Apply NetBSD patch-ad: a gcc sparc64 code generation bug.

[perl5.git] / regcomp.c

/*    regcomp.c
 */

/*
 * "A fair jaw-cracker dwarf-language must be."  --Samwise Gamgee
 */

/* NOTE: this is derived from Henry Spencer's regexp code, and should not
 * confused with the original package (see point 3 below).  Thanks, Henry!
 */

/* Additional note: this code is very heavily munged from Henry's version
 * in places.  In some spots I've traded clarity for efficiency, so don't
 * blame Henry for some of the lack of readability.
 */

/* The names of the functions have been changed from regcomp and
 * regexec to  pregcomp and pregexec in order to avoid conflicts
 * with the POSIX routines of the same names.
*/

#ifdef PERL_EXT_RE_BUILD
/* need to replace pregcomp et al, so enable that */
#  ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
#    define PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
#  endif
/* need access to debugger hooks */
#  if defined(PERL_EXT_RE_DEBUG) && !defined(DEBUGGING)
#    define DEBUGGING
#  endif
#endif

#ifdef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
/* We *really* need to overwrite these symbols: */
#  define Perl_pregcomp my_regcomp
#  define Perl_regdump my_regdump
#  define Perl_regprop my_regprop
#  define Perl_pregfree my_regfree
#  define Perl_re_intuit_string my_re_intuit_string
/* *These* symbols are masked to allow static link. */
#  define Perl_regnext my_regnext
#  define Perl_save_re_context my_save_re_context
#  define Perl_reginitcolors my_reginitcolors

#  define PERL_NO_GET_CONTEXT
#endif

/*SUPPRESS 112*/
/*
 * pregcomp and pregexec -- regsub and regerror are not used in perl
 *
 *	Copyright (c) 1986 by University of Toronto.
 *	Written by Henry Spencer.  Not derived from licensed software.
 *
 *	Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any
 *	purpose on any computer system, and to redistribute it freely,
 *	subject to the following restrictions:
 *
 *	1. The author is not responsible for the consequences of use of
 *		this software, no matter how awful, even if they arise
 *		from defects in it.
 *
 *	2. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented, either
 *		by explicit claim or by omission.
 *
 *	3. Altered versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not
 *		be misrepresented as being the original software.
 *
 *
 ****    Alterations to Henry's code are...
 ****
 ****    Copyright (c) 1991-2001, Larry Wall
 ****
 ****    You may distribute under the terms of either the GNU General Public
 ****    License or the Artistic License, as specified in the README file.

 *
 * Beware that some of this code is subtly aware of the way operator
 * precedence is structured in regular expressions.  Serious changes in
 * regular-expression syntax might require a total rethink.
 */
#include "EXTERN.h"
#define PERL_IN_REGCOMP_C
#include "perl.h"

#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
#  include "INTERN.h"
#endif

#define REG_COMP_C
#include "regcomp.h"

#ifdef op
#undef op
#endif /* op */

#ifdef MSDOS
# if defined(BUGGY_MSC6)
 /* MSC 6.00A breaks on op/regexp.t test 85 unless we turn this off */
 # pragma optimize("a",off)
 /* But MSC 6.00A is happy with 'w', for aliases only across function calls*/
 # pragma optimize("w",on )
# endif /* BUGGY_MSC6 */
#endif /* MSDOS */

#ifndef STATIC
#define	STATIC	static
#endif

typedef struct RExC_state_t {
    U16		flags16;		/* are we folding, multilining? */
    char	*precomp;		/* uncompiled string. */
    regexp	*rx;
    char	*start;			/* Start of input for compile */
    char	*end;			/* End of input for compile */
    char	*parse;			/* Input-scan pointer. */
    I32		whilem_seen;		/* number of WHILEM in this expr */
    regnode	*emit_start;		/* Start of emitted-code area */
    regnode	*emit;			/* Code-emit pointer; &regdummy = don't = compiling */
    I32		naughty;		/* How bad is this pattern? */
    I32		sawback;		/* Did we see \1, ...? */
    U32		seen;
    I32		size;			/* Code size. */
    I32		npar;			/* () count. */
    I32		extralen;
    I32		seen_zerolen;
    I32		seen_evals;
    I32		utf8;
#if ADD_TO_REGEXEC
    char 	*starttry;		/* -Dr: where regtry was called. */
#define RExC_starttry	(pRExC_state->starttry)
#endif
} RExC_state_t;

#define RExC_flags16	(pRExC_state->flags16)
#define RExC_precomp	(pRExC_state->precomp)
#define RExC_rx		(pRExC_state->rx)
#define RExC_start	(pRExC_state->start)
#define RExC_end	(pRExC_state->end)
#define RExC_parse	(pRExC_state->parse)
#define RExC_whilem_seen	(pRExC_state->whilem_seen)
#define RExC_offsets	(pRExC_state->rx->offsets) /* I am not like the others */
#define RExC_emit	(pRExC_state->emit)
#define RExC_emit_start	(pRExC_state->emit_start)
#define RExC_naughty	(pRExC_state->naughty)
#define RExC_sawback	(pRExC_state->sawback)
#define RExC_seen	(pRExC_state->seen)
#define RExC_size	(pRExC_state->size)
#define RExC_npar	(pRExC_state->npar)
#define RExC_extralen	(pRExC_state->extralen)
#define RExC_seen_zerolen	(pRExC_state->seen_zerolen)
#define RExC_seen_evals	(pRExC_state->seen_evals)
#define RExC_utf8	(pRExC_state->utf8)

#define	ISMULT1(c)	((c) == '*' || (c) == '+' || (c) == '?')
#define	ISMULT2(s)	((*s) == '*' || (*s) == '+' || (*s) == '?' || \
	((*s) == '{' && regcurly(s)))

#ifdef SPSTART
#undef SPSTART		/* dratted cpp namespace... */
#endif
/*
 * Flags to be passed up and down.
 */
#define	WORST		0	/* Worst case. */
#define	HASWIDTH	0x1	/* Known to match non-null strings. */
#define	SIMPLE		0x2	/* Simple enough to be STAR/PLUS operand. */
#define	SPSTART		0x4	/* Starts with * or +. */
#define TRYAGAIN	0x8	/* Weeded out a declaration. */

/* Length of a variant. */

typedef struct scan_data_t {
    I32 len_min;
    I32 len_delta;
    I32 pos_min;
    I32 pos_delta;
    SV *last_found;
    I32 last_end;			/* min value, <0 unless valid. */
    I32 last_start_min;
    I32 last_start_max;
    SV **longest;			/* Either &l_fixed, or &l_float. */
    SV *longest_fixed;
    I32 offset_fixed;
    SV *longest_float;
    I32 offset_float_min;
    I32 offset_float_max;
    I32 flags;
    I32 whilem_c;
    I32 *last_closep;
    struct regnode_charclass_class *start_class;
} scan_data_t;

/*
 * Forward declarations for pregcomp()'s friends.
 */

static scan_data_t zero_scan_data = { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
				      0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0};

#define SF_BEFORE_EOL		(SF_BEFORE_SEOL|SF_BEFORE_MEOL)
#define SF_BEFORE_SEOL		0x1
#define SF_BEFORE_MEOL		0x2
#define SF_FIX_BEFORE_EOL	(SF_FIX_BEFORE_SEOL|SF_FIX_BEFORE_MEOL)
#define SF_FL_BEFORE_EOL	(SF_FL_BEFORE_SEOL|SF_FL_BEFORE_MEOL)

#ifdef NO_UNARY_PLUS
#  define SF_FIX_SHIFT_EOL	(0+2)
#  define SF_FL_SHIFT_EOL		(0+4)
#else
#  define SF_FIX_SHIFT_EOL	(+2)
#  define SF_FL_SHIFT_EOL		(+4)
#endif

#define SF_FIX_BEFORE_SEOL	(SF_BEFORE_SEOL << SF_FIX_SHIFT_EOL)
#define SF_FIX_BEFORE_MEOL	(SF_BEFORE_MEOL << SF_FIX_SHIFT_EOL)

#define SF_FL_BEFORE_SEOL	(SF_BEFORE_SEOL << SF_FL_SHIFT_EOL)
#define SF_FL_BEFORE_MEOL	(SF_BEFORE_MEOL << SF_FL_SHIFT_EOL) /* 0x20 */
#define SF_IS_INF		0x40
#define SF_HAS_PAR		0x80
#define SF_IN_PAR		0x100
#define SF_HAS_EVAL		0x200
#define SCF_DO_SUBSTR		0x400
#define SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND	0x0800
#define SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR	0x1000
#define SCF_DO_STCLASS		(SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND|SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR)
#define SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS	0x2000

#define UTF RExC_utf8
#define LOC (RExC_flags16 & PMf_LOCALE)
#define FOLD (RExC_flags16 & PMf_FOLD)

#define OOB_UNICODE		12345678
#define OOB_NAMEDCLASS		-1

#define CHR_SVLEN(sv) (UTF ? sv_len_utf8(sv) : SvCUR(sv))
#define CHR_DIST(a,b) (UTF ? utf8_distance(a,b) : a - b)


/* length of regex to show in messages that don't mark a position within */
#define RegexLengthToShowInErrorMessages 127

/*
 * If MARKER[12] are adjusted, be sure to adjust the constants at the top
 * of t/op/regmesg.t, the tests in t/op/re_tests, and those in
 * op/pragma/warn/regcomp.
 */
#define MARKER1 "<-- HERE"    /* marker as it appears in the description */
#define MARKER2 " <-- HERE "  /* marker as it appears within the regex */

#define REPORT_LOCATION " in regex; marked by " MARKER1 " in m/%.*s" MARKER2 "%s/"

/*
 * Calls SAVEDESTRUCTOR_X if needed, then calls Perl_croak with the given
 * arg. Show regex, up to a maximum length. If it's too long, chop and add
 * "...".
 */
#define	FAIL(msg)                                                             \
    STMT_START {                                                             \
        char *ellipses = "";                                                 \
        IV len = RExC_end - RExC_precomp;                                \
                                                                             \
	if (!SIZE_ONLY)                                                      \
	    SAVEDESTRUCTOR_X(clear_re,(void*)RExC_rx);                 \
                                                                             \
	if (len > RegexLengthToShowInErrorMessages) {                        \
            /* chop 10 shorter than the max, to ensure meaning of "..." */   \
	    len = RegexLengthToShowInErrorMessages - 10;                     \
	    ellipses = "...";                                                \
	}                                                                    \
	Perl_croak(aTHX_ "%s in regex m/%.*s%s/",                            \
		   msg, (int)len, RExC_precomp, ellipses);                  \
    } STMT_END

/*
 * Calls SAVEDESTRUCTOR_X if needed, then calls Perl_croak with the given
 * args. Show regex, up to a maximum length. If it's too long, chop and add
 * "...".
 */
#define	FAIL2(pat,msg)                                                        \
    STMT_START {                                                             \
        char *ellipses = "";                                                 \
        IV len = RExC_end - RExC_precomp;                                \
                                                                             \
	if (!SIZE_ONLY)                                                      \
	    SAVEDESTRUCTOR_X(clear_re,(void*)RExC_rx);                 \
                                                                             \
	if (len > RegexLengthToShowInErrorMessages) {                        \
            /* chop 10 shorter than the max, to ensure meaning of "..." */   \
	    len = RegexLengthToShowInErrorMessages - 10;                     \
	    ellipses = "...";                                                \
	}                                                                    \
	S_re_croak2(aTHX_ pat, " in regex m/%.*s%s/",                        \
		    msg, (int)len, RExC_precomp, ellipses);                \
    } STMT_END


/*
 * Simple_vFAIL -- like FAIL, but marks the current location in the scan
 */
#define	Simple_vFAIL(m)                                                      \
    STMT_START {                                                             \
      IV offset = RExC_parse - RExC_precomp; \
                                                                             \
      Perl_croak(aTHX_ "%s" REPORT_LOCATION,               \
		 m, (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);     \
    } STMT_END

/*
 * Calls SAVEDESTRUCTOR_X if needed, then Simple_vFAIL()
 */
#define	vFAIL(m)                                                             \
    STMT_START {                                                             \
      if (!SIZE_ONLY)                                                        \
	    SAVEDESTRUCTOR_X(clear_re,(void*)RExC_rx);                 \
      Simple_vFAIL(m);                                                       \
    } STMT_END

/*
 * Like Simple_vFAIL(), but accepts two arguments.
 */
#define	Simple_vFAIL2(m,a1)                                                  \
    STMT_START {                                                             \
      IV offset = RExC_parse - RExC_precomp; \
                                                                             \
      S_re_croak2(aTHX_ m, REPORT_LOCATION, a1,       \
		  (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);       \
    } STMT_END

/*
 * Calls SAVEDESTRUCTOR_X if needed, then Simple_vFAIL2().
 */
#define	vFAIL2(m,a1)                                                         \
    STMT_START {                                                             \
      if (!SIZE_ONLY)                                                        \
	    SAVEDESTRUCTOR_X(clear_re,(void*)RExC_rx);                 \
      Simple_vFAIL2(m, a1);                                                  \
    } STMT_END


/*
 * Like Simple_vFAIL(), but accepts three arguments.
 */
#define	Simple_vFAIL3(m, a1, a2)                                             \
    STMT_START {                                                             \
      IV offset = RExC_parse - RExC_precomp; \
                                                                             \
      S_re_croak2(aTHX_ m, REPORT_LOCATION, a1, a2,   \
		  (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);       \
    } STMT_END

/*
 * Calls SAVEDESTRUCTOR_X if needed, then Simple_vFAIL3().
 */
#define	vFAIL3(m,a1,a2)                                                      \
    STMT_START {                                                             \
      if (!SIZE_ONLY)                                                        \
	    SAVEDESTRUCTOR_X(clear_re,(void*)RExC_rx);                 \
      Simple_vFAIL3(m, a1, a2);                                              \
    } STMT_END

/*
 * Like Simple_vFAIL(), but accepts four arguments.
 */
#define	Simple_vFAIL4(m, a1, a2, a3)                                         \
    STMT_START {                                                             \
      IV offset = RExC_parse - RExC_precomp; \
                                                                             \
      S_re_croak2(aTHX_ m, REPORT_LOCATION, a1, a2, a3,\
		  (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);       \
    } STMT_END

/*
 * Like Simple_vFAIL(), but accepts five arguments.
 */
#define	Simple_vFAIL5(m, a1, a2, a3, a4)                                     \
    STMT_START {                                                             \
      IV offset = RExC_parse - RExC_precomp; \
      S_re_croak2(aTHX_ m, REPORT_LOCATION, a1, a2, a3, a4,\
		  (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);       \
    } STMT_END


#define	vWARN(loc,m)                                                         \
    STMT_START {                                                             \
        IV offset = loc - RExC_precomp;          \
	Perl_warner(aTHX_ WARN_REGEXP, "%s" REPORT_LOCATION,\
		 m, (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);          \
    } STMT_END                                                               \

#define	vWARNdep(loc,m)                                                         \
    STMT_START {                                                             \
        IV offset = loc - RExC_precomp;          \
        int warn_cat = ckWARN(WARN_REGEXP) ? WARN_REGEXP : WARN_DEPRECATED;  \
	Perl_warner(aTHX_ warn_cat, "%s" REPORT_LOCATION,\
		 m, (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);          \
    } STMT_END                                                               \


#define	vWARN2(loc, m, a1)                                                   \
    STMT_START {                                                             \
        IV offset = loc - RExC_precomp;          \
	Perl_warner(aTHX_ WARN_REGEXP, m REPORT_LOCATION,\
                 a1,                                                         \
		 (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);        \
    } STMT_END

#define	vWARN3(loc, m, a1, a2)                                               \
    STMT_START {                                                             \
      IV offset = loc - RExC_precomp;        \
	Perl_warner(aTHX_ WARN_REGEXP, m REPORT_LOCATION,                    \
                 a1, a2,                                                     \
		 (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);        \
    } STMT_END

#define	vWARN4(loc, m, a1, a2, a3)                                           \
    STMT_START {                                                             \
      IV offset = loc - RExC_precomp;            \
	Perl_warner(aTHX_ WARN_REGEXP, m REPORT_LOCATION,\
                 a1, a2, a3,                                                 \
		 (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);        \
    } STMT_END

/* used for the parse_flags section for (?c) -- japhy */
#define	vWARN5(loc, m, a1, a2, a3, a4)                                       \
  STMT_START {                                                   \
      IV offset = loc - RExC_precomp;   \
        Perl_warner(aTHX_ WARN_REGEXP, m REPORT_LOCATION,      \
                 a1, a2, a3, a4,                                 \
                 (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);  \
    } STMT_END


/* Allow for side effects in s */
#define REGC(c,s) STMT_START { if (!SIZE_ONLY) *(s) = (c); else (void)(s);} STMT_END

/* Macros for recording node offsets.   20001227 mjd@plover.com 
 * Nodes are numbered 1, 2, 3, 4.  Node #n's position is recorded in
 * element 2*n-1 of the array.  Element #2n holds the byte length node #n.
 * Element 0 holds the number n.
 */

#define MJD_OFFSET_DEBUG(x)
/* #define MJD_OFFSET_DEBUG(x) fprintf x */


#  define Set_Node_Offset_To_R(node,byte)                           \
   STMT_START {                                        \
     if (! SIZE_ONLY) {                                  \
       if((node) < 0) {                   \
         Perl_croak(aTHX_ "value of node is %d in Offset macro", node); \
       } else {                                                        \
         RExC_offsets[2*(node)-1] = (byte);                               \
       }                                                               \
     }                                                                 \
   } STMT_END

#  define Set_Node_Offset(node,byte) Set_Node_Offset_To_R((node)-RExC_emit_start, (byte)-RExC_start)
#  define Set_Cur_Node_Offset Set_Node_Offset(RExC_emit, RExC_parse)

#  define Set_Node_Length_To_R(node,len)                            \
   STMT_START {                                        \
     if (! SIZE_ONLY) {                                  \
       MJD_OFFSET_DEBUG((stderr, "** (%d) size of node %d is %d.\n", __LINE__, (node), (len))); \
       if((node) < 0) {                   \
         Perl_croak(aTHX_ "value of node is %d in Length macro", node); \
       } else {                                                        \
         RExC_offsets[2*(node)] = (len);                               \
       }                                                               \
     }                                                                 \
   } STMT_END

#  define Set_Node_Length(node,len) Set_Node_Length_To_R((node)-RExC_emit_start, len)
#  define Set_Cur_Node_Length(len)  Set_Node_Length(RExC_emit, len)
#  define Set_Node_Cur_Length(node)   Set_Node_Length(node, RExC_parse - parse_start)

/* Get offsets and lengths */
#define Node_Offset(n) (RExC_offsets[2*((n)-RExC_emit_start)-1])
#define Node_Length(n) (RExC_offsets[2*((n)-RExC_emit_start)])

static void clear_re(pTHX_ void *r);

/* Mark that we cannot extend a found fixed substring at this point.
   Updata the longest found anchored substring and the longest found
   floating substrings if needed. */

STATIC void
S_scan_commit(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, scan_data_t *data)
{
    STRLEN l = CHR_SVLEN(data->last_found);
    STRLEN old_l = CHR_SVLEN(*data->longest);

    if ((l >= old_l) && ((l > old_l) || (data->flags & SF_BEFORE_EOL))) {
	sv_setsv(*data->longest, data->last_found);
	if (*data->longest == data->longest_fixed) {
	    data->offset_fixed = l ? data->last_start_min : data->pos_min;
	    if (data->flags & SF_BEFORE_EOL)
		data->flags
		    |= ((data->flags & SF_BEFORE_EOL) << SF_FIX_SHIFT_EOL);
	    else
		data->flags &= ~SF_FIX_BEFORE_EOL;
	}
	else {
	    data->offset_float_min = l ? data->last_start_min : data->pos_min;
	    data->offset_float_max = (l
				      ? data->last_start_max
				      : data->pos_min + data->pos_delta);
	    if (data->flags & SF_BEFORE_EOL)
		data->flags
		    |= ((data->flags & SF_BEFORE_EOL) << SF_FL_SHIFT_EOL);
	    else
		data->flags &= ~SF_FL_BEFORE_EOL;
	}
    }
    SvCUR_set(data->last_found, 0);
    data->last_end = -1;
    data->flags &= ~SF_BEFORE_EOL;
}

/* Can match anything (initialization) */
STATIC void
S_cl_anything(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, struct regnode_charclass_class *cl)
{
    ANYOF_CLASS_ZERO(cl);
    ANYOF_BITMAP_SETALL(cl);
    cl->flags = ANYOF_EOS|ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL;
    if (LOC)
	cl->flags |= ANYOF_LOCALE;
}

/* Can match anything (initialization) */
STATIC int
S_cl_is_anything(pTHX_ struct regnode_charclass_class *cl)
{
    int value;

    for (value = 0; value <= ANYOF_MAX; value += 2)
	if (ANYOF_CLASS_TEST(cl, value) && ANYOF_CLASS_TEST(cl, value + 1))
	    return 1;
    if (!(cl->flags & ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL))
	return 0;
    if (!ANYOF_BITMAP_TESTALLSET(cl))
	return 0;
    return 1;
}

/* Can match anything (initialization) */
STATIC void
S_cl_init(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, struct regnode_charclass_class *cl)
{
    Zero(cl, 1, struct regnode_charclass_class);
    cl->type = ANYOF;
    cl_anything(pRExC_state, cl);
}

STATIC void
S_cl_init_zero(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, struct regnode_charclass_class *cl)
{
    Zero(cl, 1, struct regnode_charclass_class);
    cl->type = ANYOF;
    cl_anything(pRExC_state, cl);
    if (LOC)
	cl->flags |= ANYOF_LOCALE;
}

/* 'And' a given class with another one.  Can create false positives */
/* We assume that cl is not inverted */
STATIC void
S_cl_and(pTHX_ struct regnode_charclass_class *cl,
	 struct regnode_charclass_class *and_with)
{
    if (!(and_with->flags & ANYOF_CLASS)
	&& !(cl->flags & ANYOF_CLASS)
	&& (and_with->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE) == (cl->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)
	&& !(and_with->flags & ANYOF_FOLD)
	&& !(cl->flags & ANYOF_FOLD)) {
	int i;

	if (and_with->flags & ANYOF_INVERT)
	    for (i = 0; i < ANYOF_BITMAP_SIZE; i++)
		cl->bitmap[i] &= ~and_with->bitmap[i];
	else
	    for (i = 0; i < ANYOF_BITMAP_SIZE; i++)
		cl->bitmap[i] &= and_with->bitmap[i];
    } /* XXXX: logic is complicated otherwise, leave it along for a moment. */
    if (!(and_with->flags & ANYOF_EOS))
	cl->flags &= ~ANYOF_EOS;

    if (cl->flags & ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL && and_with->flags & ANYOF_UNICODE) {
	cl->flags &= ~ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL;
	cl->flags |= ANYOF_UNICODE;
	ARG_SET(cl, ARG(and_with));
    }
    if (!(and_with->flags & ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL))
	cl->flags &= ~ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL;
    if (!(and_with->flags & (ANYOF_UNICODE|ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL)))
	cl->flags &= ~ANYOF_UNICODE;
}

/* 'OR' a given class with another one.  Can create false positives */
/* We assume that cl is not inverted */
STATIC void
S_cl_or(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, struct regnode_charclass_class *cl, struct regnode_charclass_class *or_with)
{
    if (or_with->flags & ANYOF_INVERT) {
	/* We do not use
	 * (B1 | CL1) | (!B2 & !CL2) = (B1 | !B2 & !CL2) | (CL1 | (!B2 & !CL2))
	 *   <= (B1 | !B2) | (CL1 | !CL2)
	 * which is wasteful if CL2 is small, but we ignore CL2:
	 *   (B1 | CL1) | (!B2 & !CL2) <= (B1 | CL1) | !B2 = (B1 | !B2) | CL1
	 * XXXX Can we handle case-fold?  Unclear:
	 *   (OK1(i) | OK1(i')) | !(OK1(i) | OK1(i')) =
	 *   (OK1(i) | OK1(i')) | (!OK1(i) & !OK1(i'))
	 */
	if ( (or_with->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE) == (cl->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)
	     && !(or_with->flags & ANYOF_FOLD)
	     && !(cl->flags & ANYOF_FOLD) ) {
	    int i;

	    for (i = 0; i < ANYOF_BITMAP_SIZE; i++)
		cl->bitmap[i] |= ~or_with->bitmap[i];
	} /* XXXX: logic is complicated otherwise */
	else {
	    cl_anything(pRExC_state, cl);
	}
    } else {
	/* (B1 | CL1) | (B2 | CL2) = (B1 | B2) | (CL1 | CL2)) */
	if ( (or_with->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE) == (cl->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)
	     && (!(or_with->flags & ANYOF_FOLD)
		 || (cl->flags & ANYOF_FOLD)) ) {
	    int i;

	    /* OR char bitmap and class bitmap separately */
	    for (i = 0; i < ANYOF_BITMAP_SIZE; i++)
		cl->bitmap[i] |= or_with->bitmap[i];
	    if (or_with->flags & ANYOF_CLASS) {
		for (i = 0; i < ANYOF_CLASSBITMAP_SIZE; i++)
		    cl->classflags[i] |= or_with->classflags[i];
		cl->flags |= ANYOF_CLASS;
	    }
	}
	else { /* XXXX: logic is complicated, leave it along for a moment. */
	    cl_anything(pRExC_state, cl);
	}
    }
    if (or_with->flags & ANYOF_EOS)
	cl->flags |= ANYOF_EOS;

    if (cl->flags & ANYOF_UNICODE && or_with->flags & ANYOF_UNICODE &&
	ARG(cl) != ARG(or_with)) {
	cl->flags |= ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL;
	cl->flags &= ~ANYOF_UNICODE;
    }
    if (or_with->flags & ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL) {
	cl->flags |= ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL;
	cl->flags &= ~ANYOF_UNICODE;
    }
}

/* REx optimizer.  Converts nodes into quickier variants "in place".
   Finds fixed substrings.  */

/* Stops at toplevel WHILEM as well as at `last'. At end *scanp is set
   to the position after last scanned or to NULL. */

STATIC I32
S_study_chunk(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode **scanp, I32 *deltap, regnode *last, scan_data_t *data, U32 flags)
			/* scanp: Start here (read-write). */
			/* deltap: Write maxlen-minlen here. */
			/* last: Stop before this one. */
{
    I32 min = 0, pars = 0, code;
    regnode *scan = *scanp, *next;
    I32 delta = 0;
    int is_inf = (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) && (data->flags & SF_IS_INF);
    int is_inf_internal = 0;		/* The studied chunk is infinite */
    I32 is_par = OP(scan) == OPEN ? ARG(scan) : 0;
    scan_data_t data_fake;
    struct regnode_charclass_class and_with; /* Valid if flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR */

    while (scan && OP(scan) != END && scan < last) {
	/* Peephole optimizer: */

	if (PL_regkind[(U8)OP(scan)] == EXACT) {
	    /* Merge several consecutive EXACTish nodes into one. */
	    regnode *n = regnext(scan);
	    U32 stringok = 1;
#ifdef DEBUGGING
	    regnode *stop = scan;
#endif

	    next = scan + NODE_SZ_STR(scan);
	    /* Skip NOTHING, merge EXACT*. */
	    while (n &&
		   ( PL_regkind[(U8)OP(n)] == NOTHING ||
		     (stringok && (OP(n) == OP(scan))))
		   && NEXT_OFF(n)
		   && NEXT_OFF(scan) + NEXT_OFF(n) < I16_MAX) {
		if (OP(n) == TAIL || n > next)
		    stringok = 0;
		if (PL_regkind[(U8)OP(n)] == NOTHING) {
		    NEXT_OFF(scan) += NEXT_OFF(n);
		    next = n + NODE_STEP_REGNODE;
#ifdef DEBUGGING
		    if (stringok)
			stop = n;
#endif
		    n = regnext(n);
		}
		else if (stringok) {
		    int oldl = STR_LEN(scan);
		    regnode *nnext = regnext(n);

		    if (oldl + STR_LEN(n) > U8_MAX)
			break;
		    NEXT_OFF(scan) += NEXT_OFF(n);
		    STR_LEN(scan) += STR_LEN(n);
		    next = n + NODE_SZ_STR(n);
		    /* Now we can overwrite *n : */
		    Move(STRING(n), STRING(scan) + oldl, STR_LEN(n), char);
#ifdef DEBUGGING
		    stop = next - 1;
#endif
		    n = nnext;
		}
	    }
#ifdef DEBUGGING
	    /* Allow dumping */
	    n = scan + NODE_SZ_STR(scan);
	    while (n <= stop) {
		if (PL_regkind[(U8)OP(n)] != NOTHING || OP(n) == NOTHING) {
		    OP(n) = OPTIMIZED;
		    NEXT_OFF(n) = 0;
		}
		n++;
	    }
#endif
	}
	/* Follow the next-chain of the current node and optimize
	   away all the NOTHINGs from it.  */
	if (OP(scan) != CURLYX) {
	    int max = (reg_off_by_arg[OP(scan)]
		       ? I32_MAX
		       /* I32 may be smaller than U16 on CRAYs! */
		       : (I32_MAX < U16_MAX ? I32_MAX : U16_MAX));
	    int off = (reg_off_by_arg[OP(scan)] ? ARG(scan) : NEXT_OFF(scan));
	    int noff;
	    regnode *n = scan;
	
	    /* Skip NOTHING and LONGJMP. */
	    while ((n = regnext(n))
		   && ((PL_regkind[(U8)OP(n)] == NOTHING && (noff = NEXT_OFF(n)))
		       || ((OP(n) == LONGJMP) && (noff = ARG(n))))
		   && off + noff < max)
		off += noff;
	    if (reg_off_by_arg[OP(scan)])
		ARG(scan) = off;
	    else
		NEXT_OFF(scan) = off;
	}
	/* The principal pseudo-switch.  Cannot be a switch, since we
	   look into several different things.  */
	if (OP(scan) == BRANCH || OP(scan) == BRANCHJ
		   || OP(scan) == IFTHEN || OP(scan) == SUSPEND) {
	    next = regnext(scan);
	    code = OP(scan);
	
	    if (OP(next) == code || code == IFTHEN || code == SUSPEND) {
		I32 max1 = 0, min1 = I32_MAX, num = 0;
		struct regnode_charclass_class accum;
		
		if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) /* XXXX Add !SUSPEND? */
		    scan_commit(pRExC_state, data); /* Cannot merge strings after this. */
		if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS)
		    cl_init_zero(pRExC_state, &accum);
		while (OP(scan) == code) {
		    I32 deltanext, minnext, f = 0, fake;
		    struct regnode_charclass_class this_class;

		    num++;
		    data_fake.flags = 0;
		    if (data) {		
			data_fake.whilem_c = data->whilem_c;
			data_fake.last_closep = data->last_closep;
		    }
		    else
			data_fake.last_closep = &fake;
		    next = regnext(scan);
		    scan = NEXTOPER(scan);
		    if (code != BRANCH)
			scan = NEXTOPER(scan);
		    if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS) {
			cl_init(pRExC_state, &this_class);
			data_fake.start_class = &this_class;
			f = SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND;
		    }		
		    if (flags & SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS)
			f |= SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS;
		    /* we suppose the run is continuous, last=next...*/
		    minnext = study_chunk(pRExC_state, &scan, &deltanext,
					  next, &data_fake, f);
		    if (min1 > minnext)
			min1 = minnext;
		    if (max1 < minnext + deltanext)
			max1 = minnext + deltanext;
		    if (deltanext == I32_MAX)
			is_inf = is_inf_internal = 1;
		    scan = next;
		    if (data_fake.flags & (SF_HAS_PAR|SF_IN_PAR))
			pars++;
		    if (data && (data_fake.flags & SF_HAS_EVAL))
			data->flags |= SF_HAS_EVAL;
		    if (data)
			data->whilem_c = data_fake.whilem_c;
		    if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS)
			cl_or(pRExC_state, &accum, &this_class);
		    if (code == SUSPEND)
			break;
		}
		if (code == IFTHEN && num < 2) /* Empty ELSE branch */
		    min1 = 0;
		if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
		    data->pos_min += min1;
		    data->pos_delta += max1 - min1;
		    if (max1 != min1 || is_inf)
			data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
		}
		min += min1;
		delta += max1 - min1;
		if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) {
		    cl_or(pRExC_state, data->start_class, &accum);
		    if (min1) {
			cl_and(data->start_class, &and_with);
			flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
		    }
		}
		else if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
		    if (min1) {
			cl_and(data->start_class, &accum);
			flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
		    }
		    else {
			/* Switch to OR mode: cache the old value of
			 * data->start_class */
			StructCopy(data->start_class, &and_with,
				   struct regnode_charclass_class);
			flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND;
			StructCopy(&accum, data->start_class,
				   struct regnode_charclass_class);
			flags |= SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR;
			data->start_class->flags |= ANYOF_EOS;
		    }
		}
	    }
	    else if (code == BRANCHJ)	/* single branch is optimized. */
		scan = NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(scan));
	    else			/* single branch is optimized. */
		scan = NEXTOPER(scan);
	    continue;
	}
	else if (OP(scan) == EXACT) {
	    I32 l = STR_LEN(scan);
	    UV uc = *((U8*)STRING(scan));
	    if (UTF) {
		U8 *s = (U8*)STRING(scan);
		l = utf8_length(s, s + l);
		uc = utf8_to_uvchr(s, NULL);
	    }
	    min += l;
	    if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) { /* Update longest substr. */
		/* The code below prefers earlier match for fixed
		   offset, later match for variable offset.  */
		if (data->last_end == -1) { /* Update the start info. */
		    data->last_start_min = data->pos_min;
 		    data->last_start_max = is_inf
 			? I32_MAX : data->pos_min + data->pos_delta;
		}
		sv_catpvn(data->last_found, STRING(scan), STR_LEN(scan));
		data->last_end = data->pos_min + l;
		data->pos_min += l; /* As in the first entry. */
		data->flags &= ~SF_BEFORE_EOL;
	    }
	    if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
		/* Check whether it is compatible with what we know already! */
		int compat = 1;

		if (uc >= 0x100 ||
		    (!(data->start_class->flags & (ANYOF_CLASS | ANYOF_LOCALE))
		    && !ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(data->start_class, uc)
		    && (!(data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_FOLD)
			|| !ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(data->start_class, PL_fold[uc])))
                    )
		    compat = 0;
		ANYOF_CLASS_ZERO(data->start_class);
		ANYOF_BITMAP_ZERO(data->start_class);
		if (compat)
		    ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, uc);
		data->start_class->flags &= ~ANYOF_EOS;
		if (uc < 0x100)
		  data->start_class->flags &= ~ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL;
	    }
	    else if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) {
		/* false positive possible if the class is case-folded */
		if (uc < 0x100)
		    ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, uc);
		else
		    data->start_class->flags |= ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL;
		data->start_class->flags &= ~ANYOF_EOS;
		cl_and(data->start_class, &and_with);
	    }
	    flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
	}
	else if (PL_regkind[(U8)OP(scan)] == EXACT) { /* But OP != EXACT! */
	    I32 l = STR_LEN(scan);
	    UV uc = *((U8*)STRING(scan));

	    /* Search for fixed substrings supports EXACT only. */
	    if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR)
		scan_commit(pRExC_state, data);
	    if (UTF) {
		U8 *s = (U8 *)STRING(scan);
		l = utf8_length(s, s + l);
		uc = utf8_to_uvchr(s, NULL);
	    }
	    min += l;
	    if (data && (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR))
		data->pos_min += l;
	    if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
		/* Check whether it is compatible with what we know already! */
		int compat = 1;

		if (uc >= 0x100 ||
		    (!(data->start_class->flags & (ANYOF_CLASS | ANYOF_LOCALE))
		    && !ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(data->start_class, uc)
		     && !ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(data->start_class, PL_fold[uc])))
		    compat = 0;
		ANYOF_CLASS_ZERO(data->start_class);
		ANYOF_BITMAP_ZERO(data->start_class);
		if (compat) {
		    ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, uc);
		    data->start_class->flags &= ~ANYOF_EOS;
		    data->start_class->flags |= ANYOF_FOLD;
		    if (OP(scan) == EXACTFL)
			data->start_class->flags |= ANYOF_LOCALE;
		}
	    }
	    else if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) {
		if (data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_FOLD) {
		    /* false positive possible if the class is case-folded.
		       Assume that the locale settings are the same... */
		    if (uc < 0x100)
			ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, uc);
		    data->start_class->flags &= ~ANYOF_EOS;
		}
		cl_and(data->start_class, &and_with);
	    }
	    flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
	}
	else if (strchr((char*)PL_varies,OP(scan))) {
	    I32 mincount, maxcount, minnext, deltanext, fl = 0;
	    I32 f = flags, pos_before = 0;
	    regnode *oscan = scan;
	    struct regnode_charclass_class this_class;
	    struct regnode_charclass_class *oclass = NULL;
	    I32 next_is_eval = 0;

	    switch (PL_regkind[(U8)OP(scan)]) {
	    case WHILEM:		/* End of (?:...)* . */
		scan = NEXTOPER(scan);
		goto finish;
	    case PLUS:
		if (flags & (SCF_DO_SUBSTR | SCF_DO_STCLASS)) {
		    next = NEXTOPER(scan);
		    if (OP(next) == EXACT || (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS)) {
			mincount = 1;
			maxcount = REG_INFTY;
			next = regnext(scan);
			scan = NEXTOPER(scan);
			goto do_curly;
		    }
		}
		if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR)
		    data->pos_min++;
		min++;
		/* Fall through. */
	    case STAR:
		if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS) {
		    mincount = 0;
		    maxcount = REG_INFTY;
		    next = regnext(scan);
		    scan = NEXTOPER(scan);
		    goto do_curly;
		}
		is_inf = is_inf_internal = 1;
		scan = regnext(scan);
		if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
		    scan_commit(pRExC_state, data); /* Cannot extend fixed substrings */
		    data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
		}
		goto optimize_curly_tail;
	    case CURLY:
		mincount = ARG1(scan);
		maxcount = ARG2(scan);
		next = regnext(scan);
		if (OP(scan) == CURLYX) {
		    I32 lp = (data ? *(data->last_closep) : 0);

		    scan->flags = ((lp <= U8_MAX) ? lp : U8_MAX);
		}
		scan = NEXTOPER(scan) + EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS;
		next_is_eval = (OP(scan) == EVAL);
	      do_curly:
		if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
		    if (mincount == 0) scan_commit(pRExC_state,data); /* Cannot extend fixed substrings */
		    pos_before = data->pos_min;
		}
		if (data) {
		    fl = data->flags;
		    data->flags &= ~(SF_HAS_PAR|SF_IN_PAR|SF_HAS_EVAL);
		    if (is_inf)
			data->flags |= SF_IS_INF;
		}
		if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS) {
		    cl_init(pRExC_state, &this_class);
		    oclass = data->start_class;
		    data->start_class = &this_class;
		    f |= SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND;
		    f &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR;
		}
		/* These are the cases when once a subexpression
		   fails at a particular position, it cannot succeed
		   even after backtracking at the enclosing scope.
		
		   XXXX what if minimal match and we are at the
		        initial run of {n,m}? */
		if ((mincount != maxcount - 1) && (maxcount != REG_INFTY))
		    f &= ~SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS;

		/* This will finish on WHILEM, setting scan, or on NULL: */
		minnext = study_chunk(pRExC_state, &scan, &deltanext, last, data,
				      mincount == 0
					? (f & ~SCF_DO_SUBSTR) : f);

		if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS)
		    data->start_class = oclass;
		if (mincount == 0 || minnext == 0) {
		    if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) {
			cl_or(pRExC_state, data->start_class, &this_class);
		    }
		    else if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
			/* Switch to OR mode: cache the old value of
			 * data->start_class */
			StructCopy(data->start_class, &and_with,
				   struct regnode_charclass_class);
			flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND;
			StructCopy(&this_class, data->start_class,
				   struct regnode_charclass_class);
			flags |= SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR;
			data->start_class->flags |= ANYOF_EOS;
		    }
		} else {		/* Non-zero len */
		    if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) {
			cl_or(pRExC_state, data->start_class, &this_class);
			cl_and(data->start_class, &and_with);
		    }
		    else if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND)
			cl_and(data->start_class, &this_class);
		    flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
		}
		if (!scan) 		/* It was not CURLYX, but CURLY. */
		    scan = next;
		if (ckWARN(WARN_REGEXP)
		       /* ? quantifier ok, except for (?{ ... }) */
		    && (next_is_eval || !(mincount == 0 && maxcount == 1))
		    && (minnext == 0) && (deltanext == 0)
		    && data && !(data->flags & (SF_HAS_PAR|SF_IN_PAR))
		    && maxcount <= REG_INFTY/3) /* Complement check for big count */
		{
		    vWARN(RExC_parse,
			  "Quantifier unexpected on zero-length expression");
		}

		min += minnext * mincount;
		is_inf_internal |= ((maxcount == REG_INFTY
				     && (minnext + deltanext) > 0)
				    || deltanext == I32_MAX);
		is_inf |= is_inf_internal;
		delta += (minnext + deltanext) * maxcount - minnext * mincount;

		/* Try powerful optimization CURLYX => CURLYN. */
		if (  OP(oscan) == CURLYX && data
		      && data->flags & SF_IN_PAR
		      && !(data->flags & SF_HAS_EVAL)
		      && !deltanext && minnext == 1 ) {
		    /* Try to optimize to CURLYN.  */
		    regnode *nxt = NEXTOPER(oscan) + EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS;
		    regnode *nxt1 = nxt;
#ifdef DEBUGGING
		    regnode *nxt2;
#endif

		    /* Skip open. */
		    nxt = regnext(nxt);
		    if (!strchr((char*)PL_simple,OP(nxt))
			&& !(PL_regkind[(U8)OP(nxt)] == EXACT
			     && STR_LEN(nxt) == 1))
			goto nogo;
#ifdef DEBUGGING
		    nxt2 = nxt;
#endif
		    nxt = regnext(nxt);
		    if (OP(nxt) != CLOSE)
			goto nogo;
		    /* Now we know that nxt2 is the only contents: */
		    oscan->flags = ARG(nxt);
		    OP(oscan) = CURLYN;
		    OP(nxt1) = NOTHING;	/* was OPEN. */
#ifdef DEBUGGING
		    OP(nxt1 + 1) = OPTIMIZED; /* was count. */
		    NEXT_OFF(nxt1+ 1) = 0; /* just for consistancy. */
		    NEXT_OFF(nxt2) = 0;	/* just for consistancy with CURLY. */
		    OP(nxt) = OPTIMIZED;	/* was CLOSE. */
		    OP(nxt + 1) = OPTIMIZED; /* was count. */
		    NEXT_OFF(nxt+ 1) = 0; /* just for consistancy. */
#endif
		}
	      nogo:

		/* Try optimization CURLYX => CURLYM. */
		if (  OP(oscan) == CURLYX && data
		      && !(data->flags & SF_HAS_PAR)
		      && !(data->flags & SF_HAS_EVAL)
		      && !deltanext  ) {
		    /* XXXX How to optimize if data == 0? */
		    /* Optimize to a simpler form.  */
		    regnode *nxt = NEXTOPER(oscan) + EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS; /* OPEN */
		    regnode *nxt2;

		    OP(oscan) = CURLYM;
		    while ( (nxt2 = regnext(nxt)) /* skip over embedded stuff*/
			    && (OP(nxt2) != WHILEM))
			nxt = nxt2;
		    OP(nxt2)  = SUCCEED; /* Whas WHILEM */
		    /* Need to optimize away parenths. */
		    if (data->flags & SF_IN_PAR) {
			/* Set the parenth number.  */
			regnode *nxt1 = NEXTOPER(oscan) + EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS; /* OPEN*/

			if (OP(nxt) != CLOSE)
			    FAIL("Panic opt close");
			oscan->flags = ARG(nxt);
			OP(nxt1) = OPTIMIZED;	/* was OPEN. */
			OP(nxt) = OPTIMIZED;	/* was CLOSE. */
#ifdef DEBUGGING
			OP(nxt1 + 1) = OPTIMIZED; /* was count. */
			OP(nxt + 1) = OPTIMIZED; /* was count. */
			NEXT_OFF(nxt1 + 1) = 0; /* just for consistancy. */
			NEXT_OFF(nxt + 1) = 0; /* just for consistancy. */
#endif
#if 0
			while ( nxt1 && (OP(nxt1) != WHILEM)) {
			    regnode *nnxt = regnext(nxt1);
			
			    if (nnxt == nxt) {
				if (reg_off_by_arg[OP(nxt1)])
				    ARG_SET(nxt1, nxt2 - nxt1);
				else if (nxt2 - nxt1 < U16_MAX)
				    NEXT_OFF(nxt1) = nxt2 - nxt1;
				else
				    OP(nxt) = NOTHING;	/* Cannot beautify */
			    }
			    nxt1 = nnxt;
			}
#endif
			/* Optimize again: */
			study_chunk(pRExC_state, &nxt1, &deltanext, nxt,
				    NULL, 0);
		    }
		    else
			oscan->flags = 0;
		}
		else if ((OP(oscan) == CURLYX)
			 && (flags & SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS)
			 /* See the comment on a similar expression above.
			    However, this time it not a subexpression
			    we care about, but the expression itself. */
			 && (maxcount == REG_INFTY)
			 && data && ++data->whilem_c < 16) {
		    /* This stays as CURLYX, we can put the count/of pair. */
		    /* Find WHILEM (as in regexec.c) */
		    regnode *nxt = oscan + NEXT_OFF(oscan);

		    if (OP(PREVOPER(nxt)) == NOTHING) /* LONGJMP */
			nxt += ARG(nxt);
		    PREVOPER(nxt)->flags = data->whilem_c
			| (RExC_whilem_seen << 4); /* On WHILEM */
		}
		if (data && fl & (SF_HAS_PAR|SF_IN_PAR))
		    pars++;
		if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
		    SV *last_str = Nullsv;
		    int counted = mincount != 0;

		    if (data->last_end > 0 && mincount != 0) { /* Ends with a string. */
			I32 b = pos_before >= data->last_start_min
			    ? pos_before : data->last_start_min;
			STRLEN l;
			char *s = SvPV(data->last_found, l);
			I32 old = b - data->last_start_min;

			if (UTF)
			    old = utf8_hop((U8*)s, old) - (U8*)s;
			
			l -= old;
			/* Get the added string: */
			last_str = newSVpvn(s  + old, l);
			if (deltanext == 0 && pos_before == b) {
			    /* What was added is a constant string */
			    if (mincount > 1) {
				SvGROW(last_str, (mincount * l) + 1);
				repeatcpy(SvPVX(last_str) + l,
					  SvPVX(last_str), l, mincount - 1);
				SvCUR(last_str) *= mincount;
				/* Add additional parts. */
				SvCUR_set(data->last_found,
					  SvCUR(data->last_found) - l);
				sv_catsv(data->last_found, last_str);
				data->last_end += l * (mincount - 1);
			    }
			} else {
			    /* start offset must point into the last copy */
			    data->last_start_min += minnext * (mincount - 1);
			    data->last_start_max += is_inf ? 0 : (maxcount - 1)
				* (minnext + data->pos_delta);
			}
		    }
		    /* It is counted once already... */
		    data->pos_min += minnext * (mincount - counted);
		    data->pos_delta += - counted * deltanext +
			(minnext + deltanext) * maxcount - minnext * mincount;
		    if (mincount != maxcount) {
			 /* Cannot extend fixed substrings found inside
			    the group.  */
			scan_commit(pRExC_state,data);
			if (mincount && last_str) {
			    sv_setsv(data->last_found, last_str);
			    data->last_end = data->pos_min;
			    data->last_start_min =
				data->pos_min - CHR_SVLEN(last_str);
			    data->last_start_max = is_inf
				? I32_MAX
				: data->pos_min + data->pos_delta
				- CHR_SVLEN(last_str);
			}
			data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
		    }
		    SvREFCNT_dec(last_str);
		}
		if (data && (fl & SF_HAS_EVAL))
		    data->flags |= SF_HAS_EVAL;
	      optimize_curly_tail:
		if (OP(oscan) != CURLYX) {
		    while (PL_regkind[(U8)OP(next = regnext(oscan))] == NOTHING
			   && NEXT_OFF(next))
			NEXT_OFF(oscan) += NEXT_OFF(next);
		}
		continue;
	    default:			/* REF and CLUMP only? */
		if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
		    scan_commit(pRExC_state,data);	/* Cannot expect anything... */
		    data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
		}
		is_inf = is_inf_internal = 1;
		if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR)
		    cl_anything(pRExC_state, data->start_class);
		flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
		break;
	    }
	}
	else if (strchr((char*)PL_simple,OP(scan))) {
	    int value = 0;

	    if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
		scan_commit(pRExC_state,data);
		data->pos_min++;
	    }
	    min++;
	    if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS) {
		data->start_class->flags &= ~ANYOF_EOS;	/* No match on empty */

		/* Some of the logic below assumes that switching
		   locale on will only add false positives. */
		switch (PL_regkind[(U8)OP(scan)]) {
		case SANY:
		default:
		  do_default:
		    /* Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: unexpected simple REx opcode %d", OP(scan)); */
		    if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) /* Allow everything */
			cl_anything(pRExC_state, data->start_class);
		    break;
		case REG_ANY:
		    if (OP(scan) == SANY)
			goto do_default;
		    if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) { /* Everything but \n */
			value = (ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(data->start_class,'\n')
				 || (data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_CLASS));
			cl_anything(pRExC_state, data->start_class);
		    }
		    if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND || !value)
			ANYOF_BITMAP_CLEAR(data->start_class,'\n');
		    break;
		case ANYOF:
		    if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND)
			cl_and(data->start_class,
			       (struct regnode_charclass_class*)scan);
		    else
			cl_or(pRExC_state, data->start_class,
			      (struct regnode_charclass_class*)scan);
		    break;
		case ALNUM:
		    if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
			if (!(data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)) {
			    ANYOF_CLASS_CLEAR(data->start_class,ANYOF_NALNUM);
			    for (value = 0; value < 256; value++)
				if (!isALNUM(value))
				    ANYOF_BITMAP_CLEAR(data->start_class, value);
			}
		    }
		    else {
			if (data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)
			    ANYOF_CLASS_SET(data->start_class,ANYOF_ALNUM);
			else {
			    for (value = 0; value < 256; value++)
				if (isALNUM(value))
				    ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, value);			
			}
		    }
		    break;
		case ALNUML:
		    if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
			if (data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)
			    ANYOF_CLASS_CLEAR(data->start_class,ANYOF_NALNUM);
		    }
		    else {
			ANYOF_CLASS_SET(data->start_class,ANYOF_ALNUM);
			data->start_class->flags |= ANYOF_LOCALE;
		    }
		    break;
		case NALNUM:
		    if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
			if (!(data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)) {
			    ANYOF_CLASS_CLEAR(data->start_class,ANYOF_ALNUM);
			    for (value = 0; value < 256; value++)
				if (isALNUM(value))
				    ANYOF_BITMAP_CLEAR(data->start_class, value);
			}
		    }
		    else {
			if (data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)
			    ANYOF_CLASS_SET(data->start_class,ANYOF_NALNUM);
			else {
			    for (value = 0; value < 256; value++)
				if (!isALNUM(value))
				    ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, value);			
			}
		    }
		    break;
		case NALNUML:
		    if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
			if (data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)
			    ANYOF_CLASS_CLEAR(data->start_class,ANYOF_ALNUM);
		    }
		    else {
			data->start_class->flags |= ANYOF_LOCALE;
			ANYOF_CLASS_SET(data->start_class,ANYOF_NALNUM);
		    }
		    break;
		case SPACE:
		    if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
			if (!(data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)) {
			    ANYOF_CLASS_CLEAR(data->start_class,ANYOF_NSPACE);
			    for (value = 0; value < 256; value++)
				if (!isSPACE(value))
				    ANYOF_BITMAP_CLEAR(data->start_class, value);
			}
		    }
		    else {
			if (data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)
			    ANYOF_CLASS_SET(data->start_class,ANYOF_SPACE);
			else {
			    for (value = 0; value < 256; value++)
				if (isSPACE(value))
				    ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, value);			
			}
		    }
		    break;
		case SPACEL:
		    if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
			if (data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)
			    ANYOF_CLASS_CLEAR(data->start_class,ANYOF_NSPACE);
		    }
		    else {
			data->start_class->flags |= ANYOF_LOCALE;
			ANYOF_CLASS_SET(data->start_class,ANYOF_SPACE);
		    }
		    break;
		case NSPACE:
		    if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
			if (!(data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)) {
			    ANYOF_CLASS_CLEAR(data->start_class,ANYOF_SPACE);
			    for (value = 0; value < 256; value++)
				if (isSPACE(value))
				    ANYOF_BITMAP_CLEAR(data->start_class, value);
			}
		    }
		    else {
			if (data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)
			    ANYOF_CLASS_SET(data->start_class,ANYOF_NSPACE);
			else {
			    for (value = 0; value < 256; value++)
				if (!isSPACE(value))
				    ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, value);			
			}
		    }
		    break;
		case NSPACEL:
		    if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
			if (data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE) {
			    ANYOF_CLASS_CLEAR(data->start_class,ANYOF_SPACE);
			    for (value = 0; value < 256; value++)
				if (!isSPACE(value))
				    ANYOF_BITMAP_CLEAR(data->start_class, value);
			}
		    }
		    else {
			data->start_class->flags |= ANYOF_LOCALE;
			ANYOF_CLASS_SET(data->start_class,ANYOF_NSPACE);
		    }
		    break;
		case DIGIT:
		    if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
			ANYOF_CLASS_CLEAR(data->start_class,ANYOF_NDIGIT);
			for (value = 0; value < 256; value++)
			    if (!isDIGIT(value))
				ANYOF_BITMAP_CLEAR(data->start_class, value);
		    }
		    else {
			if (data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)
			    ANYOF_CLASS_SET(data->start_class,ANYOF_DIGIT);
			else {
			    for (value = 0; value < 256; value++)
				if (isDIGIT(value))
				    ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, value);			
			}
		    }
		    break;
		case NDIGIT:
		    if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
			ANYOF_CLASS_CLEAR(data->start_class,ANYOF_DIGIT);
			for (value = 0; value < 256; value++)
			    if (isDIGIT(value))
				ANYOF_BITMAP_CLEAR(data->start_class, value);
		    }
		    else {
			if (data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)
			    ANYOF_CLASS_SET(data->start_class,ANYOF_NDIGIT);
			else {
			    for (value = 0; value < 256; value++)
				if (!isDIGIT(value))
				    ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, value);			
			}
		    }
		    break;
		}
		if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR)
		    cl_and(data->start_class, &and_with);
		flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
	    }
	}
	else if (PL_regkind[(U8)OP(scan)] == EOL && flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
	    data->flags |= (OP(scan) == MEOL
			    ? SF_BEFORE_MEOL
			    : SF_BEFORE_SEOL);
	}
	else if (  PL_regkind[(U8)OP(scan)] == BRANCHJ
		 /* Lookbehind, or need to calculate parens/evals/stclass: */
		   && (scan->flags || data || (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS))
		   && (OP(scan) == IFMATCH || OP(scan) == UNLESSM)) {
	    /* Lookahead/lookbehind */
	    I32 deltanext, minnext, fake = 0;
	    regnode *nscan;
	    struct regnode_charclass_class intrnl;
	    int f = 0;

	    data_fake.flags = 0;
	    if (data) {		
		data_fake.whilem_c = data->whilem_c;
		data_fake.last_closep = data->last_closep;
	    }
	    else
		data_fake.last_closep = &fake;
	    if ( flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS && !scan->flags
		 && OP(scan) == IFMATCH ) { /* Lookahead */
		cl_init(pRExC_state, &intrnl);
		data_fake.start_class = &intrnl;
		f |= SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND;
	    }
	    if (flags & SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS)
		f |= SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS;
	    next = regnext(scan);
	    nscan = NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(scan));
	    minnext = study_chunk(pRExC_state, &nscan, &deltanext, last, &data_fake, f);
	    if (scan->flags) {
		if (deltanext) {
		    vFAIL("Variable length lookbehind not implemented");
		}
		else if (minnext > U8_MAX) {
		    vFAIL2("Lookbehind longer than %"UVuf" not implemented", (UV)U8_MAX);
		}
		scan->flags = minnext;
	    }
	    if (data && data_fake.flags & (SF_HAS_PAR|SF_IN_PAR))
		pars++;
	    if (data && (data_fake.flags & SF_HAS_EVAL))
		data->flags |= SF_HAS_EVAL;
	    if (data)
		data->whilem_c = data_fake.whilem_c;
	    if (f & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
		int was = (data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_EOS);

		cl_and(data->start_class, &intrnl);
		if (was)
		    data->start_class->flags |= ANYOF_EOS;
	    }
	}
	else if (OP(scan) == OPEN) {
	    pars++;
	}
	else if (OP(scan) == CLOSE) {
	    if (ARG(scan) == is_par) {
		next = regnext(scan);

		if ( next && (OP(next) != WHILEM) && next < last)
		    is_par = 0;		/* Disable optimization */
	    }
	    if (data)
		*(data->last_closep) = ARG(scan);
	}
	else if (OP(scan) == EVAL) {
		if (data)
		    data->flags |= SF_HAS_EVAL;
	}
	else if (OP(scan) == LOGICAL && scan->flags == 2) { /* Embedded follows */
		if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
		    scan_commit(pRExC_state,data);
		    data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
		}
		is_inf = is_inf_internal = 1;
		if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) /* Allow everything */
		    cl_anything(pRExC_state, data->start_class);
		flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
	}
	/* Else: zero-length, ignore. */
	scan = regnext(scan);
    }

  finish:
    *scanp = scan;
    *deltap = is_inf_internal ? I32_MAX : delta;
    if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR && is_inf)
	data->pos_delta = I32_MAX - data->pos_min;
    if (is_par > U8_MAX)
	is_par = 0;
    if (is_par && pars==1 && data) {
	data->flags |= SF_IN_PAR;
	data->flags &= ~SF_HAS_PAR;
    }
    else if (pars && data) {
	data->flags |= SF_HAS_PAR;
	data->flags &= ~SF_IN_PAR;
    }
    if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR)
	cl_and(data->start_class, &and_with);
    return min;
}

STATIC I32
S_add_data(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 n, char *s)
{
    if (RExC_rx->data) {
	Renewc(RExC_rx->data,
	       sizeof(*RExC_rx->data) + sizeof(void*) * (RExC_rx->data->count + n - 1),
	       char, struct reg_data);
	Renew(RExC_rx->data->what, RExC_rx->data->count + n, U8);
	RExC_rx->data->count += n;
    }
    else {
	Newc(1207, RExC_rx->data, sizeof(*RExC_rx->data) + sizeof(void*) * (n - 1),
	     char, struct reg_data);
	New(1208, RExC_rx->data->what, n, U8);
	RExC_rx->data->count = n;
    }
    Copy(s, RExC_rx->data->what + RExC_rx->data->count - n, n, U8);
    return RExC_rx->data->count - n;
}

void
Perl_reginitcolors(pTHX)
{
    int i = 0;
    char *s = PerlEnv_getenv("PERL_RE_COLORS");
	
    if (s) {
	PL_colors[0] = s = savepv(s);
	while (++i < 6) {
	    s = strchr(s, '\t');
	    if (s) {
		*s = '\0';
		PL_colors[i] = ++s;
	    }
	    else
		PL_colors[i] = s = "";
	}
    } else {
	while (i < 6)
	    PL_colors[i++] = "";
    }
    PL_colorset = 1;
}


/*
 - pregcomp - compile a regular expression into internal code
 *
 * We can't allocate space until we know how big the compiled form will be,
 * but we can't compile it (and thus know how big it is) until we've got a
 * place to put the code.  So we cheat:  we compile it twice, once with code
 * generation turned off and size counting turned on, and once "for real".
 * This also means that we don't allocate space until we are sure that the
 * thing really will compile successfully, and we never have to move the
 * code and thus invalidate pointers into it.  (Note that it has to be in
 * one piece because free() must be able to free it all.) [NB: not true in perl]
 *
 * Beware that the optimization-preparation code in here knows about some
 * of the structure of the compiled regexp.  [I'll say.]
 */
regexp *
Perl_pregcomp(pTHX_ char *exp, char *xend, PMOP *pm)
{
    register regexp *r;
    regnode *scan;
    regnode *first;
    I32 flags;
    I32 minlen = 0;
    I32 sawplus = 0;
    I32 sawopen = 0;
    scan_data_t data;
    RExC_state_t RExC_state;
    RExC_state_t *pRExC_state = &RExC_state;

    if (exp == NULL)
	FAIL("NULL regexp argument");

    /* XXXX This looks very suspicious... */
    if (pm->op_pmdynflags & PMdf_CMP_UTF8)
        RExC_utf8 = 1;
    else
        RExC_utf8 = 0;

    RExC_precomp = exp;
    DEBUG_r(if (!PL_colorset) reginitcolors());
    DEBUG_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%sCompiling REx%s `%s%*s%s'\n",
		      PL_colors[4],PL_colors[5],PL_colors[0],
		      (int)(xend - exp), RExC_precomp, PL_colors[1]));
    RExC_flags16 = pm->op_pmflags;
    RExC_sawback = 0;

    RExC_seen = 0;
    RExC_seen_zerolen = *exp == '^' ? -1 : 0;
    RExC_seen_evals = 0;
    RExC_extralen = 0;

    /* First pass: determine size, legality. */
    RExC_parse = exp;
    RExC_start = exp;
    RExC_end = xend;
    RExC_naughty = 0;
    RExC_npar = 1;
    RExC_size = 0L;
    RExC_emit = &PL_regdummy;
    RExC_whilem_seen = 0;
#if 0 /* REGC() is (currently) a NOP at the first pass.
       * Clever compilers notice this and complain. --jhi */
    REGC((U8)REG_MAGIC, (char*)RExC_emit);
#endif
    if (reg(pRExC_state, 0, &flags) == NULL) {
	RExC_precomp = Nullch;
	return(NULL);
    }
    DEBUG_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "size %"IVdf" ", (IV)RExC_size));

    /* Small enough for pointer-storage convention?
       If extralen==0, this means that we will not need long jumps. */
    if (RExC_size >= 0x10000L && RExC_extralen)
        RExC_size += RExC_extralen;
    else
	RExC_extralen = 0;
    if (RExC_whilem_seen > 15)
	RExC_whilem_seen = 15;

    /* Allocate space and initialize. */
    Newc(1001, r, sizeof(regexp) + (unsigned)RExC_size * sizeof(regnode),
	 char, regexp);
    if (r == NULL)
	FAIL("Regexp out of space");

#ifdef DEBUGGING
    /* avoid reading uninitialized memory in DEBUGGING code in study_chunk() */
    Zero(r, sizeof(regexp) + (unsigned)RExC_size * sizeof(regnode), char);
#endif
    r->refcnt = 1;
    r->prelen = xend - exp;
    r->precomp = savepvn(RExC_precomp, r->prelen);
    r->subbeg = NULL;
    r->reganch = pm->op_pmflags & PMf_COMPILETIME;
    r->nparens = RExC_npar - 1;	/* set early to validate backrefs */

    r->substrs = 0;			/* Useful during FAIL. */
    r->startp = 0;			/* Useful during FAIL. */
    r->endp = 0;			/* Useful during FAIL. */

    Newz(1304, r->offsets, 2*RExC_size+1, U32); /* MJD 20001228 */
    if (r->offsets) {
      r->offsets[0] = RExC_size; 
    }
    DEBUG_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, 
                          "%s %"UVuf" bytes for offset annotations.\n", 
                          r->offsets ? "Got" : "Couldn't get", 
                          (UV)((2*RExC_size+1) * sizeof(U32))));

    RExC_rx = r;

    /* Second pass: emit code. */
    RExC_flags16 = pm->op_pmflags;	/* don't let top level (?i) bleed */
    RExC_parse = exp;
    RExC_end = xend;
    RExC_naughty = 0;
    RExC_npar = 1;
    RExC_emit_start = r->program;
    RExC_emit = r->program;
    /* Store the count of eval-groups for security checks: */
    RExC_emit->next_off = ((RExC_seen_evals > U16_MAX) ? U16_MAX : RExC_seen_evals);
    REGC((U8)REG_MAGIC, (char*) RExC_emit++);
    r->data = 0;
    if (reg(pRExC_state, 0, &flags) == NULL)
	return(NULL);

    /* Dig out information for optimizations. */
    r->reganch = pm->op_pmflags & PMf_COMPILETIME; /* Again? */
    pm->op_pmflags = RExC_flags16;
    if (UTF)
        r->reganch |= ROPT_UTF8;	/* Unicode in it? */
    r->regstclass = NULL;
    if (RExC_naughty >= 10)	/* Probably an expensive pattern. */
	r->reganch |= ROPT_NAUGHTY;
    scan = r->program + 1;		/* First BRANCH. */

    /* XXXX To minimize changes to RE engine we always allocate
       3-units-long substrs field. */
    Newz(1004, r->substrs, 1, struct reg_substr_data);

    StructCopy(&zero_scan_data, &data, scan_data_t);
    /* XXXX Should not we check for something else?  Usually it is OPEN1... */
    if (OP(scan) != BRANCH) {	/* Only one top-level choice. */
	I32 fake;
	STRLEN longest_float_length, longest_fixed_length;
	struct regnode_charclass_class ch_class;
	int stclass_flag;
	I32 last_close = 0;

	first = scan;
	/* Skip introductions and multiplicators >= 1. */
	while ((OP(first) == OPEN && (sawopen = 1)) ||
	       /* An OR of *one* alternative - should not happen now. */
	    (OP(first) == BRANCH && OP(regnext(first)) != BRANCH) ||
	    (OP(first) == PLUS) ||
	    (OP(first) == MINMOD) ||
	       /* An {n,m} with n>0 */
	    (PL_regkind[(U8)OP(first)] == CURLY && ARG1(first) > 0) ) {
		if (OP(first) == PLUS)
		    sawplus = 1;
		else
		    first += regarglen[(U8)OP(first)];
		first = NEXTOPER(first);
	}

	/* Starting-point info. */
      again:
	if (PL_regkind[(U8)OP(first)] == EXACT) {
	    if (OP(first) == EXACT)
	        ;	/* Empty, get anchored substr later. */
	    else if ((OP(first) == EXACTF || OP(first) == EXACTFL))
		r->regstclass = first;
	}
	else if (strchr((char*)PL_simple,OP(first)))
	    r->regstclass = first;
	else if (PL_regkind[(U8)OP(first)] == BOUND ||
		 PL_regkind[(U8)OP(first)] == NBOUND)
	    r->regstclass = first;
	else if (PL_regkind[(U8)OP(first)] == BOL) {
	    r->reganch |= (OP(first) == MBOL
			   ? ROPT_ANCH_MBOL
			   : (OP(first) == SBOL
			      ? ROPT_ANCH_SBOL
			      : ROPT_ANCH_BOL));
	    first = NEXTOPER(first);
	    goto again;
	}
	else if (OP(first) == GPOS) {
	    r->reganch |= ROPT_ANCH_GPOS;
	    first = NEXTOPER(first);
	    goto again;
	}
	else if ((OP(first) == STAR &&
	    PL_regkind[(U8)OP(NEXTOPER(first))] == REG_ANY) &&
	    !(r->reganch & ROPT_ANCH) )
	{
	    /* turn .* into ^.* with an implied $*=1 */
	    int type = OP(NEXTOPER(first));

	    if (type == REG_ANY)
		type = ROPT_ANCH_MBOL;
	    else
		type = ROPT_ANCH_SBOL;

	    r->reganch |= type | ROPT_IMPLICIT;
	    first = NEXTOPER(first);
	    goto again;
	}
	if (sawplus && (!sawopen || !RExC_sawback)
	    && !(RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_EVAL)) /* May examine pos and $& */
	    /* x+ must match at the 1st pos of run of x's */
	    r->reganch |= ROPT_SKIP;

	/* Scan is after the zeroth branch, first is atomic matcher. */
	DEBUG_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "first at %"IVdf"\n",
			      (IV)(first - scan + 1)));
	/*
	* If there's something expensive in the r.e., find the
	* longest literal string that must appear and make it the
	* regmust.  Resolve ties in favor of later strings, since
	* the regstart check works with the beginning of the r.e.
	* and avoiding duplication strengthens checking.  Not a
	* strong reason, but sufficient in the absence of others.
	* [Now we resolve ties in favor of the earlier string if
	* it happens that c_offset_min has been invalidated, since the
	* earlier string may buy us something the later one won't.]
	*/
	minlen = 0;

	data.longest_fixed = newSVpvn("",0);
	data.longest_float = newSVpvn("",0);
	data.last_found = newSVpvn("",0);
	data.longest = &(data.longest_fixed);
	first = scan;
	if (!r->regstclass) {
	    cl_init(pRExC_state, &ch_class);
	    data.start_class = &ch_class;
	    stclass_flag = SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND;
	} else				/* XXXX Check for BOUND? */
	    stclass_flag = 0;
	data.last_closep = &last_close;

	minlen = study_chunk(pRExC_state, &first, &fake, scan + RExC_size, /* Up to end */
			     &data, SCF_DO_SUBSTR | SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS | stclass_flag);
	if ( RExC_npar == 1 && data.longest == &(data.longest_fixed)
	     && data.last_start_min == 0 && data.last_end > 0
	     && !RExC_seen_zerolen
	     && (!(RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_GPOS) || (r->reganch & ROPT_ANCH_GPOS)))
	    r->reganch |= ROPT_CHECK_ALL;
	scan_commit(pRExC_state, &data);
	SvREFCNT_dec(data.last_found);

	longest_float_length = CHR_SVLEN(data.longest_float);
	if (longest_float_length
	    || (data.flags & SF_FL_BEFORE_EOL
		&& (!(data.flags & SF_FL_BEFORE_MEOL)
		    || (RExC_flags16 & PMf_MULTILINE)))) {
	    int t;

	    if (SvCUR(data.longest_fixed) 			/* ok to leave SvCUR */
		&& data.offset_fixed == data.offset_float_min
		&& SvCUR(data.longest_fixed) == SvCUR(data.longest_float))
		    goto remove_float;		/* As in (a)+. */

	    r->float_substr = data.longest_float;
	    r->float_min_offset = data.offset_float_min;
	    r->float_max_offset = data.offset_float_max;
	    t = (data.flags & SF_FL_BEFORE_EOL /* Can't have SEOL and MULTI */
		       && (!(data.flags & SF_FL_BEFORE_MEOL)
			   || (RExC_flags16 & PMf_MULTILINE)));
	    fbm_compile(r->float_substr, t ? FBMcf_TAIL : 0);
	}
	else {
	  remove_float:
	    r->float_substr = Nullsv;
	    SvREFCNT_dec(data.longest_float);
	    longest_float_length = 0;
	}

	longest_fixed_length = CHR_SVLEN(data.longest_fixed);
	if (longest_fixed_length
	    || (data.flags & SF_FIX_BEFORE_EOL /* Cannot have SEOL and MULTI */
		&& (!(data.flags & SF_FIX_BEFORE_MEOL)
		    || (RExC_flags16 & PMf_MULTILINE)))) {
	    int t;

	    r->anchored_substr = data.longest_fixed;
	    r->anchored_offset = data.offset_fixed;
	    t = (data.flags & SF_FIX_BEFORE_EOL /* Can't have SEOL and MULTI */
		 && (!(data.flags & SF_FIX_BEFORE_MEOL)
		     || (RExC_flags16 & PMf_MULTILINE)));
	    fbm_compile(r->anchored_substr, t ? FBMcf_TAIL : 0);
	}
	else {
	    r->anchored_substr = Nullsv;
	    SvREFCNT_dec(data.longest_fixed);
	    longest_fixed_length = 0;
	}
	if (r->regstclass
	    && (OP(r->regstclass) == REG_ANY || OP(r->regstclass) == SANY))
	    r->regstclass = NULL;
	if ((!r->anchored_substr || r->anchored_offset) && stclass_flag
	    && !(data.start_class->flags & ANYOF_EOS)
	    && !cl_is_anything(data.start_class)) {
	    I32 n = add_data(pRExC_state, 1, "f");

	    New(1006, RExC_rx->data->data[n], 1,
		struct regnode_charclass_class);
	    StructCopy(data.start_class,
		       (struct regnode_charclass_class*)RExC_rx->data->data[n],
		       struct regnode_charclass_class);
	    r->regstclass = (regnode*)RExC_rx->data->data[n];
	    r->reganch &= ~ROPT_SKIP;	/* Used in find_byclass(). */
	    PL_regdata = r->data; /* for regprop() */
	    DEBUG_r({ SV *sv = sv_newmortal();
	              regprop(sv, (regnode*)data.start_class);
		      PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
				    "synthetic stclass `%s'.\n",
				    SvPVX(sv));});
	}

	/* A temporary algorithm prefers floated substr to fixed one to dig more info. */
	if (longest_fixed_length > longest_float_length) {
	    r->check_substr = r->anchored_substr;
	    r->check_offset_min = r->check_offset_max = r->anchored_offset;
	    if (r->reganch & ROPT_ANCH_SINGLE)
		r->reganch |= ROPT_NOSCAN;
	}
	else {
	    r->check_substr = r->float_substr;
	    r->check_offset_min = data.offset_float_min;
	    r->check_offset_max = data.offset_float_max;
	}
	/* XXXX Currently intuiting is not compatible with ANCH_GPOS.
	   This should be changed ASAP!  */
	if (r->check_substr && !(r->reganch & ROPT_ANCH_GPOS)) {
	    r->reganch |= RE_USE_INTUIT;
	    if (SvTAIL(r->check_substr))
		r->reganch |= RE_INTUIT_TAIL;
	}
    }
    else {
	/* Several toplevels. Best we can is to set minlen. */
	I32 fake;
	struct regnode_charclass_class ch_class;
	I32 last_close = 0;
	
	DEBUG_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "\n"));
	scan = r->program + 1;
	cl_init(pRExC_state, &ch_class);
	data.start_class = &ch_class;
	data.last_closep = &last_close;
	minlen = study_chunk(pRExC_state, &scan, &fake, scan + RExC_size, &data, SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND|SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS);
	r->check_substr = r->anchored_substr = r->float_substr = Nullsv;
	if (!(data.start_class->flags & ANYOF_EOS)
	    && !cl_is_anything(data.start_class)) {
	    I32 n = add_data(pRExC_state, 1, "f");

	    New(1006, RExC_rx->data->data[n], 1,
		struct regnode_charclass_class);
	    StructCopy(data.start_class,
		       (struct regnode_charclass_class*)RExC_rx->data->data[n],
		       struct regnode_charclass_class);
	    r->regstclass = (regnode*)RExC_rx->data->data[n];
	    r->reganch &= ~ROPT_SKIP;	/* Used in find_byclass(). */
	    DEBUG_r({ SV* sv = sv_newmortal();
	              regprop(sv, (regnode*)data.start_class);
		      PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
				    "synthetic stclass `%s'.\n",
				    SvPVX(sv));});
	}
    }

    r->minlen = minlen;
    if (RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_GPOS)
	r->reganch |= ROPT_GPOS_SEEN;
    if (RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_LOOKBEHIND)
	r->reganch |= ROPT_LOOKBEHIND_SEEN;
    if (RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_EVAL)
	r->reganch |= ROPT_EVAL_SEEN;
    if (RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_CANY)
	r->reganch |= ROPT_CANY_SEEN;
    Newz(1002, r->startp, RExC_npar, I32);
    Newz(1002, r->endp, RExC_npar, I32);
    PL_regdata = r->data; /* for regprop() */
    DEBUG_r(regdump(r));
    return(r);
}

/*
 - reg - regular expression, i.e. main body or parenthesized thing
 *
 * Caller must absorb opening parenthesis.
 *
 * Combining parenthesis handling with the base level of regular expression
 * is a trifle forced, but the need to tie the tails of the branches to what
 * follows makes it hard to avoid.
 */
STATIC regnode *
S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp)
    /* paren: Parenthesized? 0=top, 1=(, inside: changed to letter. */
{
    register regnode *ret;		/* Will be the head of the group. */
    register regnode *br;
    register regnode *lastbr;
    register regnode *ender = 0;
    register I32 parno = 0;
    I32 flags, oregflags = RExC_flags16, have_branch = 0, open = 0;

    /* for (?g), (?gc), and (?o) warnings; warning
       about (?c) will warn about (?g) -- japhy    */

    I32 wastedflags = 0x00,
        wasted_o    = 0x01,
        wasted_g    = 0x02,
        wasted_gc   = 0x02 | 0x04,
        wasted_c    = 0x04;

    char * parse_start = RExC_parse; /* MJD */
    char *oregcomp_parse = RExC_parse;
    char c;

    *flagp = 0;				/* Tentatively. */


    /* Make an OPEN node, if parenthesized. */
    if (paren) {
	if (*RExC_parse == '?') { /* (?...) */
	    U16 posflags = 0, negflags = 0;
	    U16 *flagsp = &posflags;
	    int logical = 0;
	    char *seqstart = RExC_parse;

	    RExC_parse++;
	    paren = *RExC_parse++;
	    ret = NULL;			/* For look-ahead/behind. */
	    switch (paren) {
	    case '<':           /* (?<...) */
		RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_LOOKBEHIND;
		if (*RExC_parse == '!')
		    paren = ',';
		if (*RExC_parse != '=' && *RExC_parse != '!')
		    goto unknown;
		RExC_parse++;
	    case '=':           /* (?=...) */
	    case '!':           /* (?!...) */
		RExC_seen_zerolen++;
	    case ':':           /* (?:...) */
	    case '>':           /* (?>...) */
		break;
	    case '$':           /* (?$...) */
	    case '@':           /* (?@...) */
		vFAIL2("Sequence (?%c...) not implemented", (int)paren);
		break;
	    case '#':           /* (?#...) */
		while (*RExC_parse && *RExC_parse != ')')
		    RExC_parse++;
		if (*RExC_parse != ')')
		    FAIL("Sequence (?#... not terminated");
		nextchar(pRExC_state);
		*flagp = TRYAGAIN;
		return NULL;
	    case 'p':           /* (?p...) */
		if (SIZE_ONLY && ckWARN2(WARN_DEPRECATED, WARN_REGEXP))
		    vWARNdep(RExC_parse, "(?p{}) is deprecated - use (??{})");
		/* FALL THROUGH*/
	    case '?':           /* (??...) */
		logical = 1;
		paren = *RExC_parse++;
		/* FALL THROUGH */
	    case '{':           /* (?{...}) */
	    {
		I32 count = 1, n = 0;
		char c;
		char *s = RExC_parse;
		SV *sv;
		OP_4tree *sop, *rop;

		RExC_seen_zerolen++;
		RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_EVAL;
		while (count && (c = *RExC_parse)) {
		    if (c == '\\' && RExC_parse[1])
			RExC_parse++;
		    else if (c == '{')
			count++;
		    else if (c == '}')
			count--;
		    RExC_parse++;
		}
		if (*RExC_parse != ')')
		{
		    RExC_parse = s;		
		    vFAIL("Sequence (?{...}) not terminated or not {}-balanced");
		}
		if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
		    AV *av;
		
		    if (RExC_parse - 1 - s)
			sv = newSVpvn(s, RExC_parse - 1 - s);
		    else
			sv = newSVpvn("", 0);

		    ENTER;
		    Perl_save_re_context(aTHX);
		    rop = sv_compile_2op(sv, &sop, "re", &av);
		    sop->op_private |= OPpREFCOUNTED;
		    /* re_dup will OpREFCNT_inc */
		    OpREFCNT_set(sop, 1);
		    LEAVE;

		    n = add_data(pRExC_state, 3, "nop");
		    RExC_rx->data->data[n] = (void*)rop;
		    RExC_rx->data->data[n+1] = (void*)sop;
		    RExC_rx->data->data[n+2] = (void*)av;
		    SvREFCNT_dec(sv);
		}
		else {						/* First pass */
		    if (PL_reginterp_cnt < ++RExC_seen_evals
			&& PL_curcop != &PL_compiling)
			/* No compiled RE interpolated, has runtime
			   components ===> unsafe.  */
			FAIL("Eval-group not allowed at runtime, use re 'eval'");
		    if (PL_tainting && PL_tainted)
			FAIL("Eval-group in insecure regular expression");
		}
		
		nextchar(pRExC_state);
		if (logical) {
		    ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, LOGICAL);
		    if (!SIZE_ONLY)
			ret->flags = 2;
		    regtail(pRExC_state, ret, reganode(pRExC_state, EVAL, n));
                    /* deal with the length of this later - MJD */
		    return ret;
		}
		return reganode(pRExC_state, EVAL, n);
	    }
	    case '(':           /* (?(?{...})...) and (?(?=...)...) */
	    {
		if (RExC_parse[0] == '?') {        /* (?(?...)) */
		    if (RExC_parse[1] == '=' || RExC_parse[1] == '!'
			|| RExC_parse[1] == '<'
			|| RExC_parse[1] == '{') { /* Lookahead or eval. */
			I32 flag;
			
			ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, LOGICAL);
			if (!SIZE_ONLY)
			    ret->flags = 1;
			regtail(pRExC_state, ret, reg(pRExC_state, 1, &flag));
			goto insert_if;
		    }
		}
		else if (RExC_parse[0] >= '1' && RExC_parse[0] <= '9' ) {
                    /* (?(1)...) */
		    parno = atoi(RExC_parse++);

		    while (isDIGIT(*RExC_parse))
			RExC_parse++;
                    ret = reganode(pRExC_state, GROUPP, parno);
                    
		    if ((c = *nextchar(pRExC_state)) != ')')
			vFAIL("Switch condition not recognized");
		  insert_if:
		    regtail(pRExC_state, ret, reganode(pRExC_state, IFTHEN, 0));
		    br = regbranch(pRExC_state, &flags, 1);
		    if (br == NULL)
			br = reganode(pRExC_state, LONGJMP, 0);
		    else
			regtail(pRExC_state, br, reganode(pRExC_state, LONGJMP, 0));
		    c = *nextchar(pRExC_state);
		    if (flags&HASWIDTH)
			*flagp |= HASWIDTH;
		    if (c == '|') {
			lastbr = reganode(pRExC_state, IFTHEN, 0); /* Fake one for optimizer. */
			regbranch(pRExC_state, &flags, 1);
			regtail(pRExC_state, ret, lastbr);
		 	if (flags&HASWIDTH)
			    *flagp |= HASWIDTH;
			c = *nextchar(pRExC_state);
		    }
		    else
			lastbr = NULL;
		    if (c != ')')
			vFAIL("Switch (?(condition)... contains too many branches");
		    ender = reg_node(pRExC_state, TAIL);
		    regtail(pRExC_state, br, ender);
		    if (lastbr) {
			regtail(pRExC_state, lastbr, ender);
			regtail(pRExC_state, NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(lastbr)), ender);
		    }
		    else
			regtail(pRExC_state, ret, ender);
		    return ret;
		}
		else {
		    vFAIL2("Unknown switch condition (?(%.2s", RExC_parse);
		}
	    }
            case 0:
		RExC_parse--; /* for vFAIL to print correctly */
                vFAIL("Sequence (? incomplete");
                break;
	    default:
		--RExC_parse;
	      parse_flags:      /* (?i) */
		while (*RExC_parse && strchr("iogcmsx", *RExC_parse)) {
		    /* (?g), (?gc) and (?o) are useless here
		       and must be globally applied -- japhy */

		    if (*RExC_parse == 'o' || *RExC_parse == 'g') {
			if (SIZE_ONLY && ckWARN(WARN_REGEXP)) {
			    I32 wflagbit = *RExC_parse == 'o' ? wasted_o : wasted_g;
			    if (! (wastedflags & wflagbit) ) {
				wastedflags |= wflagbit;
				vWARN5(
				    RExC_parse + 1,
				    "Useless (%s%c) - %suse /%c modifier",
				    flagsp == &negflags ? "?-" : "?",
				    *RExC_parse,
				    flagsp == &negflags ? "don't " : "",
				    *RExC_parse
				);
			    }
			}
		    }
		    else if (*RExC_parse == 'c') {
			if (SIZE_ONLY && ckWARN(WARN_REGEXP)) {
			    if (! (wastedflags & wasted_c) ) {
				wastedflags |= wasted_gc;
				vWARN3(
				    RExC_parse + 1,
				    "Useless (%sc) - %suse /gc modifier",
				    flagsp == &negflags ? "?-" : "?",
				    flagsp == &negflags ? "don't " : ""
				);
			    }
			}
		    }
		    else { pmflag(flagsp, *RExC_parse); }

		    ++RExC_parse;
		}
		if (*RExC_parse == '-') {
		    flagsp = &negflags;
		    wastedflags = 0;  /* reset so (?g-c) warns twice */
		    ++RExC_parse;
		    goto parse_flags;
		}
		RExC_flags16 |= posflags;
		RExC_flags16 &= ~negflags;
		if (*RExC_parse == ':') {
		    RExC_parse++;
		    paren = ':';
		    break;
		}		
	      unknown:
		if (*RExC_parse != ')') {
		    RExC_parse++;
		    vFAIL3("Sequence (%.*s...) not recognized", RExC_parse-seqstart, seqstart);
		}
		nextchar(pRExC_state);
		*flagp = TRYAGAIN;
		return NULL;
	    }
	}
	else {                  /* (...) */
	    parno = RExC_npar;
	    RExC_npar++;
	    ret = reganode(pRExC_state, OPEN, parno);
            Set_Node_Length(ret, 1); /* MJD */
            Set_Node_Offset(ret, RExC_parse); /* MJD */
	    open = 1;
	}
    }
    else                        /* ! paren */
	ret = NULL;

    /* Pick up the branches, linking them together. */
    parse_start = RExC_parse;   /* MJD */
    br = regbranch(pRExC_state, &flags, 1);
    /*     branch_len = (paren != 0); */
    
    if (br == NULL)
	return(NULL);
    if (*RExC_parse == '|') {
	if (!SIZE_ONLY && RExC_extralen) {
	    reginsert(pRExC_state, BRANCHJ, br);
	}
	else {                  /* MJD */
	    reginsert(pRExC_state, BRANCH, br);
            Set_Node_Length(br, paren != 0);
            Set_Node_Offset_To_R(br-RExC_emit_start, parse_start-RExC_start);
        }
	have_branch = 1;
	if (SIZE_ONLY)
	    RExC_extralen += 1;		/* For BRANCHJ-BRANCH. */
    }
    else if (paren == ':') {
	*flagp |= flags&SIMPLE;
    }
    if (open) {				/* Starts with OPEN. */
	regtail(pRExC_state, ret, br);		/* OPEN -> first. */
    }
    else if (paren != '?')		/* Not Conditional */
	ret = br;
    if (flags&HASWIDTH)
	*flagp |= HASWIDTH;
    *flagp |= flags&SPSTART;
    lastbr = br;
    while (*RExC_parse == '|') {
	if (!SIZE_ONLY && RExC_extralen) {
	    ender = reganode(pRExC_state, LONGJMP,0);
	    regtail(pRExC_state, NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(lastbr)), ender); /* Append to the previous. */
	}
	if (SIZE_ONLY)
	    RExC_extralen += 2;		/* Account for LONGJMP. */
	nextchar(pRExC_state);
	br = regbranch(pRExC_state, &flags, 0);
        
	if (br == NULL)
	    return(NULL);
	regtail(pRExC_state, lastbr, br);		/* BRANCH -> BRANCH. */
	lastbr = br;
	if (flags&HASWIDTH)
	    *flagp |= HASWIDTH;
	*flagp |= flags&SPSTART;
    }

    if (have_branch || paren != ':') {
	/* Make a closing node, and hook it on the end. */
	switch (paren) {
	case ':':
	    ender = reg_node(pRExC_state, TAIL);
	    break;
	case 1:
	    ender = reganode(pRExC_state, CLOSE, parno);
            Set_Node_Offset(ender,RExC_parse+1); /* MJD */
            Set_Node_Length(ender,1); /* MJD */
	    break;
	case '<':
	case ',':
	case '=':
	case '!':
	    *flagp &= ~HASWIDTH;
	    /* FALL THROUGH */
	case '>':
	    ender = reg_node(pRExC_state, SUCCEED);
	    break;
	case 0:
	    ender = reg_node(pRExC_state, END);
	    break;
	}
	regtail(pRExC_state, lastbr, ender);

	if (have_branch) {
	    /* Hook the tails of the branches to the closing node. */
	    for (br = ret; br != NULL; br = regnext(br)) {
		regoptail(pRExC_state, br, ender);
	    }
	}
    }

    {
	char *p;
	static char parens[] = "=!<,>";

	if (paren && (p = strchr(parens, paren))) {
	    int node = ((p - parens) % 2) ? UNLESSM : IFMATCH;
	    int flag = (p - parens) > 1;

	    if (paren == '>')
		node = SUSPEND, flag = 0;
	    reginsert(pRExC_state, node,ret);
	    ret->flags = flag;
	    regtail(pRExC_state, ret, reg_node(pRExC_state, TAIL));
	}
    }

    /* Check for proper termination. */
    if (paren) {
	RExC_flags16 = oregflags;
	if (RExC_parse >= RExC_end || *nextchar(pRExC_state) != ')') {
	    RExC_parse = oregcomp_parse;
	    vFAIL("Unmatched (");
	}
    }
    else if (!paren && RExC_parse < RExC_end) {
	if (*RExC_parse == ')') {
	    RExC_parse++;
	    vFAIL("Unmatched )");
	}
	else
	    FAIL("Junk on end of regexp");	/* "Can't happen". */
	/* NOTREACHED */
    }

    return(ret);
}

/*
 - regbranch - one alternative of an | operator
 *
 * Implements the concatenation operator.
 */
STATIC regnode *
S_regbranch(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, I32 first)
{
    register regnode *ret;
    register regnode *chain = NULL;
    register regnode *latest;
    I32 flags = 0, c = 0;

    if (first)
	ret = NULL;
    else {
	if (!SIZE_ONLY && RExC_extralen)
	    ret = reganode(pRExC_state, BRANCHJ,0);
	else {
	    ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, BRANCH);
            Set_Node_Length(ret, 1);
        }
    }
	
    if (!first && SIZE_ONLY)
	RExC_extralen += 1;			/* BRANCHJ */

    *flagp = WORST;			/* Tentatively. */

    RExC_parse--;
    nextchar(pRExC_state);
    while (RExC_parse < RExC_end && *RExC_parse != '|' && *RExC_parse != ')') {
	flags &= ~TRYAGAIN;
	latest = regpiece(pRExC_state, &flags);
	if (latest == NULL) {
	    if (flags & TRYAGAIN)
		continue;
	    return(NULL);
	}
	else if (ret == NULL)
	    ret = latest;
	*flagp |= flags&HASWIDTH;
	if (chain == NULL) 	/* First piece. */
	    *flagp |= flags&SPSTART;
	else {
	    RExC_naughty++;
	    regtail(pRExC_state, chain, latest);
	}
	chain = latest;
	c++;
    }
    if (chain == NULL) {	/* Loop ran zero times. */
	chain = reg_node(pRExC_state, NOTHING);
	if (ret == NULL)
	    ret = chain;
    }
    if (c == 1) {
	*flagp |= flags&SIMPLE;
    }

    return(ret);
}

/*
 - regpiece - something followed by possible [*+?]
 *
 * Note that the branching code sequences used for ? and the general cases
 * of * and + are somewhat optimized:  they use the same NOTHING node as
 * both the endmarker for their branch list and the body of the last branch.
 * It might seem that this node could be dispensed with entirely, but the
 * endmarker role is not redundant.
 */
STATIC regnode *
S_regpiece(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp)
{
    register regnode *ret;
    register char op;
    register char *next;
    I32 flags;
    char *origparse = RExC_parse;
    char *maxpos;
    I32 min;
    I32 max = REG_INFTY;
    char *parse_start;

    ret = regatom(pRExC_state, &flags);
    if (ret == NULL) {
	if (flags & TRYAGAIN)
	    *flagp |= TRYAGAIN;
	return(NULL);
    }

    op = *RExC_parse;

    if (op == '{' && regcurly(RExC_parse)) {
        parse_start = RExC_parse; /* MJD */
	next = RExC_parse + 1;
	maxpos = Nullch;
	while (isDIGIT(*next) || *next == ',') {
	    if (*next == ',') {
		if (maxpos)
		    break;
		else
		    maxpos = next;
	    }
	    next++;
	}
	if (*next == '}') {		/* got one */
	    if (!maxpos)
		maxpos = next;
	    RExC_parse++;
	    min = atoi(RExC_parse);
	    if (*maxpos == ',')
		maxpos++;
	    else
		maxpos = RExC_parse;
	    max = atoi(maxpos);
	    if (!max && *maxpos != '0')
		max = REG_INFTY;		/* meaning "infinity" */
	    else if (max >= REG_INFTY)
		vFAIL2("Quantifier in {,} bigger than %d", REG_INFTY - 1);
	    RExC_parse = next;
	    nextchar(pRExC_state);

	do_curly:
	    if ((flags&SIMPLE)) {
		RExC_naughty += 2 + RExC_naughty / 2;
		reginsert(pRExC_state, CURLY, ret);
                Set_Node_Offset(ret, parse_start+1); /* MJD */
                Set_Node_Cur_Length(ret);
	    }
	    else {
		regnode *w = reg_node(pRExC_state, WHILEM);

		w->flags = 0;
		regtail(pRExC_state, ret, w);
		if (!SIZE_ONLY && RExC_extralen) {
		    reginsert(pRExC_state, LONGJMP,ret);
		    reginsert(pRExC_state, NOTHING,ret);
		    NEXT_OFF(ret) = 3;	/* Go over LONGJMP. */
		}
		reginsert(pRExC_state, CURLYX,ret);
                                /* MJD hk */
                Set_Node_Offset(ret, parse_start+1);
                Set_Node_Length(ret, 
                                op == '{' ? (RExC_parse - parse_start) : 1);
                
		if (!SIZE_ONLY && RExC_extralen)
		    NEXT_OFF(ret) = 3;	/* Go over NOTHING to LONGJMP. */
		regtail(pRExC_state, ret, reg_node(pRExC_state, NOTHING));
		if (SIZE_ONLY)
		    RExC_whilem_seen++, RExC_extralen += 3;
		RExC_naughty += 4 + RExC_naughty;	/* compound interest */
	    }
	    ret->flags = 0;

	    if (min > 0)
		*flagp = WORST;
	    if (max > 0)
		*flagp |= HASWIDTH;
	    if (max && max < min)
		vFAIL("Can't do {n,m} with n > m");
	    if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
		ARG1_SET(ret, min);
		ARG2_SET(ret, max);
	    }

	    goto nest_check;
	}
    }

    if (!ISMULT1(op)) {
	*flagp = flags;
	return(ret);
    }

#if 0				/* Now runtime fix should be reliable. */

    /* if this is reinstated, don't forget to put this back into perldiag:

	    =item Regexp *+ operand could be empty at {#} in regex m/%s/

	   (F) The part of the regexp subject to either the * or + quantifier
           could match an empty string. The {#} shows in the regular
           expression about where the problem was discovered.

    */

    if (!(flags&HASWIDTH) && op != '?')
      vFAIL("Regexp *+ operand could be empty");
#endif

    parse_start = RExC_parse;
    nextchar(pRExC_state);

    *flagp = (op != '+') ? (WORST|SPSTART|HASWIDTH) : (WORST|HASWIDTH);

    if (op == '*' && (flags&SIMPLE)) {
	reginsert(pRExC_state, STAR, ret);
	ret->flags = 0;
	RExC_naughty += 4;
    }
    else if (op == '*') {
	min = 0;
	goto do_curly;
    }
    else if (op == '+' && (flags&SIMPLE)) {
	reginsert(pRExC_state, PLUS, ret);
	ret->flags = 0;
	RExC_naughty += 3;
    }
    else if (op == '+') {
	min = 1;
	goto do_curly;
    }
    else if (op == '?') {
	min = 0; max = 1;
	goto do_curly;
    }
  nest_check:
    if (ckWARN(WARN_REGEXP) && !SIZE_ONLY && !(flags&HASWIDTH) && max > REG_INFTY/3) {
	vWARN3(RExC_parse,
	       "%.*s matches null string many times",
	       RExC_parse - origparse,
	       origparse);
    }

    if (*RExC_parse == '?') {
	nextchar(pRExC_state);
	reginsert(pRExC_state, MINMOD, ret);
	regtail(pRExC_state, ret, ret + NODE_STEP_REGNODE);
    }
    if (ISMULT2(RExC_parse)) {
	RExC_parse++;
	vFAIL("Nested quantifiers");
    }

    return(ret);
}

/*
 - regatom - the lowest level
 *
 * Optimization:  gobbles an entire sequence of ordinary characters so that
 * it can turn them into a single node, which is smaller to store and
 * faster to run.  Backslashed characters are exceptions, each becoming a
 * separate node; the code is simpler that way and it's not worth fixing.
 *
 * [Yes, it is worth fixing, some scripts can run twice the speed.] */
STATIC regnode *
S_regatom(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp)
{
    register regnode *ret = 0;
    I32 flags;
    char *parse_start = 0;

    *flagp = WORST;		/* Tentatively. */

tryagain:
    switch (*RExC_parse) {
    case '^':
	RExC_seen_zerolen++;
	nextchar(pRExC_state);
	if (RExC_flags16 & PMf_MULTILINE)
	    ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, MBOL);
	else if (RExC_flags16 & PMf_SINGLELINE)
	    ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, SBOL);
	else
	    ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, BOL);
        Set_Node_Length(ret, 1); /* MJD */
	break;
    case '$':
	nextchar(pRExC_state);
	if (*RExC_parse)
	    RExC_seen_zerolen++;
	if (RExC_flags16 & PMf_MULTILINE)
	    ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, MEOL);
	else if (RExC_flags16 & PMf_SINGLELINE)
	    ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, SEOL);
	else
	    ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, EOL);
        Set_Node_Length(ret, 1); /* MJD */
	break;
    case '.':
	nextchar(pRExC_state);
	if (RExC_flags16 & PMf_SINGLELINE)
	    ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, SANY);
	else
	    ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, REG_ANY);
	*flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
	RExC_naughty++;
        Set_Node_Length(ret, 1); /* MJD */
	break;
    case '[':
    {
	char *oregcomp_parse = ++RExC_parse;
	ret = regclass(pRExC_state);
	if (*RExC_parse != ']') {
	    RExC_parse = oregcomp_parse;
	    vFAIL("Unmatched [");
	}
	nextchar(pRExC_state);
	*flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
        Set_Node_Length(ret, RExC_parse - oregcomp_parse + 1); /* MJD */
	break;
    }
    case '(':
	nextchar(pRExC_state);
	ret = reg(pRExC_state, 1, &flags);
	if (ret == NULL) {
		if (flags & TRYAGAIN) {
		    if (RExC_parse == RExC_end) {
			 /* Make parent create an empty node if needed. */
			*flagp |= TRYAGAIN;
			return(NULL);
		    }
		    goto tryagain;
		}
		return(NULL);
	}
	*flagp |= flags&(HASWIDTH|SPSTART|SIMPLE);
	break;
    case '|':
    case ')':
	if (flags & TRYAGAIN) {
	    *flagp |= TRYAGAIN;
	    return NULL;
	}
	vFAIL("Internal urp");
				/* Supposed to be caught earlier. */
	break;
    case '{':
	if (!regcurly(RExC_parse)) {
	    RExC_parse++;
	    goto defchar;
	}
	/* FALL THROUGH */
    case '?':
    case '+':
    case '*':
	RExC_parse++;
	vFAIL("Quantifier follows nothing");
	break;
    case '\\':
	switch (*++RExC_parse) {
	case 'A':
	    RExC_seen_zerolen++;
	    ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, SBOL);
	    *flagp |= SIMPLE;
	    nextchar(pRExC_state);
            Set_Node_Length(ret, 2); /* MJD */
	    break;
	case 'G':
	    ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, GPOS);
	    RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_GPOS;
	    *flagp |= SIMPLE;
	    nextchar(pRExC_state);
            Set_Node_Length(ret, 2); /* MJD */
	    break;
	case 'Z':
	    ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, SEOL);
	    *flagp |= SIMPLE;
	    RExC_seen_zerolen++;		/* Do not optimize RE away */
	    nextchar(pRExC_state);
	    break;
	case 'z':
	    ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, EOS);
	    *flagp |= SIMPLE;
	    RExC_seen_zerolen++;		/* Do not optimize RE away */
	    nextchar(pRExC_state);
            Set_Node_Length(ret, 2); /* MJD */
	    break;
	case 'C':
	    ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, CANY);
	    RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_CANY;
	    *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
	    nextchar(pRExC_state);
            Set_Node_Length(ret, 2); /* MJD */
	    break;
	case 'X':
	    ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, CLUMP);
	    *flagp |= HASWIDTH;
	    nextchar(pRExC_state);
            Set_Node_Length(ret, 2); /* MJD */
	    break;
	case 'w':
	    ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, LOC ? ALNUML     : ALNUM);
	    *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
	    nextchar(pRExC_state);
            Set_Node_Length(ret, 2); /* MJD */
	    break;
	case 'W':
	    ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, LOC ? NALNUML     : NALNUM);
	    *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
	    nextchar(pRExC_state);
            Set_Node_Length(ret, 2); /* MJD */
	    break;
	case 'b':
	    RExC_seen_zerolen++;
	    RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_LOOKBEHIND;
	    ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, LOC ? BOUNDL     : BOUND);
	    *flagp |= SIMPLE;
	    nextchar(pRExC_state);
            Set_Node_Length(ret, 2); /* MJD */
	    break;
	case 'B':
	    RExC_seen_zerolen++;
	    RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_LOOKBEHIND;
	    ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, LOC ? NBOUNDL     : NBOUND);
	    *flagp |= SIMPLE;
	    nextchar(pRExC_state);
            Set_Node_Length(ret, 2); /* MJD */
	    break;
	case 's':
	    ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, LOC ? SPACEL     : SPACE);
	    *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
	    nextchar(pRExC_state);
            Set_Node_Length(ret, 2); /* MJD */
	    break;
	case 'S':
	    ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, LOC ? NSPACEL     : NSPACE);
	    *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
	    nextchar(pRExC_state);
            Set_Node_Length(ret, 2); /* MJD */
	    break;
	case 'd':
	    ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, DIGIT);
	    *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
	    nextchar(pRExC_state);
            Set_Node_Length(ret, 2); /* MJD */
	    break;
	case 'D':
	    ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, NDIGIT);
	    *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
	    nextchar(pRExC_state);
            Set_Node_Length(ret, 2); /* MJD */
	    break;
	case 'p':
	case 'P':
	    {	
		char* oldregxend = RExC_end;
                char* parse_start = RExC_parse;

		if (RExC_parse[1] == '{') {
		  /* a lovely hack--pretend we saw [\pX] instead */
		    RExC_end = strchr(RExC_parse, '}');
		    if (!RExC_end) {
		        U8 c = (U8)*RExC_parse;
			RExC_parse += 2;
			RExC_end = oldregxend;
			vFAIL2("Missing right brace on \\%c{}", c);
		    }
		    RExC_end++;
		}
		else
		    RExC_end = RExC_parse + 2;
		RExC_parse--;

		ret = regclass(pRExC_state);

		RExC_end = oldregxend;
		RExC_parse--;
                Set_Node_Cur_Length(ret); /* MJD */
		nextchar(pRExC_state);
		*flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
	    }
	    break;
	case 'n':
	case 'r':
	case 't':
	case 'f':
	case 'e':
	case 'a':
	case 'x':
	case 'c':
	case '0':
	    goto defchar;
	case '1': case '2': case '3': case '4':
	case '5': case '6': case '7': case '8': case '9':
	    {
		I32 num = atoi(RExC_parse);

		if (num > 9 && num >= RExC_npar)
		    goto defchar;
		else {
                    char * parse_start = RExC_parse - 1; /* MJD */
		    while (isDIGIT(*RExC_parse))
			RExC_parse++;

		    if (!SIZE_ONLY && num > RExC_rx->nparens)
			vFAIL("Reference to nonexistent group");
		    RExC_sawback = 1;
		    ret = reganode(pRExC_state, FOLD
				   ? (LOC ? REFFL : REFF)
				   : REF, num);
		    *flagp |= HASWIDTH;
                    
                    /* override incorrect value set in reganode MJD */
                    Set_Node_Offset(ret, parse_start+1); 
                    Set_Node_Cur_Length(ret); /* MJD */
		    RExC_parse--;
		    nextchar(pRExC_state);
		}
	    }
	    break;
	case '\0':
	    if (RExC_parse >= RExC_end)
		FAIL("Trailing \\");
	    /* FALL THROUGH */
	default:
	    /* Do not generate `unrecognized' warnings here, we fall
	       back into the quick-grab loop below */
	    goto defchar;
	}
	break;

    case '#':
	if (RExC_flags16 & PMf_EXTENDED) {
	    while (RExC_parse < RExC_end && *RExC_parse != '\n') RExC_parse++;
	    if (RExC_parse < RExC_end)
		goto tryagain;
	}
	/* FALL THROUGH */

    default: {
	    register STRLEN len;
	    register UV ender;
	    register char *p;
	    char *oldp, *s;
	    STRLEN numlen;
	    STRLEN ulen;
	    U8 tmpbuf[UTF8_MAXLEN*2+1];

            parse_start = RExC_parse - 1;

	    RExC_parse++;

	defchar:
	    ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, FOLD
			  ? (LOC ? EXACTFL : EXACTF)
			  : EXACT);
	    s = STRING(ret);
	    for (len = 0, p = RExC_parse - 1;
	      len < 127 && p < RExC_end;
	      len++)
	    {
		oldp = p;

		if (RExC_flags16 & PMf_EXTENDED)
		    p = regwhite(p, RExC_end);
		switch (*p) {
		case '^':
		case '$':
		case '.':
		case '[':
		case '(':
		case ')':
		case '|':
		    goto loopdone;
		case '\\':
		    switch (*++p) {
		    case 'A':
		    case 'G':
		    case 'Z':
		    case 'z':
		    case 'w':
		    case 'W':
		    case 'b':
		    case 'B':
		    case 's':
		    case 'S':
		    case 'd':
		    case 'D':
		    case 'p':
		    case 'P':
			--p;
			goto loopdone;
		    case 'n':
			ender = '\n';
			p++;
			break;
		    case 'r':
			ender = '\r';
			p++;
			break;
		    case 't':
			ender = '\t';
			p++;
			break;
		    case 'f':
			ender = '\f';
			p++;
			break;
		    case 'e':
			  ender = ASCII_TO_NATIVE('\033');
			p++;
			break;
		    case 'a':
			  ender = ASCII_TO_NATIVE('\007');
			p++;
			break;
		    case 'x':
			if (*++p == '{') {
			    char* e = strchr(p, '}');
	
			    if (!e) {
				RExC_parse = p + 1;
				vFAIL("Missing right brace on \\x{}");
			    }
			    else {
                                I32 flags = PERL_SCAN_ALLOW_UNDERSCORES
                                    | PERL_SCAN_DISALLOW_PREFIX;
                                numlen = e - p - 1;
				ender = grok_hex(p + 1, &numlen, &flags, NULL);
				if (ender > 0xff)
				    RExC_utf8 = 1;
				/* numlen is generous */
				if (numlen + len >= 127) {
				    p--;
				    goto loopdone;
				}
				p = e + 1;
			    }
			}
			else {
                            I32 flags = PERL_SCAN_DISALLOW_PREFIX;
			    numlen = 2;
			    ender = grok_hex(p, &numlen, &flags, NULL);
			    p += numlen;
			}
			break;
		    case 'c':
			p++;
			ender = UCHARAT(p++);
			ender = toCTRL(ender);
			break;
		    case '0': case '1': case '2': case '3':case '4':
		    case '5': case '6': case '7': case '8':case '9':
			if (*p == '0' ||
			  (isDIGIT(p[1]) && atoi(p) >= RExC_npar) ) {
                            I32 flags = 0;
			    numlen = 3;
			    ender = grok_oct(p, &numlen, &flags, NULL);
			    p += numlen;
			}
			else {
			    --p;
			    goto loopdone;
			}
			break;
		    case '\0':
			if (p >= RExC_end)
			    FAIL("Trailing \\");
			/* FALL THROUGH */
		    default:
			if (!SIZE_ONLY && ckWARN(WARN_REGEXP) && isALPHA(*p))
			    vWARN2(p + 1, "Unrecognized escape \\%c passed through", UCHARAT(p));
			goto normal_default;
		    }
		    break;
		default:
		  normal_default:
		    if (UTF8_IS_START(*p) && UTF) {
			ender = utf8n_to_uvchr((U8*)p, RExC_end - p,
					       &numlen, 0);
			p += numlen;
		    }
		    else
			ender = *p++;
		    break;
		}
		if (RExC_flags16 & PMf_EXTENDED)
		    p = regwhite(p, RExC_end);
		if (UTF && FOLD) {
		    toLOWER_uni(ender, tmpbuf, &ulen);
		    ender = utf8_to_uvchr(tmpbuf, 0);
		}
		if (ISMULT2(p)) { /* Back off on ?+*. */
		    if (len)
			p = oldp;
		    else if (!UNI_IS_INVARIANT(NATIVE_TO_UNI(ender)) && UTF) {
			reguni(pRExC_state, ender, s, &numlen);
			s += numlen;
			len += numlen;
		    }
		    else {
			len++;
			REGC(ender, s++);
		    }
		    break;
		}
		if (!UNI_IS_INVARIANT(NATIVE_TO_UNI(ender)) && UTF) {
		    reguni(pRExC_state, ender, s, &numlen);
		    s += numlen;
		    len += numlen - 1;
		}
		else
		    REGC(ender, s++);
	    }
	loopdone:
	    RExC_parse = p - 1;
            Set_Node_Cur_Length(ret); /* MJD */
	    nextchar(pRExC_state);
	    {
		/* len is STRLEN which is unsigned, need to copy to signed */
		IV iv = len;
		if (iv < 0)
		    vFAIL("Internal disaster");
	    }
	    if (len > 0)
		*flagp |= HASWIDTH;
	    if (len == 1)
		*flagp |= SIMPLE;
	    if (!SIZE_ONLY)
		STR_LEN(ret) = len;
	    if (SIZE_ONLY)
		RExC_size += STR_SZ(len);
	    else
		RExC_emit += STR_SZ(len);
	}
	break;
    }

    if (PL_encoding && PL_regkind[(U8)OP(ret)] == EXACT && !RExC_utf8) {
	 STRLEN oldlen = STR_LEN(ret);
	 SV *sv        = sv_2mortal(newSVpvn(STRING(ret), oldlen));
	 char *s       = Perl_sv_recode_to_utf8(aTHX_ sv, PL_encoding);
	 STRLEN newlen = SvCUR(sv);
	 if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
	      DEBUG_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "recode %*s to %*s\n",
				    oldlen, STRING(ret), newlen, s));
	      Copy(s, STRING(ret), newlen, char);
	      STR_LEN(ret) += newlen - oldlen;
	      RExC_emit += STR_SZ(newlen) - STR_SZ(oldlen);
	 } else
	      RExC_size += STR_SZ(newlen) - STR_SZ(oldlen);
	 RExC_utf8 = 1;
    }

    return(ret);
}

STATIC char *
S_regwhite(pTHX_ char *p, char *e)
{
    while (p < e) {
	if (isSPACE(*p))
	    ++p;
	else if (*p == '#') {
	    do {
		p++;
	    } while (p < e && *p != '\n');
	}
	else
	    break;
    }
    return p;
}

/* Parse POSIX character classes: [[:foo:]], [[=foo=]], [[.foo.]].
   Character classes ([:foo:]) can also be negated ([:^foo:]).
   Returns a named class id (ANYOF_XXX) if successful, -1 otherwise.
   Equivalence classes ([=foo=]) and composites ([.foo.]) are parsed,
   but trigger failures because they are currently unimplemented. */

#define POSIXCC_DONE(c)   ((c) == ':')
#define POSIXCC_NOTYET(c) ((c) == '=' || (c) == '.')
#define POSIXCC(c) (POSIXCC_DONE(c) || POSIXCC_NOTYET(c))

STATIC I32
S_regpposixcc(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 value)
{
    char *posixcc = 0;
    I32 namedclass = OOB_NAMEDCLASS;

    if (value == '[' && RExC_parse + 1 < RExC_end &&
	/* I smell either [: or [= or [. -- POSIX has been here, right? */
	POSIXCC(UCHARAT(RExC_parse))) {
	char  c = UCHARAT(RExC_parse);
	char* s = RExC_parse++;
	
	while (RExC_parse < RExC_end && UCHARAT(RExC_parse) != c)
	    RExC_parse++;
	if (RExC_parse == RExC_end)
	    /* Grandfather lone [:, [=, [. */
	    RExC_parse = s;
	else {
	    char* t = RExC_parse++; /* skip over the c */

  	    if (UCHARAT(RExC_parse) == ']') {
  		RExC_parse++; /* skip over the ending ] */
  		posixcc = s + 1;
		if (*s == ':') {
		    I32 complement = *posixcc == '^' ? *posixcc++ : 0;
		    I32 skip = 5; /* the most common skip */

		    switch (*posixcc) {
		    case 'a':
			if (strnEQ(posixcc, "alnum", 5))
			    namedclass =
				complement ? ANYOF_NALNUMC : ANYOF_ALNUMC;
			else if (strnEQ(posixcc, "alpha", 5))
			    namedclass =
				complement ? ANYOF_NALPHA : ANYOF_ALPHA;
			else if (strnEQ(posixcc, "ascii", 5))
			    namedclass =
				complement ? ANYOF_NASCII : ANYOF_ASCII;
			break;
		    case 'b':
			if (strnEQ(posixcc, "blank", 5))
			    namedclass =
				complement ? ANYOF_NBLANK : ANYOF_BLANK;
			break;
		    case 'c':
			if (strnEQ(posixcc, "cntrl", 5))
			    namedclass =
				complement ? ANYOF_NCNTRL : ANYOF_CNTRL;
			break;
		    case 'd':
			if (strnEQ(posixcc, "digit", 5))
			    namedclass =
				complement ? ANYOF_NDIGIT : ANYOF_DIGIT;
			break;
		    case 'g':
			if (strnEQ(posixcc, "graph", 5))
			    namedclass =
				complement ? ANYOF_NGRAPH : ANYOF_GRAPH;
			break;
		    case 'l':
			if (strnEQ(posixcc, "lower", 5))
			    namedclass =
				complement ? ANYOF_NLOWER : ANYOF_LOWER;
			break;
		    case 'p':
			if (strnEQ(posixcc, "print", 5))
			    namedclass =
				complement ? ANYOF_NPRINT : ANYOF_PRINT;
			else if (strnEQ(posixcc, "punct", 5))
			    namedclass =
				complement ? ANYOF_NPUNCT : ANYOF_PUNCT;
			break;
		    case 's':
			if (strnEQ(posixcc, "space", 5))
			    namedclass =
				complement ? ANYOF_NPSXSPC : ANYOF_PSXSPC;
			break;
		    case 'u':
			if (strnEQ(posixcc, "upper", 5))
			    namedclass =
				complement ? ANYOF_NUPPER : ANYOF_UPPER;
 			break;
		    case 'w': /* this is not POSIX, this is the Perl \w */
			if (strnEQ(posixcc, "word", 4)) {
			    namedclass =
				complement ? ANYOF_NALNUM : ANYOF_ALNUM;
			    skip = 4;
			}
			break;
		    case 'x':
			if (strnEQ(posixcc, "xdigit", 6)) {
			    namedclass =
				complement ? ANYOF_NXDIGIT : ANYOF_XDIGIT;
			    skip = 6;
			}
			break;
		    }
		    if (namedclass == OOB_NAMEDCLASS ||
			posixcc[skip] != ':' ||
			posixcc[skip+1] != ']')
		    {
			Simple_vFAIL3("POSIX class [:%.*s:] unknown",
				      t - s - 1, s + 1);
		    }
		} else if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
		    /* [[=foo=]] and [[.foo.]] are still future. */

		    /* adjust RExC_parse so the warning shows after
		       the class closes */
		    while (UCHARAT(RExC_parse) && UCHARAT(RExC_parse) != ']')
			RExC_parse++;
		    Simple_vFAIL3("POSIX syntax [%c %c] is reserved for future extensions", c, c);
		}
	    } else {
		/* Maternal grandfather:
		 * "[:" ending in ":" but not in ":]" */
		RExC_parse = s;
	    }
	}
    }

    return namedclass;
}

STATIC void
S_checkposixcc(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state)
{
    if (!SIZE_ONLY && ckWARN(WARN_REGEXP) &&
	POSIXCC(UCHARAT(RExC_parse))) {
	char *s = RExC_parse;
 	char  c = *s++;

	while(*s && isALNUM(*s))
	    s++;
	if (*s && c == *s && s[1] == ']') {
	    vWARN3(s+2, "POSIX syntax [%c %c] belongs inside character classes", c, c);

	    /* [[=foo=]] and [[.foo.]] are still future. */
	    if (POSIXCC_NOTYET(c)) {
		/* adjust RExC_parse so the error shows after
		   the class closes */
		while (UCHARAT(RExC_parse) && UCHARAT(RExC_parse++) != ']')
		    ;
		Simple_vFAIL3("POSIX syntax [%c %c] is reserved for future extensions", c, c);
	    }
	}
    }
}

STATIC regnode *
S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state)
{
    register UV value;
    register UV nextvalue;
    register IV prevvalue = OOB_UNICODE;
    register IV range = 0;
    register regnode *ret;
    STRLEN numlen;
    IV namedclass;
    char *rangebegin = 0;
    bool need_class = 0;
    SV *listsv = Nullsv;
    register char *e;
    UV n;
    bool optimize_invert = TRUE;

    ret = reganode(pRExC_state, ANYOF, 0);

    if (!SIZE_ONLY)
	ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) = 0;

    if (UCHARAT(RExC_parse) == '^') {	/* Complement of range. */
	RExC_naughty++;
	RExC_parse++;
	if (!SIZE_ONLY)
	    ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) |= ANYOF_INVERT;
    }

    if (SIZE_ONLY)
	RExC_size += ANYOF_SKIP;
    else {
 	RExC_emit += ANYOF_SKIP;
	if (FOLD)
	    ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) |= ANYOF_FOLD;
	if (LOC)
	    ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) |= ANYOF_LOCALE;
	ANYOF_BITMAP_ZERO(ret);
	listsv = newSVpvn("# comment\n", 10);
    }

    nextvalue = RExC_parse < RExC_end ? UCHARAT(RExC_parse) : 0;

    if (!SIZE_ONLY && ckWARN(WARN_REGEXP) && POSIXCC(nextvalue))
	checkposixcc(pRExC_state);

    if (UCHARAT(RExC_parse) == ']' || UCHARAT(RExC_parse) == '-')
	goto charclassloop;		/* allow 1st char to be ] or - */

    while (RExC_parse < RExC_end && UCHARAT(RExC_parse) != ']') {

    charclassloop:

	namedclass = OOB_NAMEDCLASS; /* initialize as illegal */

	if (!range)
	    rangebegin = RExC_parse;
	if (UTF) {
	    value = utf8n_to_uvchr((U8*)RExC_parse,
				   RExC_end - RExC_parse,
				   &numlen, 0);
	    RExC_parse += numlen;
	}
	else
	    value = UCHARAT(RExC_parse++);
	nextvalue = RExC_parse < RExC_end ? UCHARAT(RExC_parse) : 0;
	if (value == '[' && POSIXCC(nextvalue))
	    namedclass = regpposixcc(pRExC_state, value);
	else if (value == '\\') {
	    if (UTF) {
		value = utf8n_to_uvchr((U8*)RExC_parse,
				   RExC_end - RExC_parse,
				   &numlen, 0);
		RExC_parse += numlen;
	    }
	    else
		value = UCHARAT(RExC_parse++);
	    /* Some compilers cannot handle switching on 64-bit integer
	     * values, therefore value cannot be an UV.  Yes, this will
	     * be a problem later if we want switch on Unicode.
	     * A similar issue a little bit later when switching on
	     * namedclass. --jhi */
	    switch ((I32)value) {
	    case 'w':	namedclass = ANYOF_ALNUM;	break;
	    case 'W':	namedclass = ANYOF_NALNUM;	break;
	    case 's':	namedclass = ANYOF_SPACE;	break;
	    case 'S':	namedclass = ANYOF_NSPACE;	break;
	    case 'd':	namedclass = ANYOF_DIGIT;	break;
	    case 'D':	namedclass = ANYOF_NDIGIT;	break;
	    case 'p':
	    case 'P':
		if (*RExC_parse == '{') {
		    U8 c = (U8)value;
		    e = strchr(RExC_parse++, '}');
                    if (!e)
                        vFAIL2("Missing right brace on \\%c{}", c);
		    while (isSPACE(UCHARAT(RExC_parse)))
		        RExC_parse++;
                    if (e == RExC_parse)
                        vFAIL2("Empty \\%c{}", c);