '!')
		    d = s + 2;
#ifdef ALTERNATE_SHEBANG
		else {
		    static char as[] = ALTERNATE_SHEBANG;
		    if (*s == as[0] && strnEQ(s, as, sizeof(as) - 1))
			d = s + (sizeof(as) - 1);
		}
#endif /* ALTERNATE_SHEBANG */
	    }
	    if (d) {
		char *ipath;
		char *ipathend;

		while (isSPACE(*d))
		    d++;
		ipath = d;
		while (*d && !isSPACE(*d))
		    d++;
		ipathend = d;

#ifdef ARG_ZERO_IS_SCRIPT
		if (ipathend > ipath) {
		    /*
		     * HP-UX (at least) sets argv[0] to the script name,
		     * which makes $^X incorrect.  And Digital UNIX and Linux,
		     * at least, set argv[0] to the basename of the Perl
		     * interpreter. So, having found "#!", we'll set it right.
		     */
		    SV *x = GvSV(gv_fetchpv("\030", TRUE, SVt_PV)); /* $^X */
		    assert(SvPOK(x) || SvGMAGICAL(x));
		    if (sv_eq(x, CopFILESV(PL_curcop))) {
			sv_setpvn(x, ipath, ipathend - ipath);
			SvSETMAGIC(x);
		    }
		    else {
			STRLEN blen;
			STRLEN llen;
			char *bstart = SvPV(CopFILESV(PL_curcop),blen);
			char *lstart = SvPV(x,llen);
			if (llen < blen) {
			    bstart += blen - llen;
			    if (strnEQ(bstart, lstart, llen) &&	bstart[-1] == '/') {
				sv_setpvn(x, ipath, ipathend - ipath);
				SvSETMAGIC(x);
			    }
			}
		    }
		    TAINT_NOT;	/* $^X is always tainted, but that's OK */
		}
#endif /* ARG_ZERO_IS_SCRIPT */

		/*
		 * Look for options.
		 */
		d = instr(s,"perl -");
		if (!d) {
		    d = instr(s,"perl");
#if defined(DOSISH)
		    /* avoid getting into infinite loops when shebang
		     * line contains "Perl" rather than "perl" */
		    if (!d) {
			for (d = ipathend-4; d >= ipath; --d) {
			    if ((*d == 'p' || *d == 'P')
				&& !ibcmp(d, "perl", 4))
			    {
				break;
			    }
			}
			if (d < ipath)
			    d = Nullch;
		    }
#endif
		}
#ifdef ALTERNATE_SHEBANG
		/*
		 * If the ALTERNATE_SHEBANG on this system starts with a
		 * character that can be part of a Perl expression, then if
		 * we see it but not "perl", we're probably looking at the
		 * start of Perl code, not a request to hand off to some
		 * other interpreter.  Similarly, if "perl" is there, but
		 * not in the first 'word' of the line, we assume the line
		 * contains the start of the Perl program.
		 */
		if (d && *s != '#') {
		    char *c = ipath;
		    while (*c && !strchr("; \t\r\n\f\v#", *c))
			c++;
		    if (c < d)
			d = Nullch;	/* "perl" not in first word; ignore */
		    else
			*s = '#';	/* Don't try to parse shebang line */
		}
#endif /* ALTERNATE_SHEBANG */
#ifndef MACOS_TRADITIONAL
		if (!d &&
		    *s == '#' &&
		    ipathend > ipath &&
		    !PL_minus_c &&
		    !instr(s,"indir") &&
		    instr(PL_origargv[0],"perl"))
		{
		    char **newargv;

		    *ipathend = '\0';
		    s = ipathend + 1;
		    while (s < PL_bufend && isSPACE(*s))
			s++;
		    if (s < PL_bufend) {
			Newz(899,newargv,PL_origargc+3,char*);
			newargv[1] = s;
			while (s < PL_bufend && !isSPACE(*s))
			    s++;
			*s = '\0';
			Copy(PL_origargv+1, newargv+2, PL_origargc+1, char*);
		    }
		    else
			newargv = PL_origargv;
		    newargv[0] = ipath;
		    PerlProc_execv(ipath, EXEC_ARGV_CAST(newargv));
		    Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Can't exec %s", ipath);
		}
#endif
		if (d) {
		    U32 oldpdb = PL_perldb;
		    bool oldn = PL_minus_n;
		    bool oldp = PL_minus_p;

		    while (*d && !isSPACE(*d)) d++;
		    while (SPACE_OR_TAB(*d)) d++;

		    if (*d++ == '-') {
			bool switches_done = PL_doswitches;
			do {
			    if (*d == 'M' || *d == 'm') {
				char *m = d;
				while (*d && !isSPACE(*d)) d++;
				Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Too late for \"-%.*s\" option",
				      (int)(d - m), m);
			    }
			    d = moreswitches(d);
			} while (d);
			if ((PERLDB_LINE && !oldpdb) ||
			    ((PL_minus_n || PL_minus_p) && !(oldn || oldp)))
			      /* if we have already added "LINE: while (<>) {",
			         we must not do it again */
			{
			    sv_setpv(PL_linestr, "");
			    PL_oldoldbufptr = PL_oldbufptr = s = PL_linestart = SvPVX(PL_linestr);
			    PL_bufend = SvPVX(PL_linestr) + SvCUR(PL_linestr);
			    PL_last_lop = PL_last_uni = Nullch;
			    PL_preambled = FALSE;
			    if (PERLDB_LINE)
				(void)gv_fetchfile(PL_origfilename);
			    goto retry;
			}
			if (PL_doswitches && !switches_done) {
			    int argc = PL_origargc;
			    char **argv = PL_origargv;
			    do {
				argc--,argv++;
			    } while (argc && argv[0][0] == '-' && argv[0][1]);
			    init_argv_symbols(argc,argv);
			}
		    }
		}
	    }
	}
	if (PL_lex_formbrack && PL_lex_brackets <= PL_lex_formbrack) {
	    PL_bufptr = s;
	    PL_lex_state = LEX_FORMLINE;
	    return yylex();
	}
	goto retry;
    case '\r':
#ifdef PERL_STRICT_CR
	Perl_warn(aTHX_ "Illegal character \\%03o (carriage return)", '\r');
	Perl_croak(aTHX_
      "\t(Maybe you didn't strip carriage returns after a network transfer?)\n");
#endif
    case ' ': case '\t': case '\f': case 013:
#ifdef MACOS_TRADITIONAL
    case '\312':
#endif
	s++;
	goto retry;
    case '#':
    case '\n':
	if (PL_lex_state != LEX_NORMAL || (PL_in_eval && !PL_rsfp)) {
	    if (*s == '#' && s == PL_linestart && PL_in_eval && !PL_rsfp) {
		/* handle eval qq[#line 1 "foo"\n ...] */
		CopLINE_dec(PL_curcop);
		incline(s);
	    }
	    d = PL_bufend;
	    while (s < d && *s != '\n')
		s++;
	    if (s < d)
		s++;
	    else if (s > d) /* Found by Ilya: feed random input to Perl. */
	      Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: input overflow");
	    incline(s);
	    if (PL_lex_formbrack && PL_lex_brackets <= PL_lex_formbrack) {
		PL_bufptr = s;
		PL_lex_state = LEX_FORMLINE;
		return yylex();
	    }
	}
	else {
	    *s = '\0';
	    PL_bufend = s;
	}
	goto retry;
    case '-':
	if (s[1] && isALPHA(s[1]) && !isALNUM(s[2])) {
	    I32 ftst = 0;

	    s++;
	    PL_bufptr = s;
	    tmp = *s++;

	    while (s < PL_bufend && SPACE_OR_TAB(*s))
		s++;

	    if (strnEQ(s,"=>",2)) {
		s = force_word(PL_bufptr,WORD,FALSE,FALSE,FALSE);
                DEBUG_T( { PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
                            "### Saw unary minus before =>, forcing word '%s'\n", s);
                } );
		OPERATOR('-');		/* unary minus */
	    }
	    PL_last_uni = PL_oldbufptr;
	    switch (tmp) {
	    case 'r': ftst = OP_FTEREAD;	break;
	    case 'w': ftst = OP_FTEWRITE;	break;
	    case 'x': ftst = OP_FTEEXEC;	break;
	    case 'o': ftst = OP_FTEOWNED;	break;
	    case 'R': ftst = OP_FTRREAD;	break;
	    case 'W': ftst = OP_FTRWRITE;	break;
	    case 'X': ftst = OP_FTREXEC;	break;
	    case 'O': ftst = OP_FTROWNED;	break;
	    case 'e': ftst = OP_FTIS;		break;
	    case 'z': ftst = OP_FTZERO;		break;
	    case 's': ftst = OP_FTSIZE;		break;
	    case 'f': ftst = OP_FTFILE;		break;
	    case 'd': ftst = OP_FTDIR;		break;
	    case 'l': ftst = OP_FTLINK;		break;
	    case 'p': ftst = OP_FTPIPE;		break;
	    case 'S': ftst = OP_FTSOCK;		break;
	    case 'u': ftst = OP_FTSUID;		break;
	    case 'g': ftst = OP_FTSGID;		break;
	    case 'k': ftst = OP_FTSVTX;		break;
	    case 'b': ftst = OP_FTBLK;		break;
	    case 'c': ftst = OP_FTCHR;		break;
	    case 't': ftst = OP_FTTTY;		break;
	    case 'T': ftst = OP_FTTEXT;		break;
	    case 'B': ftst = OP_FTBINARY;	break;
	    case 'M': case 'A': case 'C':
		gv_fetchpv("\024",TRUE, SVt_PV);
		switch (tmp) {
		case 'M': ftst = OP_FTMTIME;	break;
		case 'A': ftst = OP_FTATIME;	break;
		case 'C': ftst = OP_FTCTIME;	break;
		default:			break;
		}
		break;
	    default:
		break;
	    }
	    if (ftst) {
		PL_last_lop_op = (OPCODE)ftst;
		DEBUG_T( { PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
                        "### Saw file test %c\n", (int)ftst);
		} );
		FTST(ftst);
	    }
	    else {
		/* Assume it was a minus followed by a one-letter named
		 * subroutine call (or a -bareword), then. */
		DEBUG_T( { PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
			"### %c looked like a file test but was not\n",
			(int)ftst);
		} );
		s -= 2;
	    }
	}
	tmp = *s++;
	if (*s == tmp) {
	    s++;
	    if (PL_expect == XOPERATOR)
		TERM(POSTDEC);
	    else
		OPERATOR(PREDEC);
	}
	else if (*s == '>') {
	    s++;
	    s = skipspace(s);
	    if (isIDFIRST_lazy_if(s,UTF)) {
		s = force_word(s,METHOD,FALSE,TRUE,FALSE);
		TOKEN(ARROW);
	    }
	    else if (*s == '$')
		OPERATOR(ARROW);
	    else
		TERM(ARROW);
	}
	if (PL_expect == XOPERATOR)
	    Aop(OP_SUBTRACT);
	else {
	    if (isSPACE(*s) || !isSPACE(*PL_bufptr))
		check_uni();
	    OPERATOR('-');		/* unary minus */
	}

    case '+':
	tmp = *s++;
	if (*s == tmp) {
	    s++;
	    if (PL_expect == XOPERATOR)
		TERM(POSTINC);
	    else
		OPERATOR(PREINC);
	}
	if (PL_expect == XOPERATOR)
	    Aop(OP_ADD);
	else {
	    if (isSPACE(*s) || !isSPACE(*PL_bufptr))
		check_uni();
	    OPERATOR('+');
	}

    case '*':
	if (PL_expect != XOPERATOR) {
	    s = scan_ident(s, PL_bufend, PL_tokenbuf, sizeof PL_tokenbuf, TRUE);
	    PL_expect = XOPERATOR;
	    force_ident(PL_tokenbuf, '*');
	    if (!*PL_tokenbuf)
		PREREF('*');
	    TERM('*');
	}
	s++;
	if (*s == '*') {
	    s++;
	    PWop(OP_POW);
	}
	Mop(OP_MULTIPLY);

    case '%':
	if (PL_expect == XOPERATOR) {
	    ++s;
	    Mop(OP_MODULO);
	}
	PL_tokenbuf[0] = '%';
	s = scan_ident(s, PL_bufend, PL_tokenbuf + 1, sizeof PL_tokenbuf - 1, TRUE);
	if (!PL_tokenbuf[1]) {
	    if (s == PL_bufend)
		yyerror("Final % should be \\% or %name");
	    PREREF('%');
	}
	PL_pending_ident = '%';
	TERM('%');

    case '^':
	s++;
	BOop(OP_BIT_XOR);
    case '[':
	PL_lex_brackets++;
	/* FALL THROUGH */
    case '~':
    case ',':
	tmp = *s++;
	OPERATOR(tmp);
    case ':':
	if (s[1] == ':') {
	    len = 0;
	    goto just_a_word;
	}
	s++;
	switch (PL_expect) {
	    OP *attrs;
	case XOPERATOR:
	    if (!PL_in_my || PL_lex_state != LEX_NORMAL)
		break;
	    PL_bufptr = s;	/* update in case we back off */
	    goto grabattrs;
	case XATTRBLOCK:
	    PL_expect = XBLOCK;
	    goto grabattrs;
	case XATTRTERM:
	    PL_expect = XTERMBLOCK;
	 grabattrs:
	    s = skipspace(s);
	    attrs = Nullop;
	    while (isIDFIRST_lazy_if(s,UTF)) {
		d = scan_word(s, PL_tokenbuf, sizeof PL_tokenbuf, FALSE, &len);
		if (isLOWER(*s) && (tmp = keyword(PL_tokenbuf, len))) {
		    if (tmp < 0) tmp = -tmp;
		    switch (tmp) {
		    case KEY_or:
		    case KEY_and:
		    case KEY_err:
		    case KEY_for:
		    case KEY_unless:
		    case KEY_if:
		    case KEY_while:
		    case KEY_until:
			goto got_attrs;
		    default:
			break;
		    }
		}
		if (*d == '(') {
		    d = scan_str(d,TRUE,TRUE);
		    if (!d) {
			/* MUST advance bufptr here to avoid bogus
			   "at end of line" context messages from yyerror().
			 */
			PL_bufptr = s + len;
			yyerror("Unterminated attribute parameter in attribute list");
			if (attrs)
			    op_free(attrs);
			return 0;	/* EOF indicator */
		    }
		}
		if (PL_lex_stuff) {
		    SV *sv = newSVpvn(s, len);
		    sv_catsv(sv, PL_lex_stuff);
		    attrs = append_elem(OP_LIST, attrs,
					newSVOP(OP_CONST, 0, sv));
		    SvREFCNT_dec(PL_lex_stuff);
		    PL_lex_stuff = Nullsv;
		}
		else {
		    /* NOTE: any CV attrs applied here need to be part of
		       the CVf_BUILTIN_ATTRS define in cv.h! */
		    if (!PL_in_my && len == 6 && strnEQ(s, "lvalue", len))
			CvLVALUE_on(PL_compcv);
		    else if (!PL_in_my && len == 6 && strnEQ(s, "locked", len))
			CvLOCKED_on(PL_compcv);
		    else if (!PL_in_my && len == 6 && strnEQ(s, "method", len))
			CvMETHOD_on(PL_compcv);
#ifdef USE_ITHREADS
		    else if (PL_in_my == KEY_our && len == 6 &&
			     strnEQ(s, "unique", len))
			GvUNIQUE_on(cGVOPx_gv(yylval.opval));
#endif
		    /* After we've set the flags, it could be argued that
		       we don't need to do the attributes.pm-based setting
		       process, and shouldn't bother appending recognized
		       flags.  To experiment with that, uncomment the
		       following "else".  (Note that's already been
		       uncommented.  That keeps the above-applied built-in
		       attributes from being intercepted (and possibly
		       rejected) by a package's attribute routines, but is
		       justified by the performance win for the common case
		       of applying only built-in attributes.) */
		    else
		        attrs = append_elem(OP_LIST, attrs,
					    newSVOP(OP_CONST, 0,
					      	    newSVpvn(s, len)));
		}
		s = skipspace(d);
		if (*s == ':' && s[1] != ':')
		    s = skipspace(s+1);
		else if (s == d)
		    break;	/* require real whitespace or :'s */
	    }
	    tmp = (PL_expect == XOPERATOR ? '=' : '{'); /*'}(' for vi */
	    if (*s != ';' && *s != '}' && *s != tmp && (tmp != '=' || *s != ')')) {
		char q = ((*s == '\'') ? '"' : '\'');
		/* If here for an expression, and parsed no attrs, back off. */
		if (tmp == '=' && !attrs) {
		    s = PL_bufptr;
		    break;
		}
		/* MUST advance bufptr here to avoid bogus "at end of line"
		   context messages from yyerror().
		 */
		PL_bufptr = s;
		if (!*s)
		    yyerror("Unterminated attribute list");
		else
		    yyerror(Perl_form(aTHX_ "Invalid separator character %c%c%c in attribute list",
				      q, *s, q));
		if (attrs)
		    op_free(attrs);
		OPERATOR(':');
	    }
	got_attrs:
	    if (attrs) {
		PL_nextval[PL_nexttoke].opval = attrs;
		force_next(THING);
	    }
	    TOKEN(COLONATTR);
	}
	OPERATOR(':');
    case '(':
	s++;
	if (PL_last_lop == PL_oldoldbufptr || PL_last_uni == PL_oldoldbufptr)
	    PL_oldbufptr = PL_oldoldbufptr;		/* allow print(STDOUT 123) */
	else
	    PL_expect = XTERM;
	TOKEN('(');
    case ';':
	CLINE;
	tmp = *s++;
	OPERATOR(tmp);
    case ')':
	tmp = *s++;
	s = skipspace(s);
	if (*s == '{')
	    PREBLOCK(tmp);
	TERM(tmp);
    case ']':
	s++;
	if (PL_lex_brackets <= 0)
	    yyerror("Unmatched right square bracket");
	else
	    --PL_lex_brackets;
	if (PL_lex_state == LEX_INTERPNORMAL) {
	    if (PL_lex_brackets == 0) {
		if (*s != '[' && *s != '{' && (*s != '-' || s[1] != '>'))
		    PL_lex_state = LEX_INTERPEND;
	    }
	}
	TERM(']');
    case '{':
      leftbracket:
	s++;
	if (PL_lex_brackets > 100) {
	    Renew(PL_lex_brackstack, PL_lex_brackets + 10, char);
	}
	switch (PL_expect) {
	case XTERM:
	    if (PL_lex_formbrack) {
		s--;
		PRETERMBLOCK(DO);
	    }
	    if (PL_oldoldbufptr == PL_last_lop)
		PL_lex_brackstack[PL_lex_brackets++] = XTERM;
	    else
		PL_lex_brackstack[PL_lex_brackets++] = XOPERATOR;
	    OPERATOR(HASHBRACK);
	case XOPERATOR:
	    while (s < PL_bufend && SPACE_OR_TAB(*s))
		s++;
	    d = s;
	    PL_tokenbuf[0] = '\0';
	    if (d < PL_bufend && *d == '-') {
		PL_tokenbuf[0] = '-';
		d++;
		while (d < PL_bufend && SPACE_OR_TAB(*d))
		    d++;
	    }
	    if (d < PL_bufend && isIDFIRST_lazy_if(d,UTF)) {
		d = scan_word(d, PL_tokenbuf + 1, sizeof PL_tokenbuf - 1,
			      FALSE, &len);
		while (d < PL_bufend && SPACE_OR_TAB(*d))
		    d++;
		if (*d == '}') {
		    char minus = (PL_tokenbuf[0] == '-');
		    s = force_word(s + minus, WORD, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE);
		    if (minus)
			force_next('-');
		}
	    }
	    /* FALL THROUGH */
	case XATTRBLOCK:
	case XBLOCK:
	    PL_lex_brackstack[PL_lex_brackets++] = XSTATE;
	    PL_expect = XSTATE;
	    break;
	case XATTRTERM:
	case XTERMBLOCK:
	    PL_lex_brackstack[PL_lex_brackets++] = XOPERATOR;
	    PL_expect = XSTATE;
	    break;
	default: {
		char *t;
		if (PL_oldoldbufptr == PL_last_lop)
		    PL_lex_brackstack[PL_lex_brackets++] = XTERM;
		else
		    PL_lex_brackstack[PL_lex_brackets++] = XOPERATOR;
		s = skipspace(s);
		if (*s == '}') {
		    if (PL_expect == XREF && PL_lex_state == LEX_INTERPNORMAL) {
			PL_expect = XTERM;
			/* This hack is to get the ${} in the message. */
			PL_bufptr = s+1;
			yyerror("syntax error");
			break;
		    }
		    OPERATOR(HASHBRACK);
		}
		/* This hack serves to disambiguate a pair of curlies
		 * as being a block or an anon hash.  Normally, expectation
		 * determines that, but in cases where we're not in a
		 * position to expect anything in particular (like inside
		 * eval"") we have to resolve the ambiguity.  This code
		 * covers the case where the first term in the curlies is a
		 * quoted string.  Most other cases need to be explicitly
		 * disambiguated by prepending a `+' before the opening
		 * curly in order to force resolution as an anon hash.
		 *
		 * XXX should probably propagate the outer expectation
		 * into eval"" to rely less on this hack, but that could
		 * potentially break current behavior of eval"".
		 * GSAR 97-07-21
		 */
		t = s;
		if (*s == '\'' || *s == '"' || *s == '`') {
		    /* common case: get past first string, handling escapes */
		    for (t++; t < PL_bufend && *t != *s;)
			if (*t++ == '\\' && (*t == '\\' || *t == *s))
			    t++;
		    t++;
		}
		else if (*s == 'q') {
		    if (++t < PL_bufend
			&& (!isALNUM(*t)
			    || ((*t == 'q' || *t == 'x') && ++t < PL_bufend
				&& !isALNUM(*t))))
		    {
			char *tmps;
			char open, close, term;
			I32 brackets = 1;

			while (t < PL_bufend && isSPACE(*t))
			    t++;
			term = *t;
			open = term;
			if (term && (tmps = strchr("([{< )]}> )]}>",term)))
			    term = tmps[5];
			close = term;
			if (open == close)
			    for (t++; t < PL_bufend; t++) {
				if (*t == '\\' && t+1 < PL_bufend && open != '\\')
				    t++;
				else if (*t == open)
				    break;
			    }
			else
			    for (t++; t < PL_bufend; t++) {
				if (*t == '\\' && t+1 < PL_bufend)
				    t++;
				else if (*t == close && --brackets <= 0)
				    break;
				else if (*t == open)
				    brackets++;
			    }
		    }
		    t++;
		}
		else if (isALNUM_lazy_if(t,UTF)) {
		    t += UTF8SKIP(t);
		    while (t < PL_bufend && isALNUM_lazy_if(t,UTF))
			 t += UTF8SKIP(t);
		}
		while (t < PL_bufend && isSPACE(*t))
		    t++;
		/* if comma follows first term, call it an anon hash */
		/* XXX it could be a comma expression with loop modifiers */
		if (t < PL_bufend && ((*t == ',' && (*s == 'q' || !isLOWER(*s)))
				   || (*t == '=' && t[1] == '>')))
		    OPERATOR(HASHBRACK);
		if (PL_expect == XREF)
		    PL_expect = XTERM;
		else {
		    PL_lex_brackstack[PL_lex_brackets-1] = XSTATE;
		    PL_expect = XSTATE;
		}
	    }
	    break;
	}
	yylval.ival = CopLINE(PL_curcop);
	if (isSPACE(*s) || *s == '#')
	    PL_copline = NOLINE;   /* invalidate current command line number */
	TOKEN('{');
    case '}':
      rightbracket:
	s++;
	if (PL_lex_brackets <= 0)
	    yyerror("Unmatched right curly bracket");
	else
	    PL_expect = (expectation)PL_lex_brackstack[--PL_lex_brackets];
	if (PL_lex_brackets < PL_lex_formbrack && PL_lex_state != LEX_INTERPNORMAL)
	    PL_lex_formbrack = 0;
	if (PL_lex_state == LEX_INTERPNORMAL) {
	    if (PL_lex_brackets == 0) {
		if (PL_expect & XFAKEBRACK) {
		    PL_expect &= XENUMMASK;
		    PL_lex_state = LEX_INTERPEND;
		    PL_bufptr = s;
		    return yylex();	/* ignore fake brackets */
		}
		if (*s == '-' && s[1] == '>')
		    PL_lex_state = LEX_INTERPENDMAYBE;
		else if (*s != '[' && *s != '{')
		    PL_lex_state = LEX_INTERPEND;
	    }
	}
	if (PL_expect & XFAKEBRACK) {
	    PL_expect &= XENUMMASK;
	    PL_bufptr = s;
	    return yylex();		/* ignore fake brackets */
	}
	force_next('}');
	TOKEN(';');
    case '&':
	s++;
	tmp = *s++;
	if (tmp == '&')
	    AOPERATOR(ANDAND);
	s--;
	if (PL_expect == XOPERATOR) {
	    if (ckWARN(WARN_SEMICOLON)
		&& isIDFIRST_lazy_if(s,UTF) && PL_bufptr == PL_linestart)
	    {
		CopLINE_dec(PL_curcop);
		Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_SEMICOLON), PL_warn_nosemi);
		CopLINE_inc(PL_curcop);
	    }
	    BAop(OP_BIT_AND);
	}

	s = scan_ident(s - 1, PL_bufend, PL_tokenbuf, sizeof PL_tokenbuf, TRUE);
	if (*PL_tokenbuf) {
	    PL_expect = XOPERATOR;
	    force_ident(PL_tokenbuf, '&');
	}
	else
	    PREREF('&');
	yylval.ival = (OPpENTERSUB_AMPER<<8);
	TERM('&');

    case '|':
	s++;
	tmp = *s++;
	if (tmp == '|')
	    AOPERATOR(OROR);
	s--;
	BOop(OP_BIT_OR);
    case '=':
	s++;
	tmp = *s++;
	if (tmp == '=')
	    Eop(OP_EQ);
	if (tmp == '>')
	    OPERATOR(',');
	if (tmp == '~')
	    PMop(OP_MATCH);
	if (ckWARN(WARN_SYNTAX) && tmp && isSPACE(*s) && strchr("+-*/%.^&|<",tmp))
	    Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_SYNTAX), "Reversed %c= operator",(int)tmp);
	s--;
	if (PL_expect == XSTATE && isALPHA(tmp) &&
		(s == PL_linestart+1 || s[-2] == '\n') )
	{
	    if (PL_in_eval && !PL_rsfp) {
		d = PL_bufend;
		while (s < d) {
		    if (*s++ == '\n') {
			incline(s);
			if (strnEQ(s,"=cut",4)) {
			    s = strchr(s,'\n');
			    if (s)
				s++;
			    else
				s = d;
			    incline(s);
			    goto retry;
			}
		    }
		}
		goto retry;
	    }
	    s = PL_bufend;
	    PL_doextract = TRUE;
	    goto retry;
	}
	if (PL_lex_brackets < PL_lex_formbrack) {
	    char *t;
#ifdef PERL_STRICT_CR
	    for (t = s; SPACE_OR_TAB(*t); t++) ;
#else
	    for (t = s; SPACE_OR_TAB(*t) || *t == '\r'; t++) ;
#endif
	    if (*t == '\n' || *t == '#') {
		s--;
		PL_expect = XBLOCK;
		goto leftbracket;
	    }
	}
	yylval.ival = 0;
	OPERATOR(ASSIGNOP);
    case '!':
	s++;
	tmp = *s++;
	if (tmp == '=')
	    Eop(OP_NE);
	if (tmp == '~')
	    PMop(OP_NOT);
	s--;
	OPERATOR('!');
    case '<':
	if (PL_expect != XOPERATOR) {
	    if (s[1] != '<' && !strchr(s,'>'))
		check_uni();
	    if (s[1] == '<')
		s = scan_heredoc(s);
	    else
		s = scan_inputsymbol(s);
	    TERM(sublex_start());
	}
	s++;
	tmp = *s++;
	if (tmp == '<')
	    SHop(OP_LEFT_SHIFT);
	if (tmp == '=') {
	    tmp = *s++;
	    if (tmp == '>')
		Eop(OP_NCMP);
	    s--;
	    Rop(OP_LE);
	}
	s--;
	Rop(OP_LT);
    case '>':
	s++;
	tmp = *s++;
	if (tmp == '>')
	    SHop(OP_RIGHT_SHIFT);
	if (tmp == '=')
	    Rop(OP_GE);
	s--;
	Rop(OP_GT);

    case '$':
	CLINE;

	if (PL_expect == XOPERATOR) {
	    if (PL_lex_formbrack && PL_lex_brackets == PL_lex_formbrack) {
		PL_expect = XTERM;
		depcom();
		return ','; /* grandfather non-comma-format format */
	    }
	}

	if (s[1] == '#' && (isIDFIRST_lazy_if(s+2,UTF) || strchr("{$:+-", s[2]))) {
	    PL_tokenbuf[0] = '@';
	    s = scan_ident(s + 1, PL_bufend, PL_tokenbuf + 1,
			   sizeof PL_tokenbuf - 1, FALSE);
	    if (PL_expect == XOPERATOR)
		no_op("Array length", s);
	    if (!PL_tokenbuf[1])
		PREREF(DOLSHARP);
	    PL_expect = XOPERATOR;
	    PL_pending_ident = '#';
	    TOKEN(DOLSHARP);
	}

	PL_tokenbuf[0] = '$';
	s = scan_ident(s, PL_bufend, PL_tokenbuf + 1,
		       sizeof PL_tokenbuf - 1, FALSE);
	if (PL_expect == XOPERATOR)
	    no_op("Scalar", s);
	if (!PL_tokenbuf[1]) {
	    if (s == PL_bufend)
		yyerror("Final $ should be \\$ or $name");
	    PREREF('$');
	}

	/* This kludge not intended to be bulletproof. */
	if (PL_tokenbuf[1] == '[' && !PL_tokenbuf[2]) {
	    yylval.opval = newSVOP(OP_CONST, 0,
				   newSViv(PL_compiling.cop_arybase));
	    yylval.opval->op_private = OPpCONST_ARYBASE;
	    TERM(THING);
	}

	d = s;
	tmp = (I32)*s;
	if (PL_lex_state == LEX_NORMAL)
	    s = skipspace(s);

	if ((PL_expect != XREF || PL_oldoldbufptr == PL_last_lop) && intuit_more(s)) {
	    char *t;
	    if (*s == '[') {
		PL_tokenbuf[0] = '@';
		if (ckWARN(WARN_SYNTAX)) {
		    for(t = s + 1;
			isSPACE(*t) || isALNUM_lazy_if(t,UTF) || *t == '$';
			t++) ;
		    if (*t++ == ',') {
			PL_bufptr = skipspace(PL_bufptr);
			while (t < PL_bufend && *t != ']')
			    t++;
			Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_SYNTAX),
				"Multidimensional syntax %.*s not supported",
			     	(t - PL_bufptr) + 1, PL_bufptr);
		    }
		}
	    }
	    else if (*s == '{') {
		PL_tokenbuf[0] = '%';
		if (ckWARN(WARN_SYNTAX) && strEQ(PL_tokenbuf+1, "SIG") &&
		    (t = strchr(s, '}')) && (t = strchr(t, '=')))
		{
		    char tmpbuf[sizeof PL_tokenbuf];
		    STRLEN len;
		    for (t++; isSPACE(*t); t++) ;
		    if (isIDFIRST_lazy_if(t,UTF)) {
			t = scan_word(t, tmpbuf, sizeof tmpbuf, TRUE, &len);
		        for (; isSPACE(*t); t++) ;
			if (*t == ';' && get_cv(tmpbuf, FALSE))
			    Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_SYNTAX),
				"You need to quote \"%s\"", tmpbuf);
		    }
		}
	    }
	}